Ch. 9 Study Outline
_______ joints are triaxial joints that permit rotation as well as other movements.
Ball-&-socket
_______ joints (ellipsoid joints) are biaxial joints w/ an oval articular face that nestles w/in a depression in the opposing articular surface.
Condylar
Cartilages
Cushion the joint
_______ & ________ occur when we move a structure inferiorly & superiorly.
Depression & elevation
Plantar flexion
Extension at ankle (pointing toes)-- the opposite movement, extends the ankle joint & elevates the heel, as when you stand on tiptoe.
Dorsiflexion
Flexion at ankle (lifting toes)-- is flexion at the ankle joint & elevation of the sole, as when you dig in your heel.
Supination
Forearm in anatomical position-- the opposing movement in which the palm is facing anteriorly.
The hip is a _____ joint & the knee is a ______ joint.
ball-&-socket hinge
The shoulder is a _________ joint, & the elbow is a _______ joint.
ball-&-socket hinge
joints that are freely movable
diarthroses / synovial joints
A ________ occurs when articulating surfaces are forced out of position.
dislocation (also called a luxation)
The ankle undergoes flexion extension, also known as...
dorsiflexion & plantar flexion.
It is a hinge diarthroses whose capsule is reinforced by strong ligaments.
elbow joint
The ______ joint permits only flexion-extension.
elbow joint
Angular Movement
examples include-- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & circumduction.
Synovial joints may have a variety of accessory structures, including...
fat pads of cartilage / fat, ligaments, tendons, & bursae.
Important terms that describe angular movement are...
flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, & circumduction.
In _______ joints 2 opposing surfaces slide past 1 another.
gliding
The ______ joint is a ball-&-socket diarthroses formed by the union of the acetabulum w/ the head of the femur.
hip
The joint permits flexion-extension, adduction-abduction, circumduction, & rotation; it is stabilized by numerous ligaments.
hip joint
Both arthritis & rheumatism become ______ common w/ age.
increasingly
Growth & maintenance of the skeletal system is supported by the ______ system.
integumentary
The bodies form symphyseal joints that are separated & cushioned by...
intervertebral discs
_____ contain an outer anulus fibrosus & an inner nucleus pulposus.
intervertebral discs
Movements of the foot include...
inversion & eversion.
Meniscus
is a pad of fibrocartilage located between opposing bones w/in a synovial joint.
Flexion
is movement in the anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between articulating bones.
The ______ joint is a hinge joint made up of 3 articulations: 2 formed between the femur & tibia & 1 between the patella & femur.
knee
The joint that permits flexion-extension & limited rotation, & it has various supporting ligaments.
knee joint
Sprain
ligaments with torn collagen fibers
Strength & stability are sacrificed in favor of mobility in _____ joints.
shoulder / glenohumeral
The _______ joint is formed by the glenoid cavity & the head of the humerus.
shoulder / glenohumeral
______ joint is a ball-&-socket diarthroses w/ various stabilizing ligaments.
shoulder / glenohumeral
This articulation permits the greatest range of motion of the humerus.
shoulder joint / glenohumeral joint
Anatomical & functional properties of synovial joints enable...
various skeletal movements.
Articulations
(joints) exist wherever 2 bones interconnect.
Joints
- A joint cannot be both mobile and strong - the greater the mobility, the weaker the joint - Mobile joints are supported by muscles and ligaments, not bone-to-bone connections
Subluxation
- A partial dislocation - is less severe than dislocation
Extension
- Angular motion - Anterior-posterior plane occurs in the same plane as the flexion, but increases the angle between articulating bones.
Adduction
- Angular motion - Frontal plane - moves toward longitudinal axis
Hyperextension
- Angular motion - extension past anatomical position - Angular Movement
Abduction
- Angular motion - frontal plane - Moves away from longitudinal axis
Dislocation (luxation)
- Articulating surfaces-- forced out of position - Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule
Tendons
- Attach to -- muscles around joint - Help support joint
Circumduction
- Circular motion without rotation (your hand moves in a circle, but your arm does not rotate) - is a special type of angular movement
Rotation
- Direction of rotation from anatomical position limb rotation may be described by reference to the longitudinal axis of body / trunk - rotation of the head may involve Left or right rotation - Medial rotation (inward rotation) Rotates-- towards axis - Lateral rotation (outward rotation) Rotates --- away from axis
Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion:
- Monaxial (1 axis) - Biaxial (2 axes) - Triaxial (3 axes) - nonaxial-- are joints that permit gliding that allow only small amounts of movement. - multiaxial-- sliding may occur in any direction.
Protraction
- Moves anteriorly-- is moving a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane. - in the horizontal plane (pushing forward)
Retraction
- Opposite of protraction - Moving anteriorly (pulling back)
Condylar Joints (also called Ellipsoid Joint)
- Oval articular face within a depression in the opposing surface - motion of 2 planes (biaxial)
Ball-and-socket Joints
- Round articular face in a depression (triaxial) - the round head of 1 bone rests w/in a cup-shaped depression in another. all combinations of angular & rotational movements, including circumduction, can be performed at ball-&-socket joints.
Gliding Movement (Linear movement)
- Two surfaces slide past each other - Between carpal or tarsal bones, & between the claivcles & the sternum.
Abduction & Adduction
- abduction & adduction always refers to movements of the appendicular skeleton, not to those of the axial skeleton. - TRICK-- When someone is ABDUCTED, they are taken away, just as ABDUCTION takes the limb away from the body. During ADDUCTION, the limb is ADDED to the body.
Fat Pads
- are localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane. - Superficial to the joint capsulery - Protect -- articular cartilages
Saddle Joints (also called Sellaris Joints)
- fit together like a rider in a saddle - each articular face is concave along 1 axis & convex along the other. - Two concave, straddled (biaxial)
Gliding Joints (also called Plane Joints)
- flattened / slightly curved faces - Limited motion (nonaxial)
Bursae
- small, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue. - Singular, bursa, a pouch contain pockets of synovial fluid - Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub
intrinsic ligaments
/ capsular ligaments, are localized thickenings of the joint capsule.
Three Types of Dynamic Motion:
1. Linear movement (gliding) 2. Angular movement 3. Rotation
3 primary functions of synovial fluid:
1. lubrication- the articular cartilage acts like sponges w/ synovial fluid. 2. nutrient distribution- the synovial fluid in a joint must circulate continuously to provide nutrients & a wastes disposal route for the chondrocytes of the articular cartilages. 3. shock absorption- synovial fluid cushions joints that are subjected to compression form shocks.
Hinge Joints
Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)-- like the opening & closing of a door.
______ encompasses all the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints.
Arthritis
______ joints permit limited movement, generally in a single plane.
Gliding
______ joints are monaxial joints that permit only angular movement in 1 plane.
Hinge
_______ & _______ are structural components of intervertebral articulations.
Intervertebral discs & ligaments
______ flexion occurs when the vertebral column bends to one side.
Lateral
Depression
Moves in inferior direction (down)
______ is the thumb movement that enables us to grasp objects.
Opposition
______ joints are monaxial joints that permit only rotation.
Pivot
______ involves moving something anteriorly; retraction involves moving it posteriorly.
Protraction
______ is the opposite of opposition.
Reposition
______ is a general term for pain & stiffness affecting the skeletal system, the muscular system, or both; several major forms exist.
Rheumatism
Pronation
Rotates forearm, radius over ulna-- turns the wrist & hand from palm facing front to palm facing back.
Pivot Joints
Rotation only (monaxial)
left / right, medial (internal) / lateral (external, /, in bones of the forearm, pronation / supination.
Rotational Movements
______ joints are biaxial joints w/ articular faces that are concave on 1 axis & convex on the other.
Saddle
- Also called the glenohumeral joint - Is the least stable - Supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments - Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
Shoulder Joint
Ligaments
Support & strengthen joints
______ fluid resembles interstitial fluid, but contains a high concentration of proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts of the synovial membrane.
Synovial
Opposition
Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping)-- is movement of the thumb toward the surface of the palm / the pads of other fingers.
Eversion
Twists-- sole of foot laterally-- opposite of inversion.
Inversion
Twists-- sole of foot medially-- is a twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole upward, elevating the medial edge of the sole.
_______ end plates cover the superior & inferior surfaces of the disc. Several ligaments stabilize the vertebral column.
Vertebral
The bony surfaces at diarthroses are enclosed w/in...
a joint capsule, also called an articular capsule, that is lined by synovial membrane.
slightly movable joints are
amphiarthroses joints
extrinsic ligaments
are seperated from the joint capsule.
W/ advancing age, ______ & other degenerative changes impair joint mobility.
arthritis
The bony surfaces w/in a synovial joint are covered by...
articular cartilages, & lubricated by synovial fluid.
joints are classified structurally (bfcs)
as bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, / synovial.
Lateral flexion
bends vertebral column from side to side
Joints are called monaxial, biaxial, / triaxial...
depending on the planes of movements they allow.
The possible types of articular movements are...
linear movement (gliding), angular movement, & rotation.
Accessory synovial structures include...
menisci / articular discs; fat pads; accessory ligaments; tendons; & bursae.
Elevation
moves in superior direction (up)
The skeletal system also interacts w/ the ______, _______, _______, ________, _______, & ________ systems.
muscular, cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, urinary, & endocrine
Problems w/ joint function are relatively common, especially in _____ individuals.
older
Reposition
opposite of opposition-- is the movement that returns the thumb & fingers from opposition.
Joints are categorized according to their...
range of motion / anatomical organization.
The _______ system supports & stores energy & minerals for other body systems.
skeletal
accessory ligament
support, strengthen, & reinforce synovial joints.
The 3 major types of synarthroses are...
suture (skull bones bound together by dense connective tissue), a gomphosis (teeth bound to bony sockets by periodontal ligaments), a synostosis (2 bones completely fused).
Immovable joints are
synarthroses joints
The 2 major types of amphiarthroses are...
syndesmosis (bones connected by a ligament) & a symphysis (bones separated by fibrocartilage).
What joints are freely movable articulations containing synovial fluid?
synovial joints
Extension & Flexion
these terms are usually applied to the movements of the long bones of the limbs, but they are also used to describe movements of the axial skeleton.
