ch.27. urinary system
functions of the kidneys: -waste removal urea -regulation of electrolytes by excretion and reabsorption sodium ,potassium, calcium
- secretion of specific hormones - maintenance of acid-base, fluid and electrolyte balance - conversion of vitamin D to a useful form
maintenance of homeostasis: controls water and blood volume maintains blood pressure regulates electrolytes levels, reabsorbed some electrolytes
-maintains pH balance - helps maintain acid-base balance -activates vitamin D for bone calcification
the adrenal cortex secretes cordial steroids and androgens, the medulla secretes epinephrine adrenaline and norepinephrine. Angiotensin II also stimulates the thirst Center in the hypothalamus, encouraging a person to increase fluid intake, resulting in an increase in blood volume rise in blood pressure
aldosterone promotes sodium and water retention, increasing blood volume, elevated blood pressure. It mineralocorticord hormone, aldosterone respond to blood levels high in potassium or low in sodium. in these cases aldosterone stimulates excretion of potassium ions and reabsorption of sodium ions. Sodium ions returned to blood water follow the salt via osmosis and potassium ions are excreted in urine
antidiuretic hormone. In response to Angiotensin II and low fluid levels, the posterior pituitary secretes ADH. ADH increases reabsorption of Water by kidney tubules, decreasing the amount and increasing the concentration of urine. The result in maintenance circulating blood volume and blood pressure and therefore a homeostasis
atrial natriuretic peptide, ANP, are hormones secreted by cells in the Atria of the heart, increases kidney filtration and blood flow when blood volume increases. This causes our kidneys to excrete water and sodium and suppresses the ADH and aldosterone secretion. the result is reduced strain on the heart, because it does not need to pump is hard
renal blood flow: the kidneys received a generous Supply from the renal arteries and because they Branch directly from the abdominal aorta, Reno blood is highly oxygenated. The renal arteries diverge form and smaller or Therese until they become afferent arterioles supplying blood to the glumeruli.
glomerular blood pressure is higher than in most capillaries 60 mmhg vs 30 mmhg, necessary for the formation of glomerular filtrate. efferent arterioles carry blood away from the glomeruli. first day Branch off to form peritubular capillaries, surrounding the convoluted tubules.
nephron structures and their functions
glomerus Bowman's capsule filters wastes urea, glucose and salts electrolytes out of blood filtrate consists of water + all 9 protein components of plasma
vitamin D is another substance that can be Supply in at the farm to the client with end-stage renal disease, because these kidneys cannot synthesize it. Vitamin D from the diet and sunlight is in and inactive form and cannot be directly observed. For it to become active, conversion must first occurring in the liver and then in the kidneys.
if the body cannot synthesize vitamin D, bone demineralization Willow care because calcium cannot be absorbed from the GI tract
erythropoietin is produced in the of the fetus
in chronic renal failure, instead renal disease, the kidneys do not function properly, resulted in inadequate erythropoietin production, usually result in anemia Theory synthetic erythropoietin, epoietin alfa is often given to elevate this anemia
urine travels from the renal pelvis into the fibromuscular ureters, narrow tubes. the left ureter is slightly longer. the ureters attached to the kidneys at the renal pelvis and carry urine from the kidneys down to the urinary bladder for storage. ureters consists of 3 layers
innermost is a mucosa, made up of transitional epithelium, in the middle, the muscularis smooth muscles, contract in peristaltic waves, to carry urine drop by drop to the urinary bladder. The outer fibrous coat protects and holds tissue and place. the ureters also contain Many sensory nerves
distal convoluted two molecules secreted here include creatine and hydrogen ions. Fluid filter through the Gloom, with their dissolve contents, travel the length of renal tubules
juxtaglomerular apparatus or juxtaglomerular, consisting of a specialized granular cells responsible for maintaining blood pressure lies at the point where the distal convoluted needed tubes contracts the efferent arteriole
most of each nephron is the renal cortex superficial and midcortical nephrons except for a small tube in the medulla.
juxtamedullary nephrons or those near the medulla. At one end of each microscopic nephron is a knotted cluster, tuft, or loop capillaries, the glomerus which are supported by thin membrane the masangium
in addition when blood pressure is decreased, the efferent arteriole is constrict, causing decreased kidney blood flow and channeling blood to other vital areas including the heart and brain. Decrease renal blood flow result in reduced urinary output
normally about 750 to 2,000 mL urine is formed a lie. You aren't his farm in the nephron by glomerular filtration. tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. a fourth process allows additional water re-absorption through hormonal control ath
manufacture: secretes renin and erythropoietin
processing of waste: filters blood -forms urine kidneys - stores urine bladder
distal convoluted tubule
reabsorbs sodium, water, and remainder of glucose
convoluted tubes ,proximal convoluted tubes
reabsorbs some need electrolytes potassium, chlorine, water, and glue close as well as some amino acids and bicarbonate
Loop of henle
reabsorbs water and additional electrolytes
RENIN is very important in blood regulation. If blood pressure are circulating blood volume Falls too low, cells of the JGA secrete renin into the bloodstream. this activates RENIN ANTIGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE, RAA mechanism to raise blood pressure
renin stimulates the formation of angiotensin I, which, in the presence of converting enzyme, converts to Angiotensin II. ANGIOTENSIN II causes blood vessel constriction, directly raising blood pressure, and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
the epithelial capsular membrane is composed of special cells, podcytes which have extensions or pedicels branching out on to the basement membrane surface
space in between pedicels restrict medium size proteins from entering the glomerular filtrate. Several disease processes such glomerulonephritis and diabetic nephropathy can cause alteration in the basement membrane there by reducing the filter ability of the kidneys
the glomerular walls contain three layers that filter blood Perry the outside layer of the glue Muller membrane, the epithelium or capsular membrane is it then porous membrane with Hayes large for the allow blood components except red blood cells to pass until they reach the middle layer, the basement membrane
the basement membrane prevents the filtration of large proteins through it. Other filters substances go into the inner layer of the glomerular membrane, the endothelium. peritubular, around tubes capillary Network surrounds the nephron and supplies it with blood. Here glucose and oxygen or brought in and reabsorb nutrients and water are removed
blood with its filtratable waste and food products into numerous through the efferent arteriole which divides to form the capillary Loop. Water, waste, glucose, and so filter through the thin walls of the Glamorous as described above and then into Bowman's capsule in dilute solution
the capillaries of the Glamorous unite to form efferent arteriole e, which carries away remaining blood
adenosine triphosphate is also produced by mitochondrial here to assist in active transport. The next portion of the convoluted to is the loop of henle the major function of which is to concentrate Souls by reabsorbing Water by osmosis
the final portion the end of the Nephron unit is the distal convoluted tubules, the site of tubular secretion
these capillaries drain into a system of veins the interlobular, arcuate, and interlober veins, ending at the renal vein, which empties into the inferior vena cava to return blood to the heart. The two sites of capillary Exchange in the kidneys are the glomeruli and peritubular capillaries.
the glomeruli begin your information, peritubular capillaries Carrie's substances from the kidneys back to the circulatory system for a reuse and also nourish the Renal tissue itself
the glomerulus is enclosed in a funnel-shaped structure Bowman's capsule, BOWMAN'S SPACE , GLOMERULAR CAPSULSE ,which pressure filters large salutes out of the blood through pores
the glomerus and Bowman's capsule together or known as the renal corpuscle or Malpighian corpuscle which is at the beginning of the Nephron. because the efferent arteriole, leaving the groomer is smaller in diameter then the efferent arteriole the pressure in the Gloom RS is increase assistant and pressure filtration of molecules out of plasma
ren is the prefix related to kidneys, renal kidney is nephro
the kidneys are extremely vascular, Heavenly Supply with blood vessels, to provide supply for a filtering and waste removal. 10% of the body's blood circulates through the kidneys daily. Each kidney is surrounded by perinephric, around the kidney, fat and is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, which continues downward, forming the outer layer of the ureter covering.
elimination: eliminates protein wastes, excess salts and toxic materials
the kidneys are retroperitoneal, behind the peritoneum, allowing kidney surgery to be performed from the back without entering the abdominal cavity. The right kidney is slightly lower than enough, making space for the liver. A person can easily live with one kidney.
the fatty pads, plus renal fascia, anchor to surrounding tissues, help hold the kidneys in place. On the medial surface of the kidney toward the middle of the body is an indented area called that hilum, a notch to which blood vessels, nerves and the ureter enter
the kidneys came precisely regulate and I just electrolyte levels. Body fluid volume is regulated by management of sodium chloride levels. The kidneys balance pH in the blood, the body fluids, and within body tissues by eliminating assets directly into the urine or by excreting chemical acids bound to chemical buffers
the tips renal papillae oh the renal pyramids point medially toward the Renal pelvis, a funnel-shaped basin at the upper end of the ureter. Urine flows from the collecting tubules through the pyramids and into a cup like extension of the renal pelvis, the calyes, calyx
the kidneys major role is filtration of water soluble waste out of the blood. Nephrons, kidney or the functional units of the kidney. Nephrons form urine, the other structures of the urine system a Spell urine. More than 1 million microscopic nephrons are in each kidney, but humans can't survive using only one third of their nephrons
the urinary system helps control blood volume by its treating or conserving water accumulation of water in tissues is edema, and abnormal decrease is dehydration. by excreting or conserving materials especially sodium and chlorine, the urinary system regulates specific levels of electrolytes in the body tissue and fluids
the kidneys or the to reddish brown, being shaped organs in the small of the back, at the lower edge of the ribs on either side of the vertebral column. There are each about the size of a human fist about 4 in Long and 2 in wide. On top of each kidney lies in adrenal, suprarenal gland comedies influence blood pressure as well as sodium and water retention in the kidneys
pathway of the urine in the kidney: efferent arteriole groomers in Bowman's capsule p c t Loop of henle descending limb permobil to water, impermeable to soltz and ascending limb impermeable two water, pumps sodium out of filtrate distal convoluted tubule with parathyroid hormone, reabsorbs calcium, excretes phosphate, with reabsorbs sodium, also regulates pH with hydrogen and ammonia jgh end of nephron collecting duct system
the kidneys secrete 2 hormones renin erythropoietin
much material removed by the kidneys is water, although Solid Waste or also dissolved or in suspension in urinary. uro is the element refer to urine. a specialist who deals with the female urinary system and male genitourinary system is the urologist oh, the related Science is Urology. the urinary system is vital in maintenance of homeostasis
the major structures of the urinary system are: -2 kidneys extract waste from the blood, balanced body fluids and form urine
extended from Bowman's capsule is a long Twisted tube, the convoluted tube , renal tubule. consisting of freely permeable cell membranes. the first portion of the proximal convoluted tubes here, glucose and amino acids and salts electrolytes or actively transport across membranes and return to the blood
the proximal convoluted to accomplish is the process of selective absorption because it contains brush border with many villi
if the kidney is cut into have longitudinally, it is clearly divided into two parts: the outside, the cortex, and the inner portion, the medulla middle. The renal cortex is the outer reddish-brown part of the kidney days things from the outside of the kidney, renal capsule to the bases of the renal pyramids and into the spaces between them.
the renal corpuscles, glomeruli and bowman's capsule and the proximal and distal portions of the convoluted tubles make up the major portion of the renal cortex
the renal medulla contains the remainder of the renal tubules, Loop of henle, and collecting tubles make up the major portion of the renal cortex
the renal medulla contains the remainder of the Renal tubules, loops of henle, and collecting tubules. these tubules 4 Min number of cone shaped structures, the renal pyramids. These 8 to 12 pyramids or arranged so their bases or on the outside near the renal cortex
the urinary bladder, vesica is normally sterile , it is a hollow muscular Sac which empty, lies behind the symphysis pubis and stores urine. when full, the bladder May extend well up to the abdominal cavity. The bladder is composed of transitional epithelium in line with mucous membrane. The Trigon, vesical Trigon is a triangular area on the floor of the bladder that does not expand.
the three point of this triangle or the attachments of the 2 ureters and the urethra. bladder capacity varies, but most people experience the desire to void, empty the bladder when it feels to 200 to 400 in 2 to 5 hours. the maximum capacity is about 1000 ml. inability to void is called urinary retention
is the body builds and repairs tissues and produces energy for life processes, waste products form and must be removed. By perspiring and breathing, the integumentary and respiratory systems remove some water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous waste. Through defecation oh, the digestive system removes Solid Waste
the urinary or excretory system is also involved in waste removal, the body's filtration and removal plant. when combined with the male reproductive system it is known as the genital urinary system. Circulating the blood carries waste from the cells to the kidneys for urinary elimination
- 2 ureters conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder -the urinary bladder serves as a reservoir for urine. -the urethra conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the Body for elimination
the urinary system is able to adapt to wide variations in dietary and fluid intake and also adjust and maintains the composition of blood, tissue fluids and interstitial fluids, the volume of circulating fluids in the blood affect blood pressure
the urethra, the two which urine passes to the outside of the body, opens onto the bladder wall. In men the urethra is about 8 in long. It passes through the prostate gland, where two ducks from the male sex glands join in and then the length of the penis
the woman's urethra is short about 1.5 in Long, open to the outside of the urinary meatus or urinary canal and is the passageway for urine only theory in the male the urethra serves as the passage for both urine and sperm. Protect the muscles prevent the passage of both at the same time
after blood leaves the distal convoluted tubule it moves to the collecting tubule or duct system medullary collecting duct, collecting duct where antidiuretic hormone inserts its effect to allow the two will to become partially permeable to water
therefore the collecting to Blue is an important regulator in concentration dilution of uterine
blood pressure is partially controlled or maintained within an acceptable range, by specialized kidney mechanisms decrease systemic blood pressure causes reduced scratching of receptor cells in the juxtaglomerulus apparatus and a decrease of water volume in kidneys
this causes the JGA to secrete renin, which in turn initiates the RAA MECHANISM. this causes blood pressure to return into a safe range by vasoconstriction or Peripheral arterioles, increasing glomerular filtration rate and preventing water and soul from being mistreated, does increasing blood volume
the second hormone produced by the kidneys, a ritual protein, stimulates the stem cells in red bone marrow to increase formation of red blood cells, erythrocytes
this is known as erythropoiesis. erythropoietin is secreted when hypoxia impaired oxygenation is recognized, usually the result of injury or a cardiac or pulmonary disorders
the muscles in the bladder walls distend scratch and is Spain as it feels when urine, they contract as the bladder empties. And involuntary internal spincter relaxes is it senses the impulse to void, and external sphincter is under conscious control
to initiate urination, the detrusor muscle contracts and the external sphincter relaxes fiery the word relating to Bladder are vesic-o and cysto
these buffers change strong acid into weaker assets, enabling the kidneys to excrete large amounts of acid without dramatically altering or lowering urine pH. however urine is still one thousand times more acidic than blood. Other functions do the kidneys include hormonal secretion of renin and erythro protein, and activation of vitamin D
urine is more acidic with a pH of about 6 PH range of 4.5 to 8. Foods ingested can alter the acidity Mayo Clinic tea of urine. Foods that will s sidify during or cranberries, meat, and a high protein diet. Foods that will help alkalinize urine are citrus fruits, dairy products and legumes. Foods ingested can also alter the order of urine. Certain foods and medications alter the color of urine
