Ch.16

Compared to grandfathers, grandmothers have ______ contact with grandchildren. the same less lower-quality more

more

Select all that apply According to Levinson, what are the two major tasks to be mastered in early adulthood? Exploring the possibilities for adult living Developing a stable life structure Establishing oneself in the community Becoming a generative person in society Finding intimacy in one's relationships

Exploring the possibilities for adult living Developing a stable life structure

The majority of sibling relationships in middle adulthood can be described as ______. rivalrous close ambivalent distant

close

Select all that apply Which of the following responses to stress are more common among men than women? engage in comfort eating drinking seeking out friends isolating themselves seek therapy trying to solve the problem themselves

drinking isolating themselves trying to solve the problem themselves

True or false: It is rare for sibling closeness to develop for the first time in adulthood. more likely than less likely than half as likely as equally likely as

more likely than

Select all that apply Research has shown that having an optimistic outlook on life is generally associated with which of the following? higher intelligence longer life greater relationship satisfaction better physical health

longer life greater relationship satisfaction better physical health

The Baltimore Study by Costa and McCrae assessed ______ in adulthood. attachment stressors identity personality

personality

Which grandparenting style is associated with the avoidance of giving parenting advice? Distant Fun-seeking Formal Remote

Formal

Men are more likely than women to react to stress with a ______ approach, which can involve isolating themselves, turning to alcohol or drugs, or being aggressive. fight-or-flight tend-or-befriend grieve-or-leave

fight-or-flight

By 2020, experts project that _____ of children at 30 years of age will still have living grandparents. 60% 40% 20% 80%

80%

Which theorist headed the study of 132 women at Mills College in the late 1950s? Paul Costa Daniel Levinson Ravenna Helson John Clausen

Ravenna Helson

Select all that apply According to Erikson, which of the following are ways in which middle-aged adults can develop generativity? cultural generativity biological generativity work generativity narcissistic generativity

cultural generativity biological generativity work generativity

According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last? 1 year 5 years 2 years 6 months

5 years

Roughly, what percentage of adults responded that adults have a duty to care for their aging parents? 30% 50% 80% 90%

80%

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae conducted the ______ Study, which uses the Big Five factors of personality to track adult personality development. Mills College Baltimore Seasons of Life Grant

Baltimore

Why are middle-aged adults sometimes described as the "sandwich" generation? Because they must attend to their children as well as their careers Because they are in the middle stage of adulthood between young and older adulthood. Because they must balance life goals, including hobbies and their career goals.

Because they must care for their adolescent and young adult children as well as their aging parents

According to Levinson, which of the following is NOT a major conflict that an adult male must come to terms with during the transition to middle adulthood? Being ambitious versus being satisfied with life as it stands Being young versus being old Being masculine versus being feminine Being destructive versus being constructive

Being ambitious versus being satisfied with life as it stands

The ____ Longitudinal Studies profiled more than 500 children and their parents in the 1920s and early 1930s and then again as they entered midlife, resulting in the book Present and Past in Middle Life.

Blank 1: Berkeley, Berkley, or Berkely

When parents experience a sharp drop in marital satisfaction after adult children leave the home, this is known as ____ ____syndrome.

Blank 1: empty Blank 2: nest

The three main styles of grandparenting are fun-seeking, ____ , and ____.

Blank 1: formal or dominant-formal Blank 2: distant or distant-figure

According to Erikson, ____ occurs in middle adulthood and encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves.

Blank 1: generativity

Parenting, teaching, and involvement in the community are examples of how middle-aged adults can develop ____ , according to Erikson.

Blank 1: generativity

The term" ____ " generation refers to a situation in which the middle generation alternates attention between the demands of grown children and aging parents.

Blank 1: pivot

According to Erikson, ____ develops when middle-aged adults sense they have not done anything for the next generation.

Blank 1: stagnation, self-absorption, or stagnancy

Jacob, who is 45, has amassed a lot of wealth but has not done anything to benefit the next generation. According to Erikson, he may be in a state of ____ . (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

Blank 1: stagnation, self-absorption, or stagnancy

Select all that apply Which statements are true about the roles of grandparents in their grandchildren's lives? Caring for children helps parents remain in the workforce. They often play a particularly important role after family crises. Grandparents' interactions with adult grandchildren center largely around financial support. Grandfathers typically have more interaction with grandchildren than grandmothers do.

Caring for children helps parents remain in the workforce. They often play a particularly important role after family crises.

Select all that apply Who among the following groups of adult children are most likely to provide social support for their older parents? Children who had unresolved or difficult relationships with their parents early in life Children who were given more financial support by parents earlier in their lives Children who grew up in divorced households Children who spent more time in shared activities with their parents

Children who were given more financial support by parents earlier in their lives Children who spent more time in shared activities with their parents

According to the Mills College Study, what helped women control their impulses, develop interpersonal skills, become independent, and work hard to achieve goals in middle age? Remaining single and focused on oneself Successfully completing a midlife crisis at the age of 40 Commitment to the tasks of early adulthood, whether to a career, a family, or both Having a strong social network

Commitment to the tasks of early adulthood, whether to a career, a family, or both

According to recent research, which of the Big Five factors of personality showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood? Openness Neuroticism Conscientiousness Extraversion

Conscientiousness

In which of the following areas are parents and adult children LEAST similar? Politics Gender roles Religion

Gender roles

Select all that apply Which of the following are criticisms about Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life? He did not conduct interviews himself, but relied only on published interviews by others. He relied too heavily on statistical analysis, which obscures individual variations in the data. He only studied men, but claims his results apply to women as well. He drew conclusions about early adulthood, without actually studying anyone in that age range.

He only studied men, but claims his results apply to women as well. He drew conclusions about early adulthood, without actually studying anyone in that age range.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements about grandparenting and longevity are TRUE? In 2000, 40% of 10-year-olds had four living grandparents. In 1900, only 4% of 10-year-olds had four living grandparents. The number of adult children with living grandparents is expected to plateau in the next 20 years. The current trend in delaying childbearing is likely to offset the increasing longevity of grandparents somewhat.

In 2000, 40% of 10-year-olds had four living grandparents. In 1900, only 4% of 10-year-olds had four living grandparents. The current trend in delaying childbearing is likely to offset the increasing longevity of grandparents somewhat.

Which of the following is not a style of grandparenting described by researchers? Intermittent Formal Fun-seeking Distant

Intermittent

Which of the following statements about intergenerational relationships is FALSE? Relationship quality between the adult child and the parent is associated with the quality of parenting that occurred in childhood. Married men and women are more likely to have contact with their parents than divorced or never-married individuals. Parents who divorce are much more likely to have children who divorce.

Married men and women are more likely to have contact with their parents than divorced or never-married individuals.

The ______ profiled 132 women in the late 1950s to assess adult personality development. Berkeley Longitudinal Studies Baltimore Study Mills College Study Grant Study

Mills College Study

Following the "Grant Study," Vaillant concluded that which of the following is the main focus of a person in his/her forties? Establishing intimacy Coming to terms with the midlife crisis experienced in the mid-thirties Reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years Becoming a generative member of a family and community

Reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years

Select all that apply In which TWO of the following areas are parents and their adult children most similar? Gender roles Religion Lifestyle Politics Work orientation

Religion Politics

Select all that apply Because many middle-aged adults today are responsible for their children as well as for their aging parents, what names are given to this generation? Sandwich Bridge Overload Squeezed

Sandwich Overload Squeezed

Which research project studied more than 500 children and their parents in the 1920s and early 1930s and then again as they entered midlife, resulting in the book Present and Past in Middle Life? The Berkeley Longitudinal Studies The Baltimore Study The Mills College Study The Grant Study

The Berkeley Longitudinal Studies

What was the name of Daniel Levinson's report on his extensive interviews with middle-aged men? Becoming One's Own Man The Baltimore Study The Seasons of a Man's Life Seasons of Male Crisis

The Seasons of a Man's Life

Select all that apply Which of the following are criticisms about Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life? The original Levinson data included no females. Levinson did not actually interview people but instead based his conclusions on personal observations. Respondents may have distorted memories or forget parts of their past. Levinson's work included no statistical analysis.

The original Levinson data included no females. Respondents may have distorted memories or forget parts of their past. Levinson's work included no statistical analysis.

ltiple Choice Question Which of the following is NOT a belief attributed to the contemporary life-events approach? The impact of life events depends on the sociohistorical context of the event. Life events are mediated by things like physical health and family supports. The impact of life events on development depends on a person's ability to adapt and cope. The stress of life events alone influences a person's development.

The stress of life events alone influences a person's development.

What do recent studies suggest about middle-aged parents? They are more likely to provide support to their grown children than to their parents. They are less likely to provide support to their grown children than to their parents. They are more likely to deny support to their grown children than to their parents. They are equally likely to provide support to their grown children as to their parents.

They are more likely to provide support to their grown children than to their parents.

True or false. In their Baltimore Study, Costa and McCrae found relative stability in the big five factors of personality across adulthood; however, recent studies have found greater variability over the course of the life span. True False

True

True or false: It is rare for sibling closeness to develop for the first time in adulthood. True False

True

According to Erikson, what causes people to feel stagnation in life? When they believe they have done nothing for the next generation When they do not progress in their career goals When they choose not to have children because of overpopulation When they devote too much time to too many life pursuits

When they believe they have done nothing for the next generation

Which of the following is NOT a main group of women identified in Helson's Mills College Study? Women who were family-oriented Women who wanted to be single and raise a child Women who were career-oriented Women without children who pursued only low-level work

Women who wanted to be single and raise a child

Research indicates that personality ______ throughout adulthood, but there is greater ______ in personality during middle adulthood. changes; instability declines; stability changes; stability grows; instability

changes; stability

The term ______ refers to the fact that groups of individuals born during the same time period act and react according to a shared set of historical and social expectations. social clock cohort effects seasons of life generational groupings

cohort effects

Romantic love tends to be stronger in early adulthood, while ______ love tends to be stronger in middle adulthood. empty fatuous passionate companionate

companionate

Compared to younger adults, most individuals in midlife who are married voice ______ with their marriages. considerable dissatisfaction moderate satisfaction considerable satisfaction moderate dissatisfaction

considerable satisfaction

Seasons of a Man's Life by Daniel Levinson was based upon the results of ______. extensive interviews with 40 middle-aged men laboratory testing of 40 middle-aged men and women naturalistic observation of 40 middle-aged men a longitudinal study of 40 men and women, ending at the age of 40

extensive interviews with 40 middle-aged men

What was the most common response when 40- to 79-year-olds were asked "when you think of who you are, you think mainly of _____?" family work religion culture

family

When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a ______ pattern, while women are more likely to respond in a ______ pattern. friendship-seeking; therapy-seeking therapy-seeking; friendship-seeking fight or flight; tend and befriend tend and befriend; fight or flight

fight or flight; tend and befriend

Forty year old Maritska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of ____.

generativity

When adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward ______. generativity congruence establishment life satisfaction

generativity

Levinson's The Seasons of a Man's Life supported the notion that men ______. make a smooth transition into middle adulthood go through a single conflict that comprises the midlife crisis go through four major conflicts that comprise a midlife crisis do not experience a midlife crisis

go through four major conflicts that comprise a midlife crisis

According to Helson's Mills College Study, adult women experienced a ______. stress-free midlife experience shift toward traditional female roles in middle age midlife crisis midlife consciousness

midlife consciousness

Grandparents over the age of 65 were ______ grandparents younger than 65 to interact with their grandchildren in a formal style. equally likely as less eager than more likely than less likely than

more likely than

Parents and their adult children are ______ similar in areas of politics and religion and ______ similar in gender roles and work orientation. more; less not; less not; more less; more

more; less

The Berkeley studies found that the most stable aspects of personality included all of the following, EXCEPT ______. self-control intellectual orientation openness to new experiences self-confidence

self-control

The process by which, over time, people become more adept at interacting with the environment and in ways that promote increased stability in personality can be described as ______. midlife crises the cumulative personality model identity certainty generativity versus stagnation

the cumulative personality model

The contemporary life-events approach takes into account all of the following, except ______. the stability of one's personality over time the type of life event experienced support from family and friends one's physical health

the stability of one's personality over time

According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)? 38 22 50 44

38

By middle age, more than ______ of middle aged adults provide care for parents or parents-in-law. 20% 75% 40% 60%

40%

At what age does Vaillant see an adult reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years? 20s 50s 30s 40s

40s

The ______ study found little to support the view that personality universally changes or remains stable from early adolescence through a portion of midlife. Berkeley Vaillant Baltimore Mills College

Berkeley

Select all that apply The Mills College Study distinguished which of the following main groups among the Mills College women? Career-oriented women Family-oriented women Women with children who pursued high-level work Women without children who pursued low-level work

Career-oriented women Family-oriented women Women without children who pursued low-level work

Historical contexts are also known as ____ effects.

cohort

Parents who live vicariously through their children and who report a decline in marital satisfaction when their children leave the home are experiencing ______. insecure attachment generativity empty nest syndrome stagnation

empty nest syndrome

The big five factors of personality can be condensed into the acronym OCEAN. It includes all of the following personality factors, EXCEPT ______. excitability conscientiousness neuroticism openness agreeableness

excitability

Select all that apply Which of the following are part of the Big Five factors of personality? Select all that apply: honesty extraversion agreeableness dependability openness

extraversion agreeableness openness

In middle adulthood, affectionate or companionate love increases. This form of love includes the qualities of ______.

loyalty mutual emotional interest security

Select all that apply In middle adulthood, affectionate or companionate love increases. This form of love includes the qualities of ______. physical attraction loyalty security mutual emotional interest passion

loyalty security mutual emotional interest

Having a positive outlook on life and minimizing problems is known as _____.

optimism

As opposed to the model of the "sandwich" generation, in which the middle generation cares for grown children and aging parents simultaneously, some experts believe middle-aged adults belong to a "______" generation that alternates between the care of grown children and aging parents. wedge rotating see-saw pivot

pivot

As adult children become middle-aged, they often develop more ______ perceptions of their parents. conflicting negative neutral positive

positive

Select all that apply Men are more likely than women to react to stress with a fight-or-flight approach, which can involve ______. (Select all that apply.) seeking therapy social isolation alcohol use aggressive behaviors

social isolation alcohol use aggressive behaviors

Olivia is a 19-year-old college student who hopes to be a physician's assistant in a large medical facility. She plans to be married and have two children by the time she turns 30. Levinson would call this ______. congruence generativity the goal-formation period the dream

the dream