Ch1

_______ killed more people in 1918-1919 than died in World Wars I and II and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined.

Influenza

Which of the following statements about polio is correct?

It has been nearly eliminated because of vaccination.

Which of the following is true regarding all prokaryotes?

Lack a nucleus

Which of the following best describes the cultivation of microorganisms in the laboratory?

Less than 1% of microorganisms can be cultivated.

The emerging infectious disease COVID-19 is caused by a virus called ________ CoV-2.

SARS

Which of the following about microorganisms is true?

We could not survive without them.

Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients.

T

When considering the human body and its microbial inhabitants, you could best be described as ______.

a planet composed of various ecosystems, with an important part of these ecosystems being a population of interacting microbes

The human body and its microbial inhabitants can best be compared to ______.

the earth's environments and their interacting inhabitants

Membrane-bound organelles are only found in the cell type called a(n) cell.

Eukaryotic

Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms for which of the following reasons?

Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties. Microorganisms are cheaper to study. Microorganisms multiply quickly. Microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms.

Why do microorganisms serve as important models for study of higher organisms?

Microorganisms have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as other organisms.

Which of the following statements about the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 is true?

More Americans died of influenza in 1918-1919 than were killed in World Wars I and II, and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined.

What is the only shared feature of all microbes?

Small size

All of the following statements about smallpox are true except one. Which?

Smallpox is caused by bacteria.

Eukaryotic microbes are generally larger than prokaryotic microbes.

T

Travelers and immigrants can contribute to disease emergence.

T

Vaccinations have helped reduce the spread of mumps, measles and whooping cough in developed countries.

T

A patient living in Seattle, WA is diagnosed with malaria. What is the most likely explanation for this diagnosis?

The patient was infected while visiting a country where malaria is common.

Consider the Human Microbiome Project begun in 2007. The term microbiome has which two overlapping meanings?

The total genetic content of a microbial community The microbial community itself

What is biotechnology?

The use of microorganisms to solve practical problems.

Benefits of normal microbiota include all EXCEPT which of the following?

They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes.

Which is an example of bioremediation?

Using microbes to break down oil after a spill in the ocean Reason: Bioremediation is the decomposition of harmful chemicals by microbes.

Because they are often caused by a Helicobacter pylori infection, most stomach ulcers are treatable with ______.

antibiotics

Which of the following are produced by microorganisms?

antibiotics ethanol

Plague is a _______.

bacterial disease that can be transmitted by fleas

Which of the following describes the use of microorganisms to hasten the degradation of pollutants?

bioremediation

The use of microorganisms to solve practical problems is the definition of

biotechnology

Which of the following are manufactured by microbial fermentation?

cheese beer yogurt

An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in England was controlled by ______.

destroying millions of pig, sheep, and cattle

The "Old Friends" hypothesis suggests that ______.

early exposure to certain microorganisms helps protect individuals from allergies, asthma, and some other diseases

Which diseases can be due to organisms "jumping" from a natural animal host to using humans as a host?

emerging

Certain microbes are able to convert N2 into a form of nitrogen that plants and animals can use. This process is called nitrogen

fixation

In research, a model organism should ______.

function in a manner similar to other organisms

The cellulose that makes up the plant cell walls of grass can be directly digested by certain species of ______.

microbes

Which group includes some members that can convert N2 (the most common gas in the atmosphere) to a form other organisms can use to make proteins and nucleic acids?

microbes Reason: Yes! The process is called nitrogen-fixation.

Bacteria often serve as ______ in research. Therefore, they are studied as a means to better understand processes fundamental to higher life forms.

model organisms

Compared to the range of types of plants and animals, microbes as a group are ______.

more diverse

The disease polio is mainly associated with which of the following?

paralysis

All of the following are factors that account for the emergence of new diseases in developed countries EXCEPT ______.

parents not having their children vaccinated Reason: This is a reason for the resurgence of old diseases.

A(n) ______ is the term used for any disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

A(n) ________ is the term used for any disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as which of the following?

pathogens

Which of the following can cause an infectious disease to reemerge?

pathogens becoming resistant to antimicrobial medications parents refusing to vaccinate their children

Which of the following diseases killed one-third of the population of Europe in a four-year span (1347-1351)?

plague

Commercially valuable products from microorganisms include _______, which is used in the manufacture of disposable diapers and plastics.

polyhydroxybutyrate

Today, the bacteria added to some fermented milk products are advertised as _______.

probiotics

Cells that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called _____ cells.

prokaryotic

Without microorganisms, substances required for human life such as O2 and organic nitrogen would ______.

run out

Although laboratory stocks of the causative agent still exist, humans have eliminated which of the following diseases?

smallpox

If cattle, sheep, and deer had a microbe-free digestive tract, they would ______.

starve

The Human Microbiome Project

used DNA sequencing to characterize microbial communities that inhabit the human body

Bioremediation refers to ______.

using bacteria to clean up pollutants

Cervical cancer caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) can be prevented by a(n) ______.

vaccine

Emerging infectious diseases are those ______.

whose incidence has rapidly increased in the last several decades

The use of microorganisms to hasten the degradation of harmful chemicals is called

Biodegradation

Because less than 1% of microorganisms can currently be grown in the laboratory, most of what we know about the other 99% comes from ______.

DNA

The nucleoid is the ______.

DNA-containing area of a prokaryotic cell

All living organisms are now classified into three different taxonomic units called

Domains

Which of the following are examples of emerging infectious diseases?

Ebola mad cow disease Lyme disease Zika

An infectious disease that has become more common in the last several decades is referred to as a(n) _____ infectious disease.

Emerging (EID)