CH04: Carbohydrates, HN 196 Chapter 4 - Carbohydrates, mastering nutrition 4-6, chapter 3

A majority of food is digested in _____.

the duodenum

One of the accessory organs of the gastrointestinal tract is _____.

the pancreas

Which organ plays a role in mechanical digestion by churning food into chyme?

the stomach

5. Without the flap of tissue at the back of the tongue called the epiglottis, food would enter the trachea during swallowing.

6. Chyme passes through the ileocecal valve that connects the ileum with the ascending colon.

7. The bolus passes through the gastroesophageal sphincter into the stomach to mix with gastric digestive juices.

8. The bolus slides down this tube, called the esophagus, which connects the pharynx to the stomach.

Fat provides __________ kcals of energy per gram.

9

A meal containing 10 g of fat provides __________ kcal from fat.

90

Hormones That LowerBlood Glucose Levels

Insulin

Insulin is a key hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels after a meal.

Insulin

How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels?

Insulin secretion

The Dietary Guidelines recommended limiting added sugar in a diet. Which of the following foods would be considered a significant source of added sugar?

Nutri-Grain cereal bar

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and __________.

Oxygen

Identify the correct order, from highest satiety value to lowest, of the following:

Solid foods, semisolid foods, beverages

Step 5

Some dietary fiber in the bread is fermented by bacteria; the rest passes through the large intestine to be eliminated.

Which of the following statements regarding absorption of monosaccharides is true?

Some monosaccharides are absorbed via a form of passive transport, namely facilitated diffusion.

Plants store glucose as polysaccharides in the form of starch.

Starch

Sucrose is a type of simple carbohydrate composed of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.

Sucrose

A pescovegetarian would include __________ in his or her diet.

fish

Which of the following nutrients is a carbohydrate?

fructose starch high fructose corn syrup (All of these are correct)

Bile is made in the liver and stored in the

gallbladder

A muscle located at the end of the esophagus must relax before the bolus can enter the stomach. This muscle is called the __________.

gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter

A painful sensation in the chest that results from gastric juices seeping back up into the esophagus is called

gastroesophageal reflux(GER)

the bolus passes through the __________ into the stomach to mix with gastric digestive juices.

gastroesophageal sphincter

The neuromuscular system regulates activities of the _________.

gastrointestinal tract

Risk factors for Type 1 Diabetes include ______.

genetic factors

Which of the following carbohydrates is an end product of photosynthesis?

glucose

which of the following sets of foods is correctly grouped from highest to lowest glycemic index

glucose, white bread, white rice, apple

Celiac disease is a disorder characterized by autoimmune reactions in response to consumption of _________.

gluten

If there is no immediate demand for glucose, it is stored as __________.

glycogen

The storage form of glucose in animals is

glycogen

When fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form

sucrose

Diabetes is a chronic disease in which

the body can no longer regulate blood glucose levels within normal limits.

Liver

produces bile

Carbohydrates provide __________ kcal of energy per gram.

4

how many kcal of energy per gram do carbohydrates provide

4

The absorptive cells that line the wall of the intestine are called____

Enterocytes

Step 4

Enzymes of the small intestine digest disaccharides into monosaccharides.

Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and in muscles.

Muscles

DNA, which is found in the nucleus of cells, provides instructions for cells to make ______.

proteins

The nutrient with the highest satiety value is ____

proteins

Appetite is a(n) ______ desire to consume specific foods.

psychological

An example of mutual supplementation would be

red beans and rice

Which two enzymes are produced by more than one organ?

- Amylase - Lipase

what disorder primarily affects the large intestine?

- Constipation - Irritable bowel syndrome

which disorders primarily affect the esophagus?

- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - Heartburn

What enzyme does the stomach secrete?

- Pepsin

Pancreas

- Produces insulin - Produces pancreatic lipase

Bicarbonate

- Secreted by the pancreas, this secretion acts to neutralize acids in the chyme

Stomach

- Secretes the hormone gastrin - Secretes hydrochloric acid (HCI)

Digestion, absorption, and elimination are complex and integrative processes. Each organ of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas), plays an important role. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about digestive organs. Select all that apply.

- The sphincter at the end of the esophagus that relaxes to allow the passage of food into the stomach is known as the gastroesophageal sphincter. - The large intestine stores digestive mass while absorbing water and some nutrients. - The majority of digestion and absorption takes place in the small intestine.

Bile

- This secretion is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder - This secretion acts to emulsify fats

The specialized structure of the villi allows for efficient absorption of digested nutrients, which are then transported throughout the body. Review the accompanying figure and label the targets accordingly. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Note that not all labels will be used. (top left to bottom to top right to bottom)

- Villi - Microvilli - Capillaries - Lacheal - Brush border - Enterocyte

Rank the events in the sequence they follow from a lower blood glucose level to a normal blood glucose level. Lower blood glucose levels to Normal blood glucose levels

1. Blood glucose levels fall. 2. When blood glucose levels are low, glucagon is secreted from the pancreas into the bloodstream. 3. Glucagon targets the liver and stimulates glycogenolysis to release glucose into the bloodstream. 4. Gluconeogenesis in the liver is activated and converts amino acids and other noncarbohydrate sources to glucose, which is released into the bloodstream.

Rank the steps to indicate the effects of insulin to bring blood glucose levels to normal following a meal. Higher blood glucose levels to Normal blood glucose levels

1. Blood glucose levels rise following the digestion of a carbohydrate-rich meal. 2. Insulin is secreted from the pancreas into the bloodstream. 3. Insulin increases the number of glucose transporters on the cell membranes to allow the transport of glucose into the cells. 4. Insulin stimulates the liver to store excess glucose as glycogen and stimulates glycogenesis in the muscle cells. 5. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis in the adipose tissue.

Hormones That Have No Effecton Blood Glucose Levels

1. Cholecystokinin 2. Ghrelin

Fiber is a polysaccharide that gives plants their structure, and the bonds that hold the fiber molecules together are difficult to digest by the human body. Fiber plays an important role in a healthy diet by promoting healthy passage of stool and by helping to prevent many digestive and chronic diseases.

1. Fiber is important for adding bulk to stool and making it easier to eliminate stool as long as water intake is adequate. 2. Humans do not produce enzymes in the small intestine that can break down fiber. 3. Fermentation of fiber by gut bacteria results in production of certain molecules which can be used by cells of the large intestine for energy.

Hormones That RaiseBlood Glucose Levels

1. Glucagon 2. Epinephrine 3. Norepinephrine

These are absorbed by the mucosal cells lining the small intestine and enter into the bloodstream.

1. Glucose 2. Fructose 3. Galactose

Enzymes that are responsible for breakdown of starches.

1. Salivary amylase 2. Pancreatic amylase

3. During mastication, teeth mechanically cut and grind food into smaller pieces as the tongue mixes them with saliva.

4. When fat enters the duodenum, the gallbladder secretes an emulsifier called bile to break up the large fat globules.

The recommended protein intake for a 110-pound (50-kg) adult is

40 g

the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for carbohydrate is ____ of total energy intake

45%-65%d

Enzymes that are responsible for breakdown of disaccharides.

1. Sucrase 2. Lactase 3. Maltase

The recommended intake of saturated fats is less than __________ of total energy intake.

10%

The body can make __________ nonessential amino acids.

11

The Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrate for adults 19 years of age and older is __________ grams per day.

130

Disaccharides consist of __________ molecules of sugar joined together.

2

1. Food is propelled forward by rhythmic contractions called peristalsis, which move food down the esophagus and through the stomach

2. The secretions called saliva are produced in the glands located behind the tongue and contain the enzyme amylase to chemically digest carbohydrate.

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat is __________ of total energy.

20-35%

The Adequate Intake (AI) of fiber for women is __________ grams per day.

24

the adequate intake (AI) of fiber for women is grams per day

25

Triglycerides consist of __________ fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone.

3

, __________ levels of protein structure have been identified.

4

Which of the following nutrients is a carbohydrate?

All of these (fructose, high fructose, corn syrup, starch) are correct.

Which of the following statement(s) regarding digestion is/are correct? (a) Mechanical digestion in the stomach mixes and churns the bolus until it becomes a liquid called chyme. (b) The gallbladder secretes bile, which emulsifies the fat, breaking it into smaller particles. (c) The presence of chyme in the duodenum stimulates the gallbladder and the pancreas to release bile and pancreatic juice. (d) All of these statements are correct.

All of these statements are correct.

Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regard to the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?

All of these statements are correct.

Which desire to eat is stimulated by the sight, smell, or thought of food?

Appetite

The collective team for the carpet of microvilli that covers the enterocytes of the small intestine is the _____.

Brush border

The tiny blood vessels located in each villus that absorb water-soluble nutrients into the bloodstream are ________.

Capillaries

The three structural features of the small intestine that increase its surface area are the __, the villi and the microvilli.

Circular folds

Complex carbohydrates are a category of nutrient compounds consisting of long chains of sugar molecules.

Complex carbohydrate

Which of the following statements regarding fiber is TRUE?

Dietary fiber cannot be digested in the human digestive tract.

Disaccharides consist of two molecules of sugar joined together.

Disaccharides

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are examples of this type of carbohydrate.

Disaccharides

Which of the following statements is not true about carbohydrate digestion?

Disaccharides like sucrose do not need to be further broken down before being absorbed.

The first section of the small intestine, receiving chime from the stomach, is called the_____.

Duodenum

Foods only contain one type of carbohydrate.

False

In obese people, lipid deposits in muscle, liver, and pancreatic beta cells increases their sensitivity to insulin.

False

It takes more than 8 hours for ingested carbohydrate to be digested, absorbed, and circulated in the cells.

False

Small fat-soluble molecules, such as free fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, are absorbed through facilitated diffusion in the small intestine.

False

Most dietary fiber passes through the digestive system without being digested and absorbed.

Fiber

what disorder primarily affects the stomach?

Gastric ulcer

Glucagon is a key hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that plays an important role in regulating blood glucose levels during times of fasting.

Glucagon

What is the role of the hormone glucagon in regulating blood glucose?

Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen, to increase blood glucose concentrations.

Which of the following statements is correct?

Gluconeogenesis generates glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, when blood glucose levels are low.

Glucose is the most abundant sugar molecule and the preferred source of energy for the brain.

Glucose

The body can either use glucose for energy, convert it to glycogen, or store it as fat.

Glucose

Which of the following statements regarding glucose absorption is true?

Glucose is absorbed mostly through the lining of the small intestine.

As part of the response to increased blood glucose after a meal, insulin triggers the number of glucose transporters on the cell membranes in the body to be increased.

Glucose transporters

Animals store glucose polysaccharides in the form of glycogen.

Glycogen

Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles of humans and animals.

Glycogen

If there is no immediate demand for glucose, it is stored as __________.

Glycogen

What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori

What plays a key role in the development of most gastric ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori

Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels drop to lower-than-normal levels.

Hypoglycemia

The last portion, or segment, of the small intestine is called the _____.

Ileum

The middle portion of the small intestine is called the _______.

Jejunum

Each villus contains a lymphatic vessel called a _______ that absorbs fat-soluble nutrients in the lymph fluid.

Lacteal

In response to insulin or glucagon, either glycogenesis or gluconeogenesis, respectively will take place in the liver.

Liver

The brush border in the small intestine is made up of ___________.

Microvilli

The hair-like projections that cover the surface of an enterocyte and contribute to the increased surface are of the small intestine are called____

Microvilli

Which of the following foods would be a good source of naturally occurring sugar?

Milk

Monosaccharides are a category of single sugar molecules that are absorbed easily in the small intestine.

Monosaccharides

The body absorbs which form of digested carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

Insulin is produced in and released from the pancreas.

Pancreas

Step 3

Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into the disaccharide maltose.

What enzyme does the pancreas secrete?

Pancreatic proteases

What causes an individual to feel hungry?

Receiving signals from nerve cells and hormones.

Which of the following is likely to be the most significant source of fiber in a cereal bar?

Rolled oats, cracked oats, steal cut oats

Step 2

Salivary amylase is inactivated by stomach acid.

Step 1

Salivary enzymes break down starch in the bread into smaller chains and the disaccharide maltose.

Proteases

Secreted by the pancreas, these enzymes act to digest proteins.

Which of the following is a controllable risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

Sedentary lifestyle

Simple carbohydrates are a category of sugars that contain either one or two molecules.

Simple carbohydrates

What occurs when blood glucose levels rise following the ingestion of a glucose-rich meal?

The beta cells of the pancreas release insulin.

The need and desire to eat are influenced by a variety of factors, including our nerve cells, hormones, and environmental cues. Choose the statement below that correctly describes hunger, satiation, and/or appetite.

The hypothalamus is a region of the brain that signals hunger and satiation to the body.

Where is the majority of gastrointestinal flora found?

The large intestine.

Pancreatic Amylase

This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas and acts to digest carbohydrates.

Pancreatic Lipase

This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas and acts to digest lipids

Fiber is not digested by the human digestive tract.

True

The acute condition of diverticulitis often requires a low fiber diet until the lining of the colon heals.

True

Amino acids are absorbed through the process known as active transport

True - Active transport, which requires the combination of energy and a carrier to promote absorption against a concentration gradient, is the process by which nutrients such as amino acids and glucose are absorbed.

Symptoms including thirst, frequent urination, tingling in the hands/feet, and slow healing of wounds may indicate ______.

Type 2 Diabetes

the finger-like projections that cover the circular folds of the small intestine and contribute to the increased surface area of the small intestine are called____.

Villi

Which of the following foods naturally contain(s) insoluble fibers that increase the bulk of digestive material and draw water into the large intestine, keeping the stools soft and moist?

Whole grains, cereals, and fruit

Which foods would be most helpful in preventing diverticulosis?

Whole grains, vegetables

Which of the following foods would be most helpful in preventing diverticulosis?

Whole grains, vegetables

Food that has been moistened with saliva and then swallowed through the esophagus is called __________.

a bolus

Fat is stored in __________ for later use.

adipose tissue

The human body is organized into the following structural levels (smallest to largest)

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems.

when fat enters the duodenum, the gallbladder secretes an emulsifier called _____ to break up the large fat globules.

bile

High-protein diets of predominately animal sources are associated with high

blood cholesterol

The glycemic index shows how foods affect our ______.

blood glucose levels

Nutritive sweeteners contribute __________.

calories

nutritive sweeteners contribute

calories

when you are exercising at maximum effort, this nutrient provides almost 100% of the energy that you need

carbohydrate

If you are physically active, it is especially important to replenish the fuel you burn by eating enough _______.

carbohydrates

A high-fiber diet might help decrease blood cholesterol levels by

causing more cholesterol-containing bile to be excreted in feces.

Part E - Malabsorption in the GI TractPart complete Which of the following gastrointestinal tract conditions alters the structure of the small intestine, resulting in malabsorption?

celiac disease

Which of the following gastrointestinal tract conditions alters the structure of the small intestine resulting in malabsorption?

celiac disease

Each component of the body joins together with other components. As these components increase in complexity, they perform integrated and more advanced functions in digestion and absorption. Choose the statement below that lists the structural components of the body in order from smallest to largest.

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

The smallest living, functioning units of the body are _____.

cells

The earliest phase of digestion is called the ___ phase.

cephalic

What meal provides the highest satiety value?

chicken sandwich on whole-wheat bun

Gallbladder

concentrates and stores bile

Immediately after a meal, ghrelin levels ______; high levels of ghrelin ______ hunger.

decrease, increase

When we have not eaten for a while, blood glucose levels fall, which prompts a(n) ____ in insulin and a(n) ___ in glucagon.

decrease, increase

When we have not eaten for a while, blood glucose levels fall, which prompts a(n) ____ in insulin and a(n) ___ in glucagon.

decreases , increase

An adult who has symptoms such as thirst, light-headedness, dark-colored urine, and dry skin is likely suffering from _____.

dehydration

Which of the following substances in a ripe peach is NOT absorbed by the body?

dietary fiber

The process by which a person's body breaks down foods into molecules is called __________.

digestion

The process by which a persons body breaks down foods into molecules is called ____.

digestion

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are examples of this type of carbohydrate.

disaccharides

To reduce symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), patients are counseled to ______.

eat small meals

There are ______ common allergenic foods that must be clearly identified on food labels.

eight

non nutritive sweeteners are so called because they provide little or no ________

energy

Which of the following is a protein?

enzymes

without the flap of tissue at the back of the tongue called _______, food would enter the trachea during swallowing.

epiglottis

the bolus slides down this tube, called the ___________, which connects the pharynx to the stomach.

esophagus

Part D - Digestive Disorders of the GI TractPart complete In this activity, you will sort the digestive disorders of the gastrointestinal tract according to the organ in which the disorder primarily occurs. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins.

esophagus: heartburn stomach: gastric ulcer small intestine: celiac disease large intestine: irritable bowel syndrome constipation

The absorption mechanism that requires a specific carrier molecule, but no energy, to move digested nutrients across the cell membrane is called __________

facilitated diffusion

When using a hydrogen breath test to diagnose lactose intolerance, a(n) _______ of hydrogen suggests intolerance.

high level

A food allergy is a(n) _______ reaction of the immune system.

hypersensitivity

The ________ prompts hunger in response to various signals.

hypothalamus

chime passes through the ______ that connects the ileum with the ascending colon.

ileocecal valve

an increase in cortisol levels___ bloos glucose whereas an increase in insulin ____ blood glucose

increases: decreases

How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels?

insulin secretion

Symptoms of food ______ can be prevented by avoiding the offending foods.

intolerance

Dermatitis herpetiformis is a(n) ___________.

itchy skin rash

Symptoms such as edema, distention of the belly, loss of appetite, skin problems, and retarded growth and development are often associated with

kwashiorkor

Fiber is excreted from the ________.

large intestine

Food allergies are _______ than food intolerances, and potentially ________ .

less common, more serious

Bile is produced by the____.

liver

The ______ is responsible for regulating nutrients in the blood after absorption.

liver

Water-soluble nutrients stored in blood are routed directly from the small intestine through the portal vein to the

liver

during ______, teeth mechanically cut and grind food into smaller pieces as the tongue mixes them with saliva.

mastication

A cell's boundary is defined by its _________.

membrane

Which of the following foods would be a good source of naturally occurring sugar?

milk

Digestion breaks down most carbohydrates into ___________.

monosaccharides

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________.

mouth

Chemical digestion __________.

occurs when enzymes break apart large molecules into smaller molecules

a systematic review found that daily consumption of sugar sweetened soft drinks increased this risk among children

overweight

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and __________.

oxygen

The gallbladder, liver, and __________ assist in fat digestion.

pancreas

this large gland, located near the stomach, releases digestive enzymes after a meal and also secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels. this accessory organ is called the ______.

pancreas

Which of the following is an example of a soluble fiber?

pectins

When amino acids join together, they form

peptides

Food is propelled forward by rhythmic contractions called ____________________ , which move food down the esophagus and through the stomach.

peristalsis

Disorders of the neuromuscular system, infections, allergies, genetics, and environmental factors can disturb gastrointestinal functioning. Common gastrointestinal disorders and diseases include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, vomiting, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, and constipation. Complete the statement about gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroesophageal reflux disease ___________.

results when too much gastric juice regularly backs up into the lower esophagus, causing heartburn several times per week

Which of the following is likely to be the most significant source of fiber in a cereal bar?

rolled oats, cracked oats, steal cut oats

the secretions called _______ are produced in the glands located behind the tongue and contain the enzyme amylase to chemically digest carbohydrate.

saliva

What is the first enzyme that starts to digest food?

salivary amylase

Accessory organs of digestion include the gallbladder, pancreas, and liver, each of which has a specific role in the chemical digestion of food. Complete the statement about the pancreas. The pancreas ____________.

secretes bicarbonate

The absorption of the majority of ingested nutrients takes place largely in the __________.

small intestine

Where in your body does the majority of the digestion and absorption of food occur?

small intestine

Identify the correct order, from highest satiety value to lowest, of the following:

solid foods, semisolid foods, beverages

During digestion proteins are denatured by hydrochloric acid in this organ.

stomach

Part C - Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Digestive EnzymesPart complete A key objective in this chapter is to identify the major enzymes in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as well as the organs that secrete them. This activity requires you to match the enzyme with the secreting organ(s).

stomach: pepsin pancreas: pancreatic proteases more than one organ: amylase lipase

Part B - Secretions and Functions of the GI Tract and Accessory Organs

stomach: secretes hormone gastrin secretes hydrochloric acid(HCI) gallbladder: concentrates and stores bile liver: produces bile pancreas: produces insulin produces pancreatic lipase

Cells join together to form sheets or cords of cells called _______.

tissues

Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that your intake of this type of fat is kept to an absolute minimum.

trans fat

A diet high in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables appears to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.

true

Disaccharides consist of __________ molecules of sugar joined together.

two

To increase intake of omega-3 fatty acids, include fish, canola oil, ground flax seeds, or __________ in your diet.

walnuts

Which group of foods is a good source of polyunsaturated fats?

walnuts, corn oil, and sesame oil