ch.3

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in eukaryotic cells? A) DNA RNA proteins B) RNA proteins DNA C) proteins DNA RNA D) RNA DNA proteins E) DNA proteins RNA

A

disaccharide & ex

A double sugar with two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis, example sucrose

1:2:1 meaning

1 carbon: 2 hydrogens: 1 oxygen what all carbohydrates have

Protein structure:

1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. Quaternary

polypeptide

100-300 amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C4H10?

2

How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?

4

Acccronym for functional groups

All Cats Can Hide My Purple Socks

What are the functional groups?

Amino Acids, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Hydroxy, Methyl, Phosphate, Sulfhydryl

Accronym for macromolecules

Can Lacey Play Next

Macromolecules (4)

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids

types of nucleic acids?

DNA, RNA

out of all the functional groups which is nonpolaR?

Methyl

difference between monosaccharide, dissacharide, polysaccharides

Mono- 1, di-2, poly- more than 2

Carboxyl Polar or nonpolar? Acidic or basic? Hydrophilic or phobic? Found? Ex?

Polar, acidic, hydrophilic, acids(vinegar), COOH

how r some proteins (amino acids) polar and non polar?

R group

The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the A) primary level. B) secondary level. C) tertiary level. D) quaternary level. E) All structural levels are equally affected.

a

Which of the following is not a polymer? A) glucose B) starch C) cellulose D) chitin E) DNA

a

Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose? A) They are both polymers of glucose. B) They are geometric isomers of each other. C) They can both be digested by humans. D) They are both used for energy storage in plants. E) They are both structural components of the plant cell wall.

a

monosaccharide & ex

a simple sugar that is a carbohydrate, example glucose

Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the following diseases are associated with an accumulation of misfolded proteins?

alhtimers, parkinsons

31) The hydrogenation of vegetable oil results in which of the following? A) saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds B) an increased contribution to artherosclerosis C) the oil (fat) being a solid at room temperature

all

Altering which of the following levels of structural organization could change the function of a protein?

all

What is produced in secondary protein structure due to

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet due to hydrogen bonds

7) Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?

amino

A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so?

amino

Which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

amino acid such as glycine

what do amino acids do in the primary protein structure?

amino acids combine to form polypeptides

Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are similar in that they

are synthesized from monomers in dehydration rxn

All of the following contain amino acids except A) hemoglobin. B) cholesterol. C) antibodies. D) enzymes. E) insulin.

b

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5ʹATTGCA3ʹ, the other complementary strand would have the sequence A) 5ʹTAACGT3ʹ. B) 3ʹTAACGT5ʹ. C) 5ʹUAACGU3ʹ. D) 3ʹUAACGU5ʹ. E) 5ʹUGCAAU3ʹ.

b

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? A) C18H36O18 B) C18H30O15 C) C6H10O5 D) C18H10O15 E) C3H6O3

b

What is the structural feature that allows DNA to replicate? A) sugar-phosphate backbone B) complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases C) disulfide bonding (bridging) of the two helixes D) twisting of the molecule to form an helix E) three-component structure of the nucleotides

b

Which of the following is a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleic acids

b

Which of the following statements about the 5ʹ end of a polynucleotide strand of DNA is correct? A) The 5ʹ end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. B) The 5ʹ end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. C) The 5ʹ end has thymine attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. D) The 5ʹ end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. E) The 5ʹ end is the fifth position on one of the nitrogenous bases.

b

what is true about hydroxyl A) It lacks an asymmetric carbon, and it is probably a fat or lipid. B) It should dissolve in water. C) It should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent. D) It wonʹt form hydrogen bonds with water. E) It is hydrophobic.

b

in proteins an amino acid structure has

beta carbon= hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl group, R group

Enzymes are A) carbohydrates. B) lipids. C) proteins. D) nucleic acids.

c

Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of A) functional groups. B) vital forces interacting with matter. C) carbon compounds. D) water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules.

c

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides? A) a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group B) a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar D) a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil E) a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine

c

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a

carbohydrate, monosaccharide, lipid

carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond

carbonyl group

Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group?

carboxyl

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

carboxyl and amino

Which functional groups can act as acids?

carboxyl and phosphate

What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins?

chaperonin

Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen?

chitin

The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA

contains 1 less oxygen atom

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?

covalent

32) Which of the following is a false statement concerning amino groups? A) They are basic in pH. B) They are found in amino acids. C) They contain nitrogen. D) They are nonpolar. E) They are components of urea.

d

Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? A) C3H8 B) C2H6 C) CH4 D) C2H4 E) C2H2

d

Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis? A) the reaction of two monosaccharides, forming a disaccharide with the release of water B) the synthesis of two amino acids, forming a peptide with the release of water C) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the release of water D) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water E) the synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base with the production of a molecule of water

d

Which of the following store and transmit hereditary information? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleic acids

d

2 monomers linking together to form covalent bond, lose water is

dehydration reaction

formation of polymers?

dehydration reaction

how are dissacharides formed and make what?

dehydration reaction forming covalent bonds

What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?

dehydration rxn

monomers join to form polymers and water is released in

dehydration rxn

A strong covalent bond between amino acids that functions in maintaining a polypeptideʹs specific three-dimensional shape is a (an)

disulfide bond

The element nitrogen is present in all of the following except A) proteins. B) nucleic acids. C) amino acids. D) DNA. E) monosaccharides.

e

T/F Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis.

false

T/F Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers.

false

T/F cellulose is a major structural component of animal cell plasma membranes.

false

T/F cellulose is a polymer composed of sucrose monomers.

false

T/F cellulose is a storage polysaccharide for energy in animal cells.

false

T/F cellulose is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells.

false

T/F lipids are soluable in water

false

T/F saturated fats have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.

false

T/F saturated fatty acids are the predominant fatty acid in corn oil.

false

T/F saturated fatty acids are usually liquid at room temperature.

false

T/F saturated fatty acids are usually produced by plants

false

T/F saturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms of the fatty acids

false

A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a

fatty acid

alpha helix

flexible, bends on itself

sucrose, maltose, lactose are combined by

glycocidic bond

In the double helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine hydrogen bonds to

guanine

whats non polar in proteins?

hydrocarbon R group

Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha () helix and the beta () pleated sheet structures of proteins?

hydrogen bond

What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?

hydrogen bonds

deformation of polymers?

hydrolysis

process of breaking down polymer by using water

hydrolysis

bond of polymers are broken by water and turned into monomers in

hydrolysis rxn

whats polar in proteins?

hydroxyl R group

Which macromolecule is not a polymer?

lipids

polysaccharide & ex

long polymer chain made up of simple sugar monomers, starch of cellulose

types of carbohydrates

monosaccharide, dissacharide, polysaccharides

Methyl Polar or nonpolar? Acidic or basic? Hydrophilic or phobic? Found? Ex?

nonpolar, both, hydrophobic, CH3 (1 carbon bonded with 3 hydrogens)

Beta pleated sheet

not flexible, strong

what macromolecule stores and communicates genetic info

nucleic acids

carboxyl group reacts with amino group and releases water in dehydration run forming a _____ bond in what macromolecule

peptide bond in proteins

Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?

peptide bonds

Phosphate Polar or nonpolar? Acidic or basic? Hydrophilic or phobic? Found? Ex?

polar, acidic, hydrophilic, ATP, PO4H2

Carbonyl Polar or nonpolar? Acidic or basic? Hydrophilic or phobic? Found? Ex?

polar, acidic, hydrophilic, formaldehyde, CHO

Hydroxyl Polar or nonpolar? Acidic or basic? Hydrophilic or phobic? Found? Ex?

polar, base, hydrophilic, in alcohol, OH

Amino Acids Polar or nonpolar? Acidic or basic? Hydrophilic or phobic? Found? Ex?

polar, basic, hydrophilic,ammonia, NH2

Sulfhydrl Polar or nonpolar? Acidic or basic? Hydrophilic or phobic? Found? Ex?

polar,neither, hydrophilic, rubber, SH

many identical monomers are linked together by covalent bonds

polymers

amino acids linked together is a

polypeptide

which carbohydrate is best storage of energy (starch and glycogen)

polysaccharide

which carbohydrate contains chitin

poylsaccharide

which macromolecule speeds rxns, transports substances and provides structural support

proteins

Tertiary structure

r group interactions inside one polypeptides

The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires

release of water molecule

Lipid types

saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

The helix and the pleated sheet are both common polypeptide forms found in which level of protein structure?

secondary

Quaternary structure

several polypeptides interacting with each other

Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to this statement?

steroids

Nucleic acids function

stores and communicates genetic info

Lipids function

stores energy and provides steroids

Carbohydrates function

stores energy and provides structural support

molecules with the same molecular formula have bonded together in different orders

structural isomer

67) Of the following functions, the major purpose of RNA is to

synthesis of protein

At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups) most important?

tertiary

unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide is what protein structure step

tertiary

where does the protein have functionality--finally have the ability to perform its function

tertiary structure

which level of protein structure created 3D shape

tertiary strucure

why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water

the majority of their bonds are non polar covalent carbon to hydrogen links

Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids?

they r steroids, not soluable in water

Proteins function

transport substances, speeds reactions, structural support

a lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol

triacglycerol

T/F carbons derived from co2

true

T/F carbons were incorporated into organic molecules by plants.

true

T/F carbons were processed into sugars through photosynthesis

true

T/F cellulose is a major structural component of plant cell walls.

true

T/F lipids are an important constituent of cell membranes

true

T/F lipids are not true polymers

true

T/F lipids contain more energy than proteins and carbohydrates.

true

T/F lipids contain waxes and steroids.

true

T/F saturated fats are more common in animals than in plants.

true

T/F saturated fats are one of several factors that contribute to atherosclerosis.

true

T/F saturated fats contain more hydrogen than saturated fats having the same number of carbon

true

T/F saturated fats generally solidify at room temperature.

true

T/F saturated fatty acids are the principal molecules in lard and butter.

true

carbohydrates philic or phobic?

very hydrophilic

A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water it

would function as both an acid and a base because R group

is protein a polymer?

yes