CH.40 Acids,fluids
A nurse is caring for a client who requires intravenous (IV) therapy. The nurse understands that which actions are the nurse's responsibilities related to this therapy? Select all that apply.
Deciding the location of the IV catheter. Deciding the size of the IV catheter. Administering the IV solution.
A nurse inspecting a client's IV site notices redness and swelling at the site. What would be the most appropriate nursing intervention for this situation?
Discontinue the IV and relocate it to another site
A nurse inspecting the IV site of a client notices signs of phlebitis (inflammation). What would be the appropriate nursing intervention for this situation?
Discontinue the IV and relocate it to another spot.
A nurse is required to initiate IV therapy for a client. Which should the nurse consider before starting the IV?
Ensure that the prescribed solution is clear and transparent
A young man has developed gastric esophageal reflux disease. He is treating it with antacids. Which acid-base imbalance is he at risk for developing?
Metabolic alkalosis
The nurse is administering intravenous (IV) therapy to a client. The nurse notices acute tenderness, redness, warmth, and slight edema of the vein above the insertion site. Which complication related to IV therapy should the nurse most suspect?
Phlebitis
The nurse is monitoring a blood transfusion for a client with anemia. Five minutes after the transfusion begins, the client reports feeling short of breath and itchy. What is the priority nursing action?
Stop the transfusion
A client's most recent blood work indicates a K+ level of 7.2 mEq/L (7.2 mmol/L), a finding that constitutes hyperkalemia. For what signs and symptoms should the nurse vigilantly monitor?
cardiac irregularities
Which is a common anion?
chloride
Edema happens when there is which fluid volume imbalance?
extracellular fluid volume excess
A group of nursing students is reviewing information about body fluid and locations. The students demonstrate understanding of the material when they identify which of the following as a function of intracellular fluid?
maintenance of cell size
Upon assessment of a client's peripheral intravenous site, the nurse notices the area is red and warm. The client complains of pain when the nurse gently palpates the area. These signs and symptoms are indicative of:
phlebitis
A client who recently had surgery is bleeding. What blood product does the nurse anticipate administering for this client?
platelets
The student nurse asks, "What is interstitial fluid?" What is the appropriate nursing response?
"Fluid in the tissue space between and around cells.
The nurse is teaching a healthy adult client about adequate hydration. How much average daily intake does the nurse recommend?
2,500 mL/day
A healthy client eats a regular, balanced diet and drinks 3,000 mL of liquids during a 24-hour period. In evaluating this client's urine output for the same 24-hour period, the nurse realizes that it should total approximately how many mL?
3,000
A health care provider orders a bolus infusion of 250 mL of normal saline to run over 1 hour. The set delivers 20 gtt/mL. What is the flow rate in gtt/min?
83 gtt/min
A client with protracted nausea and vomiting has been receiving intravenous solution at 125 ml/h for the past several hours. The administration of this solution has resulted in an increase in blood pressure because the water in the solution has passed through the semipermeable membrane of blood cells, causing them to swell. What type of solution has the client been receiving?
A hypotonic solution
Which nursing diagnosis would the nurse make based on the effects of fluid and electrolyte imbalance on human functioning?
Acute Confusion related to cerebral edema
The nurse is preparing to insert an intravenous catheter into an adult client. Place the following steps in the correct order. Use all options.
Apply a tourniquet 3 to 4 in (7.5 to 10 cm) above the site. Cleanse the site with chlorhexidine. Place nondominant hand 1 to 2 in (2.5 to 5 cm) below the site and pull the skin taut. Insert the needle gently. Release the tourniquet. Stabilize the catheter or needle.
What is the lab test commonly used in the assessment and treatment of acid-base balance?
Arterial blood gas
A client has been diagnosed with a gastrointestinal bleed and the health care provider has ordered a transfusion. At what rate should the nurse administer the client's packed red blood cells?
1 unit over 2 to 3 hours, no longer than 4 hours
The nurse is administering 1,000 mL 0.9 normal saline over 10 hours (set delivers 60 gtt/1 mL). Using the formula below, the flow rate would be: gtt/min = milliliters per hour x drop factor (gtt/mL) ÷ 60 min/hr
100 gtt/min
A nurse assessing the IV site of a client observes swelling and pallor around the site and notes a significant decrease in the flow rate. The client complains of coldness around the infusion site. What is the nurse's most appropriate action?
Discontinue the IV.
A nurse is caring for four different pediatric clients, all of whom require insertion of an intravenous (IV) catheter. For which client would it be appropriate to insert the IV into the foot?
Infant
The nurse is caring for a client whose blood type is B negative. Which donor blood type does the nurse confirm as compatible for this client?
O negative
A 50-year-old client with hypertension is being treated with a diuretic. The client reports muscle weakness and falls easily. The nurse should assess which electrolyte?
Potassium
A nurse is reviewing the client's serum electrolyte levels which are as follows:Sodium: 138 mEq/L (138 mmol/L) Potassium: 3.2 mEq/L (3.2 mmol/L) Calcium: 10.0 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L) Magnesium: 2.0 mEq/L (1.0 mmol/L) Chloride: 100 mEq/L (100 mmol/L) Phosphate: 4.5 mg/dL (2.6 mEq/L) Based on these levels, the nurse would identify which imbalance?
hypokalemia
The nursing instructor is discussing fluid and electrolyte balance with a group of students. One of the students asks the instructor how fluids move to maintain homeostasis. The instructor formulates her response based on her knowledge that fluid homeostasis can be maintained by which of the following? Select all that apply.
osmosis filtration diffusion active transport
A decrease in arterial blood pressure will result in the release of:
renin.
The primary extracellular electrolytes are:
sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
An intravenous hypertonic solution containing dextrose, proteins, vitamins, and minerals is known as:
total parenteral nutrition.
A nursing student is teaching a healthy adult client about adequate hydration. Which statement by the client indicates understanding of adequate hydration?
"I should drink 2,500 mL/day of fluid.
A home care nurse is visiting a client with renal failure who is on fluid restriction. The client tells the nurse, "I get thirsty very often. What might help?" What would the nurse include as a suggestion for this client?
Avoid salty or excessively sweet fluids
A nurse is reviewing the dietary intake of a client prescribed a potassium-sparing diuretic. The client tells the nurse that he had a banana, yogurt, and bran cereal for breakfast and a turkey sandwich with a glass of milk for lunch. The intake of which food would be a cause for concern?
Banana
The nurse performs dietary teaching for a client recently diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which lunch, chosen by the client, indicates to the nurse understanding of the teaching?
Grilled cheese sandwich on whole grain bread, spinach salad, milk
A client is diagnosed with hypovolemia after significant blood loss. Which action will the nurse take?
Start an IV of normal saline as prescribed
How is control over the extracellular concentration of potassium within the human body is exerted?
aldosterone
Which client is at a greater risk for fluid volume deficit related to the loss of total body fluid and extracellular fluid?
an infant age 4 months
A client who is NPO prior to surgery reports feeling thirsty. What is the physiologic process that drives the thirst factor?
decreased blood volume and intracellular dehydration
A dialysis unit nurse caring for a client with renal failure will expect the client to exhibit which fluid and electrolyte imbalances?
fluid volume excess and acidosis
A client age 80 years, who takes diuretics for management of hypertension, informs the nurse that she takes laxatives daily to promote bowel movements. The nurse assesses the client for possible symptoms of:
hypokalemia
A client is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis. The nurse develops a plan of care for this client based on the understanding that the body compensates for this condition by
increasing ventilation through the lungs.
The nurse is caring for a client with metabolic alkalosis whose breathing rate is 8 breaths/min. Which arterial blood gas data does the nurse anticipate finding?
pH: 7.60; PaCO2: 64 mm Hg (8.51 kPa); HCO3: 42 mEq/l (42 mmol/l)
A nurse is assessing the central venous pressure of a client who has a fluid imbalance. Which reading would the nurse interpret as suggesting an ECF volume deficit?
3.5 cm H2O
Mr. Jones is admitted to the nursing unit from the emergency department with a diagnosis of hypokalemia. His laboratory results show a serum potassium of 3.2 mEq/L (3.2 mmol/L). For what manifestations should the nurse be alert?
Muscle weakness, fatigue, and dysrhythmias
A nurse is caring for a client who is prescribed a peripheral intravenous (IV) infusion. After reviewing the image, which action is most important for the nurse to take?
Obtain new intravenous tubing and spike the infusion bag without touching the tip of the tubing
An older adult has fluid volume deficit and needs to consume more fluids. Which approach by the nurse demonstrates gerontologic considerations?
Offer small amounts of preferred beverage frequently
Endurance athletes who exercise for long periods of time and consume only water may experience a sodium deficit in their extracellular fluid. This electrolyte imbalance is known as:
hyponatremia