Ch22 Lymphatic
Allows defensive substances to easily leave the blood and collect at the injured site and helps remove toxic waste.
Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
Clotting proteins that have escaped the blood during this process tend to localizes and traps invading organisms at the sight of infection.
Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
Process results in 3 of the primary symptoms of inflammation - redness, warmth, and swelling of inflammation.
Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
The following chemicals enhance this process: Histamine, prostaglandins, kinins, leukotrienes, and complement proteins.
Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
Phagocytes trap the invaders, possibly wedging them against a blood vessel or a clot, and then attach to the surface of the invader.
adherence
Both T helper and cytotoxic T cells have IIII receptors in their plasma membranes
antigen
The first signal in T cell activation is __________; the second signal is a costimulator, such as a cytokine or another pair of plasma membrane molecules.
antigen binding to a TCR
for immune response to occur _____ must recognize the presence of a foreign antigen
b or t lmphocytes
Why does interstitial fluid contain only a small amount of protein
because most plasma proteins are too large to leave blood vessels.
Identify the order of the steps of the cell-mediated immune response.
binding of a foreign antigen, costimulation, antigen recognition, T cell activation, clonal selection
Phagocytic cells "sniff" the delectable fragrance of invading microbes especially savory bacteria with the tasty complement coating.
chemotaxis
first step of general adaptation syndrome
circulation oxygen and glucose circulation (ATP prodction)
Produced by damaged or inflamed tissues and are known to intensive the effects of histamine ad kinins: aspirin and ibuprofen neutralize these pain-inducing chemicals
complement
Called CD8 cells because developed from cells with CD8 protein; to become cytolytic, must be co-stimulated by IL-2 or other cytokines from TH cells
cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
immunological surveillance is performed by (3)
cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, helper cells
activated ______ cells secrete chemicals to lyse the infected cell. These chemicals are?
cytotoxic t cells. granzymes, perforin, granulysin, lymphotoxin
macrophages are large enough to engulph (3):
damaged tissue worn-out neutrophils, invading microbes
inner cortex of the lumph node consists mainly of _____ and _______ cells that enter a node from oter tissues
dendritic cell presents to the T cells there which then proliferate and migrate to antigenic activity
Lysosomal enzymes, oxidants, and digestive enzymes pounce on the microbial meal. Residual bodies left from digestion are then disregarded.
digestion and killing
what are two main fucntions of the spleen?
filtering and phagocytosis
B cells proliferate and develop into antibody-producing plasma cells or into memory B cell after what happens in the outer cortex of the lymphatic nodule?
follicular dendritic cells present an antigen
Called CD4 cells because they developed from cells with CD4 protein; activated by APCs and co-stimulated by IL-I and IL-2 produce IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5
helper T Lymphocytes
Recognize antigen fragments associated with MHC-II molecules
helper T Lymphocytes
stimulate both humoral (antibody-mediated) and cell-mediated immunity by releasing cytokines
helper t. cells
This chemical along with the one below are produced by mast cells and basophils
histamine
activation of mast cells/basophils mediate ______
inflamation, complement system
Phagocytic tentacles called pseudopods surround the tasty morsels forming a phagosome
ingestion
Made by lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts when infected with viruses; stimulates cells near an invading virus to produce antiviral proteins that interfere with survival of the virus; effects are enhanced by fever
interferon
Induces vasodilation, permeability of blood vessels. Also serves as chemotactic agents for phagocytes
kinins
lymphatic nodules are scattered throughout the _______ _________ (connective tissue) of _______ ________ lining the GI, urinary, reproductive tracts and respiratory airways
lamina propria, mucous membranes
This chemical along with the one above are produced by mast cells and basophils
leukotrienes
Compliment proteins are mainly synthesized in the ___
liver
what are the egg-shaped aggregates of B cells in the lymph node outer cortex?
lymphatic nodules
are NK cells neutrophils or lymphocytes?
lymphocytes
spleen _______ destroy blood-born pathogens by ______, where?
macrophages, phagocytosis, white pulp
which WBC (leukocyte) follows the neutrophil to the site of inflammation
monocytes (transform into wandering macrophages) and add to the activity of fixed macrophages already resent
phagocytosis leads to ______ (more/less) antigens which leads to ______ (more/less) antibodies which leads to _____ (more/less) complement proteins. All this ______ (enhances/downregulates) the immune response
more, more more! fully activated immune response
what are three functions of antibodies?
neutralization of viruses and toxins, immobilization of bacteria, agglutination and precipitation of antigen, activaion of compliment, enhancement of phagocytosis
what are the two major types of phagocytes?
neutrophils and macrophages also dendridic cells)
which mechinism of the immune system is both innate and adaptive?
phagocytosis
complient proteins enhance:
phagocytosis, cytolysis, inflamation
effector B cells aka _____ cells prodce ______
plasma, antibody
Multiple functions including stimulating the release of histamine, acting as chemotactic agents, promoting phagocytosis, and some can even destroy bacteria
prostaglandins
three functions related to clood cells carried out in the spleen's red pulp?
removal by macrophages of worn blood cells and patelets, storage of platelets (1/3 of bodies supply), production of blood cells during feta life
Fibroblasts and other connective tissues cells restore the damaged tissue to its original condition.
repair
B lymphocytes mature into immune cells within the
secondary lymphatic nodules of the lymph node's outer cortex
Red and white pulp are found in the ______
spleen
red pulp are associated with _______ ________ which consist of red blood cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and granulocytes
splenic cords or billroth's cords
macrophages present antigens to ________ in the _________
t-lymphocytes in the lymphatic node
two things which differentiate adaptic immunity from innate immunity
1) specifisity, 2) memory
Especially effective against microbes that enter cells, such as viruses and parasites
Antigen present cells (APCs): dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
______ lymphoctes can recognize antigens located in ecf and not attached to any cells
B
MHC II complexes in _____ cells present foreign antigens
B cells
medulla of a lymph node contains _____ and _______ which are embeded in a network of reticular fibers
B cells and macrophages
bacterial cell walls are ruptured.
Cell lysis, complement system
chemical signals bring phagocytes to the site of invasion.
Chemotaxis, complement system
before B cell clonal selection can take place what needs to happpen to presenting B cells?
Helper t cells with, appropriate t cell receptor, binds to presented antigen. the binding triggers release of interlukines -> activation of B cell
Immunogloblin in secretions of muscous membranes, part of innate immune system. Levels are ________ during stress
IgA
Immunoglobulins: stimulates basophils and mast cells
IgD, IgE
immunoglobulins: allergic and hypersensitivity reactions
IgE
Highest immunoglobulin abundance in blood, ____%
IgG
immunoglobulins: bacteria, fungus, viruses, parasitic worms
IgG, IgA
First class of immunoglobulins to be secreted by plasma cells after exposure. incompatible blood transfusions
IgM
Immunoglobulin Activates complement, causes agglutination and lysis of microbes
IgM
Induces vasodilation, permeability of blood vessels. Also serves as chemotactic agents for phagocytes
Kinins
Produced by mast cells and basophils (2)
Leukotrienes, Histamine
Programmed to recognize the original invader; can initiate dramatic responses to reappearance of the intruder.
Memory T Lymphocytes
Recognize antigen fragments associated with MHC-I molecules
Memory T Lymphocytes
A cell-based type of innate immunity is the
NK cell, which kills cells with abnormal plasma membrane proteins indiscriminately
Nutrilphils and macrophils are induced to phagocytose pathogens which are covered n C3bs .
Opsinization, complement system
Occurs within an hour after initiation of inflammation; involves emigration, chemotaxis, and leukocytosis
Phagocyte migration
White blood cell and debris formation that may lead to abscess or ulcer
Phagocyte migration
B cells, unlike T cells, bind to _____ antigens
unprocessed
The following chemicals enhance this process: Histamine, prostaglandins, kinins, leukotrienes, and complement proteins.
vasodialaion and increased capillary permiability
lymphatic tissue consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages around central splenic arteries are known as
white pulp
For ______ lymphocytes to recognize antigens they must have been processed by a cell and presented via MHC I or II
T
what is the first phagocyte on the sean after inflammation starts (how long dos it take?)
within an hour neutrophils arrive via blood and begin to feast
Natural killer cell activity may release live pathogens from infected body cells.
TRUE