Ch.6&7, finish 8-10
By definition, whistle-blowing can only be done by a past or present member of the organization.
True
T/F: The express purpose of a boycott is the same as a strike -- to hurt the employer and strengthen the union's bargaining position.
True
T/F: The reliability of a test refers to the quality of exhibiting a reasonable consistency in results obtained.
True
T/F: The word "ecology" refers to the science of the interrelationships among organisms and their environment.
True
T/F: Insider trading is the buying or selling of stocks by insiders on the basis of information attained by an "insider" that has not yet been made public and is likely to affect the price of the stock.
True
T/F: Just cause requires that reasons for discipline or discharge relate directly to job performance.
True
T/F: Labor historians generally consider the Knights of Labor (K of L), established in 1869, as the first truly national trade union.
True
T/F: Moral vegetarians are people who reject the eating of meat on moral grounds.
True
T/F: No set of assumptions about human nature is absolutely correct or incorrect, nor is there one perfectly right way to manage.
True
T/F: One decisive case in the legal transition away from the reasonable-person standard in matters of advertising, sales and marketing was FTC v. Standard Education.
True
T/F: One of the chief concerns of nepotism is the disregard of managerial responsibilities to the organization and of fairness to other employees.
True
T/F: One problem that OSHA will have to address in the future is the increasing number of musculoskeletal disorders.
True
T/F: One study suggests a positive correlation between job satisfaction and longevity.
True
T/F: Privacy is widely acknowledged today to be a fundamental right.
True
T/F: Shaw and Barry argue that the world of work tends to reproduce the traditional male-female division of labor within the family.
True
In deciding whether an ad is deceptive, today the FTC basically follows a. the reasonable consumer standard. b. the ignorant/gullible consumer standard. c. a "modified" ignorant-consumer standard. d. none of these choices.
a "modified" ignorant-consumer standard.
T/F: Statistics indicate that the faith consumers place in manufacturers is often misplaced.
True
T/F: When used properly, personality tests can help screen applicants for jobs by indicating areas of adequacy and inadequacy.
True
the amount of money a full-time employee needs to afford the necessities of life, support a family, and live above the poverty line
living wage
Every year ____ of Americans require medical treatment from product related accidents. a. tens of thousands c.millions b. hundreds d.hundreds of thousands
millions
The use of one's official position for what always raises moral concerns and questions? a. power trips c. stepping stones to success b. egos d. personal gain
personal gain
According to Norman Bowie, whistle blowing can never be justified because it involves violating one's duties to the organization.
False
A bribe is remuneration for the performance of an act that's inconsistent with the work contract or the nature of the work one has been hired to perform.
True
T/F: An employee can have a conflict of interest even if he or she doesn't act to the detriment of the organization.
True
T/F: Any drug-testing program, assuming it is warranted, must be careful to respect the dignity and rights of the persons to be tested.
True
T/F: Any equitable solution to the problem of who should pay the bill for environmental cleanup should take into account responsibility as well as benefit.
True
T/F: As a general rule, the burden is on an organization to establish the legitimacy of infringing on what would normally be considered the personal sphere of the individual.
True
T/F: Due process requires specific and systematic means for workers to appeal discharge or disciplinary decisions.
True
T/F: Employees have a legal right to refuse to work when it exposes them to imminent danger.
True
T/F: In 1928, U.S. Supreme Court Judge Louis D. Brandeis described the right to privacy, or "the right to be left alone," as "the right most valued by men."
True
T/F: Job performance and the fairness of the work contract are relevant to the issue of fair wages.
True
T/F: One of the attitudes prevalent in business that has led to increased environmental problems is the tendency to view the natural world as a free and unlimited good.
True
arises when employees at any level have special or private interests that are substantial enough to interfere with their job duties
conflict of interest
In the interview process, the interview should avoid rudeness, coarseness, condescension, and a. giddiness. b. hostility. c. sternness. d. questions.
hostility
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) a. doesn't apply to countries where bribery is common. b. is alleged by its critics to put American companies at a disadvantage. c. carefully distinguishes bribery from extortion payments. d. outlaws "grease payments".
is alleged by its critics to put American companies at a disadvantage.
Forty-three thousand workers each year are a. killed on the job. c. injured on the job. b. laid off. d. fall asleep on the job.
killed on the job.
Choose the factual statement concerning wages: a. An employer's financial capabilities are irrelevant to the question of fair wages. b. A fair wage is whatever an employee is willing to accept. c. Extrinsic, non-job-related considerations are often relevant to setting fair wages. d. A fair wage presupposes a fair work contract.
A fair wage presupposes a fair work contract.
Which of the following is a correct statement about union activities? a. A sympathetic strike occurs when workers who have no particular grievance of their own and who may or may not have the same employer decide to strike in support of others. b. A corporate campaign occurs when people refuse to patronize companies that handle products of struck companies. c. The 1947 Taft-Hartley Act forbids individual states from outlawing union shops. d. Labor historians generally consider the American Federation of Labor (AFL) the first truly national trade union.
A sympathetic strike occurs when workers who have no particular grievance of their own and who may or may not have the same employer decide to strike in support of others.
Which statement is true about the hiring and employment process? a. A job description permits employers to rely on the preferences of their customers as a reason for discriminatory employment practices. b. A job specification describes the qualifications an employee needs, such as skills, educational experience, appearance, and physical attributes. c. According to common law, unless there is an explicit contractual provision to the contrary, every employment is employment "at will." d. In validating job specifications, a firm lists all pertinent details about a job, including its duties, responsibilities, working conditions, and physical requirements.
According to common law, unless there is an explicit contractual provision to the contrary, every employment is employment "at will."
In 1972 Congress created one of the most important agencies for regulating product safety. This agency is the a. Securities and Exchange Commission. b. Federal Drug Administration Agency. c. Fair Packaging and Labeling Commission. d. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
Consumer Product Safety Commission.
Out of these four, which one is the only correct statement concerning OSHA? a. Critics call OSHA a "toothless tiger". b. OSHA regulates the shifts people work. c. OSHA says few accidents are caused by sleep deprivation and fatigue. d. OSHA states the key to worker safety is improved engineering.
Critics call OSHA a "toothless tiger".
All gifts are bribes.
False
Employees have no obligations to people with whom they have no business relations.
False
Prudential reasons are reasons that refer to the interests of others and the demands of morality.
False
Prudential reasons are those moral reasons that are separate from self-interest.
False
T/F: When it comes to the protecting animal interests, the United States is far ahead of Europe.
False
T/F: When most people fire another employee, they do it with great joy.
False
T/F: William T. Blackstone rejects the idea that each person has a human right to a livable environment on the grounds that it is technically infeasible.
False
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) outlaws grease payments.
False
worker satisfaction depends on intrinsic factors such as sense of accomplishment, responsibility, recognition, self-development, and self-expression
Hertzberg survey
Which act provides sweeping new legal protection for employees who report possible securities fraud, making it unlawful for companies to "discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, harass, or in any other manner discriminate against" them? a. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 c. Economic Espionage Act b. Foreign Corruption Act d. U.S. vs. O'Hagan
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Which statement is accurate in its description of consumer protection? a. The Consumer Product Safety Commission has the power to order recalls. b. Statistics show that, in fact, safety regulations rarely succeed in increasing safety. c. Critics agree that the cost of safety regulations and product recalls are negligible. d. Safety regulations permit people to choose to save money by purchasing riskier (but less expensive) products.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission has the power to order recalls.
what motivates whistle blowing
They believe that the public interest can be more important than loyalty to the organization
According to David Ewing, a. the corporate invasion of employees' civil rights is rampant. b. sympathetic strikes ought to be made illegal. c. employers have the right to fill the positions of striking workers with other workers. d. seniority ought not be a factor in making transfers or promotions.
the corporate invasion of employees' civil rights is rampant.
Before the case of MacPherson v. Buick Motor Car in 1916, the law based a manufacturer's liability for injuries due to a defective product on a. the principle of strict liability. b. the direct contractual relationship between the producer and the consumer. c. the principle of the reasonable person. d. whether or not the manufacturer exercised due care.
the direct contractual relationship between the producer and the consumer.
To be successful any test used by a corporation must be a. sound. b. valid. c. created outside the corporation using the test. d. one that can be used by any organization for any position.
valid
The English philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626) called conscious and unconscious biases and stereotypes a. "plagues of interviewing." c. "the best tools." b. "idols of the mind." d. "mind benders."
"idols of the mind."
Choose the most accurate statement concerning the workplace: a. If wages conform with the law, they are fair wages. b. Employers have no obligation to dismiss workers as painlessly as possible. c. An employer's financial capabilities affect what constitutes a fair wage scale for that employer's employees. d. All instances of nepotism raise serious moral concerns.
An employer's financial capabilities affect what constitutes a fair wage scale for that employer's employees.
Which statement has the proper perspective about drug testing? a. Due process need not be followed by a business implementing a drug-testing program for its employees. b. The government has always opposed testing Federal employees for cocaine and other illicit drugs. c. Drug testing can only be defensible when it is really pertinent to employee performance and when there is a lot at stake. d. Informed consent need not be observed by a business implementing a drug testing program for its employees.
Drug testing can only be defensible when it is really pertinent to employee performance and when there is a lot at stake.
T/F: A corporate campaign occurs when an organized body of workers withholds its labor to force an employer to comply with its demands.
False
T/F: A job description describes the qualifications an employee needs, such as skills, educational experience, appearance, and physical attributes.
False
T/F: A primary boycott occurs when people refuse to patronize companies that handle products of struck companies.
False
T/F: According to Cambridge University biologist Andrew Balmford, the loss of nature's services is usually outweighed by the benefits of development.
False
T/F: According to Jeremy Bentham, the question is not whether animals can feel pain, but whether they can talk and reason.
False
T/F: According to William F. Baxter, we ought to respect the "balance of nature" and "preserve the environment" even if doing so brings no benefit to human beings.
False
T/F: Advocates of a "naturalistic ethic" believe that penguins are important only because people like them.
False
T/F: If a polygraph test is 95 percent accurate, there are unlikely to be any "false positives."
False
T/F: In his books The Affluent Society and The New Industrial State, John Kenneth Galbraith argues that consumer wants are never created by advertising or sophisticated sales strategies.
False
T/F: In the 1960 case Greenman v. Yuba PowerProducts, injured consumers were awarded damages based on their proving that the manufacturers of the defective products were negligent.
False
T/F: It is morally right for employers to dismiss employees for any reason.
False
T/F: Legal paternalism is the doctrine that the law should not be used to restrict the freedom of individuals for their own good.
False
T/F: Strict liability is the same thing as absolute liability.
False
T/F: Tampering with the ecosystem always has injurious effects.
False
T/F: The Employee Polygraph Protection Act permits most private employers to use lie detectors in "pre-employment testing."
False
A common argument against the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act is that it illegitimately imposes parochial American standards on foreign countries.
True
A kickback is a kind of bribe
True
T/F: Due care is the idea that consumers and sellers do not meet as equals and that the consumer's interests are particularly vulnerable to being harmed by the manufacturer, who has knowledge and expertise the consumer does not have.
True
When an employee's interests are likely to interfere with the employee's ability to exercise proper judgment on behalf of the organization, what exists? a. a golden opportunity c. a balance of power b. a conflict of interest d. a disaster
a conflict of interest
A fact about job satisfaction is a. longevity does not correlate with job satisfaction. b. the U.S. leads the world in the provision of childcare. c. a lack of job satisfaction can create mental health problems. d. worker participation and improved QWL always boost productivity.
a lack of job satisfaction can create mental health problems.
According to Professor Norman Bowie, which of the following factors is relevant to determining the morality of blowing the whistle? a. the whistle blower's motive b. whether internal channels have been exhausted c. whether the whistle blowing has some chance of success d. all of these choices
all of these choices
Terms like "can be," "as much as," and "help," are examples of a. concealment of facts. c. ambiguity. b. truth in advertising. d. consumer confidence.
ambiguity.
someone pays an individual to violate his/her official duties; that is, to perform an action that is inconsistent with the person's work contract or job responsibilities or with the nature of the work the person has been hired to do
bribe
A "trade secret" a. is legally equivalent to a patent or copyright. b. need not be treated confidentially by the company in order to be protected. c. can become part of an employee's technical knowledge, experience, and skill. d. is a narrow, precise concept that the law defines in great detail.
can become part of an employee's technical knowledge, experience, and skill.
Polygraph tests a. are extraordinarily accurate contrary to what the critics say. b. can produce false positives. c. cannot reveal with certainty whether a person is or is not telling the truth. d. are totally reliable because lying always triggers an involuntary response that truth telling does not.
cannot reveal with certainty whether a person is or is not telling the truth.
working to make a difference life of our communities and developing the combination of knowledge, skills, values and motivation to make that difference. It means promoting the quality of life in a community, through both political and non-political processes.
civic acitivity
As a society becomes increasingly affluent, wants are increasingly created by the process by which they are satisfied
dependence effect (John Kenneth Galbraith)
the idea that consumers and sellers do not meet as equals and that the consumer interests are particularly vulnerable to being harmed by the manufacturer, who has knowledge and expertise that the consumer does not
due care
In the 1997 case of U.S. v. Hagan, the Supreme Court found that Hagan a. had been discriminated against because of whistle blowing. b. was innocent of insider trading. c. violated the FCPA despite never having gone overseas. d. had misappropriated confidential information.
had misappropriated confidential information.
Cost-benefit analysis a. is influenced by value judgments. c. values costs over benefits. b. considers only short-term effects. d. is a value-free social-scientific approach.
is influenced by value judgments.
Tests are designed to measure the applicants' skills in verbal, quantitative, and a. ethical skills. b. empathy skills. c. logical skills. d. social skills.
logical skills.
One truth about factory farms is a. they rarely inflict any genuine suffering on animals. b. most animals we eat are from them. c. they are necessary to feed the world. d. they are run by brutal people.
most animals we eat are from them.
Privacy a. is an absolute value. b. must be respected if we are to function as complete, self-governing agents. c. is something that employees today don't care about. d. is guaranteed by Article 3, section 3, of the Constitution.
must be respected if we are to function as complete, self-governing agents.
According to common law, to legally dismiss an employee, an employer a. cannot have bad motives. c. must have good cause. b. is obligated not to discriminate. d. need have no reason at all.
need have no reason at all.
Statistically, there is strong evidence that exposure to television advertising is strongly associated with a. criminal behavior. b. obesity in children under twelve. c. low ethical sensitivity in children under ten. d. liberal attitudes in children under nine.
obesity in children under twelve.
Conflicts of interest a. have become less frequent today. b. always involve personal financial gain. c. are morally worrisome only when the employee acts to the detriment of the company. d. occur when employees' private interests are substantial enough to potentially interfere with their job duties.
occur when employees' private interests are substantial enough to potentially interfere with their job duties.
The Wagner Act of 1935 a. established the Food and Drug Administration. b. prohibits employers from interfering with employees trying to organize unions. c. guaranteed employers the right of refusing to bargain with union representatives. d. guaranteed the right to work and outlawed union shops.
prohibits employers from interfering with employees trying to organize unions.
the supposedly harmless use of superlatives and subjective praise in advertisements
puffery
Whistle-blowers are only human beings, not saints, and they sometimes have their own a. salary. c. bandwagon. b. self-serving agenda. d. office.
self-serving agenda.
The "tragedy of the commons" is a. the lack of a commons⎯a common place where people can come together. b. the failure to appreciate what we have in common with other species. c. that cost-benefit analysis involves value judgments that we do not share in common. d. that individual pursuit of self-interest can sometimes make everyone worse off.
that individual pursuit of self-interest can sometimes make everyone worse off.
The consumer's main source of product information is a. testimonials of other customers. c.word of mouth. b. billboards. d. the label and package.
the label and package.
Businesses cite several reasons for using polygraphs to detect lying. Which of the following is one of those reasons? a. the polygraph is a fast and economical way to verify the information provided by a job applicant. b. polygraph tests cannot be beaten. c. the polygraph can reveal with certainty that a person is or is not telling the truth. d. the polygraph allows companies to increase the number of audits.
the polygraph is a fast and economical way to verify the information provided by a job applicant.
According to the philosopher Joel Feinberg, a. future generations of people have a right to be born. b. future generations have no moral rights. c. we have no duties to future generations. d. the rights of future generations are contingent upon those people coming into existence.
the rights of future generations are contingent upon those people coming into existence.
According to David Ewing, two factors explain the absence of civil liberties and the prevalence of authoritarianism in the workplace. Which of the following is one of them? a. discriminatory employment practices due to strict constructionist interpretations of the Constitution b. the rise of personnel engineering and professional management c. the common law doctrine of eminent domain d. employer resistance to unionization
the rise of personnel engineering and professional management
According to the Supreme Court, a. there is nothing improper about an outsider's using information, as long as the information is not obtained from an insider who breaches a legal duty to the corporation's shareholders. b. anyone buying/selling stock based on nonpublic information is guilty of inside trading. c. insider trading violates the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution. d. it should be left up to the company, not the government, to decide whether or not to prohibit insider trading.
there is nothing improper about an outsider's using information, as long as the information is not obtained from an insider who breaches a legal duty to the corporation's shareholders.
To resolve difficult moral dilemmas, the better we understand the exact ramifications of the alternatives⎯the more likely we are a. to make a sound moral decision. c. to be a success. b. to drive the boss crazy. d. to go to jail.
to make a sound moral decision
In union terms, a direct strike occurs a. when an organized body of workers withholds its labor to force the employer to comply with its demands. b. when union members and their supporters refuse to buy products from a company being struck. c. when workers who have no particular grievance of their own and who may or may not have the same employer decide to strike in support of others. d. when people refuse to patronize companies that handle products of struck companies.
when an organized body of workers withholds its labor to force the employer to comply with its demands.
Austin Fagothey and Milton Gonsalves believe a direct strike is justified a. when it is motivated by revenge. c. when it is a last resort. b. when workers are coerced into striking. d. under no conditions.
when it is a last resort.
an employee's informing the public about the illegal or immoral behavior of an employer or an organization
whistle-blowing
Douglas McGregor rejects Theory X, which holds that a. when explained properly, everyone will favor drug-testing programs. b. workers essentially dislike work and will do everything they can to avoid it. c. workers basically like work and view it as something natural and potentially enjoyable. d. sexual harassment is a form of discrimination.
workers essentially dislike work and will do everything they can to avoid it.
T/F: An individual is usually an equal with the employer in the negotiation process.
False
T/F: Fatigue and sleep deprivation are no longer prime causes of industrial accidents.
False
T/F: Nepotism is the practice of promoting exclusively from within the firm.
False
Inside traders ordinarily defend their actions by claiming that they don't injure a. the boss. b. their family. c. the President. d. anyone.
anyone
A decade after wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone Park, their presence was discovered to a. not change anything. c.have changed the behavior of elk. b. have stabilized their own population. d. be disruptive.
have changed the behavior of elk.
"Pollution permits" are an example of which of the following methods of achieving our environmental goals? a. pricing mechanisms c.a laissez-faire approach b. government subsidies d. regulations
pricing mechanisms
T/F: Inbreeding refers to longevity on a job or with a firm.
False
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 forbids companies to pay kickbacks in the United States, but permits them to pay kickbacks to companies outside the United States.
False
T/F: If employees who don't join the union get the same benefits as union members, this raises a question of fairness.
True
T/F: The breaking up of jobs into smaller and smaller units, with each worker performing fewer tasks but repeating them thousands of times a day, has contributed to health problems in manufacturing.
True
When faced with a moral decision, employees should follow the two-step procedure of identifying the relevant obligations, ideals, and effects; and then decide where the emphasis should lie among these considerations.
True
"let the buyer beware"
caveat emptor
evade or retreat from a direct or forthright statement
weasel words
Harvard business professor Theodore Levitt has a. drawn an analogy between advertising and art. b. proven the possibility of effective subliminal advertising. c. argued that the process of production today creates the very wants it then satisfies. d. invented the concept of "puffery".
drawn an analogy between advertising and art.
philosophy or perspective that places intrinsic value on all living organisms and their natural environment, regardless of their perceived usefulness or importance to human beings.
ecocentric ethics
Attempts to measure "non-use value" try to offer a wider perspective on environmental issues
ecological economies
T/F: Businesses are never legally responsible for accidents that occur exclusively as a result of product misuse.
False
case that expanded liability of manufacturers for injuries caused by defective products
MacPherson vs Buick
Business has considered the environment to be a. a scarce commodity. c. a limited supply. b. free and nearly limitless. d. costly.
free and nearly limitless
Which of the following is true of factory farms? a. They are smaller these days than they used to be. b. The people who run them are brutal. c. Contrary to the critics, the animals in them rarely suffer. d. They permit the mass production of meat at low prices.
They permit the mass production of meat at low prices.
Caveat emptor means a. strict product liability b. due care c. let the buyer beware d. the customer and manufacturer meet as equals
let the buyer beware
T/F: Puffery is illegal.
False
T/F: According to Joel Feinberg, we can predict various interests of future generations.
True
T/F: Defenders of advertising claim that, despite criticisms, advertising enjoys protection under the first Amendment as a form of speech.
True
The most accurate statement about workplace safety is: a. workers are often unaware of the hazards they face on the job b. employees, not their employers, are responsible for creating a safe workplace c. in an average year, 150 workers are killed on the job d. according to experts, industrial accidents "just happen"
workers are often unaware of the hazards they face on the job
T/F: From the beginning, unions have been driven by an attempt to protect workers from abuses of power at the hands of employers.
True
T/F: Granting workers new responsibilities and respect can benefit the entire organization.
True
Shaw and Barry mention three arguments for legally protecting trade secrets. Which of these is one of them? a. Trade secrets are the intellectual property of the employee who developed them. b. Employees who disclose trade secrets violate the confidentiality owed to their employers c. Trade secrets are patented. d. Trade secrets are trademarked.
Employees who disclose trade secrets violate the confidentiality owed to their employers
T/F: A psychological appeal is one that aims to persuade by appealing primarily to reason and not to human emotional needs.
False
T/F: According to published statistics, each year in the United States nearly 100,000 workers are killed on the job.
False
T/F: Deceptive advertising is always legal because we have freedom of speech.
False
T/F: Economists can prove, if we grant them enough assumptions, that free-market buying and selling lead to optimal results. One of those assumptions is that everyone has full and complete information, on the basis of which they then buy and sell.
False
T/F: Inbreeding is the practice of showing favoritism to relatives and close friends.
False
T/F: Increased productivity by changing the color of the surrounding working environment is known as the "Hawthorne effect."
False
T/F: Notification of employee monitoring constitutes consent on the part of the employee to be monitored.
False
T/F: OSHA requires safeguards whether or not they are "feasible."
False
T/F: Regulation is always the most effective way to allocate the costs of environmental protection.
False
T/F: Sympathetic strikes are ineffective.
False
T/F: Thanks to the EPA, the federal government long ago eliminated the problem of potentially harmful pesticides and other chemical residues in food.
False
T/F: The FTC now follows the reasonable-person standard in matters of advertising, sales and marketing.
False
T/F: The Wagner Act of 1935 permitted firing workers because of union membership or union activities.
False
T/F: The disparity between private industrial costs and public social costs is what economists call an "internality."
False
T/F: The doctrine of caveat emptor means that the law may be justifiably used to restrict the freedom of individuals for their own good.
False
T/F: The international fishing industry as it exists today gives us good reason to reject the moral of Garrett Hardin's "Parable of the Commons."
False
T/F: The law precisely defines the concept of a trade secret, just as it does patents and copyrights.
False
T/F: The rising affluence of people in the United States has meant a corresponding decrease in pollution and its attendant environmental problems in the United States.
False
T/F: There is a general consensus among philosophers and lawyers about how to define the right to privacy.
False
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act weakened legal protections for whistle blowers.
False
The Supreme Court has rejected the idea that inside trading involves "misappropriating" confidential information.
False
T/F: In a handful of American cities local ordinances prohibit discrimination against those who are short or overweight.
True
workers respond well to attention and recognition
Hawthorne effect
T/F: Informed consent implies deliberation and free choice.
True
Which of the following is true of a regulatory approach to environmental problems? a. It proceeds on a case-by-case basis, dealing with each company's specific circumstances. b. It gives companies an incentive to do more than the minimum required by law. c. It requires the EPA or other body to determine the most effective, feasible pollution-control technology for each different industry. d. It involves the use of pricing mechanisms.
It requires the EPA or other body to determine the most effective, feasible pollution-control technology for each different industry.
Which of the following is an accurate statement about employment law in the workplace? a. It's illegal to fire workers because of union membership. b. Courts at all levels and in all states now agree that employees cannot be dismissed without just cause. c. The civil liberties of employees have to be restricted for corporations to run efficiently. d. More and more companies are moving toward "employment at will".
It's illegal to fire workers because of union membership.
Which of the following is a true statement about the information gained from polygraph tests? a. The information the organization seeks does not have to be related to the job. b. The organization has used the polygraph as the easiest way to gather the information it wants. c. Test results should be made public. d. Not only should the organization have job-related grounds for using the polygraph, but these must be compelling enough to justify violating the individual's privacy and psychic freedom.
Not only should the organization have job-related grounds for using the polygraph, but these must be compelling enough to justify violating the individual's privacy and psychic freedom.
Which of the following is an example of price gouging? a. Selling World Series Tickets for $300. b. New York hotels that doubled or tripled their prices in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks. c. Having to pay above the seller's original asking price for a home. d. Increasing the price of lawn movers in the spring and summer.
New York hotels that doubled or tripled their prices in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks.
Experimental studies suggest that when informed that the advice they're receiving may be biased because of a conflict of interest, a. those who disclose a conflict of interest rarely end up giving more biased advice than those who do not disclose b. those who disclose a conflict of interest always end up giving more biased advice than those who do not disclose c. People tend to fail to discount the advice as much as they should. d. people tend to discount the advice as much as they should.
People tend to fail to discount the advice as much as they should.
Used properly, personality tests serve two purposes in the work place. Which of the following is one of those purposes? a. Personality tests help screen applicants for jobs by indicating areas of adequacy and inadequacy. b. Personality tests help to determine whether an applicant is a drug user. c. Personality tests help determine how little the business has to pay an applicant if hired. d. Personality tests help determine if an applicant will be willing to work for low pay.
Personality tests help screen applicants for jobs by indicating areas of adequacy and inadequacy.
T/F: Anti-paternalism is often defended on the assumption that individuals know their own interests better than anyone else, and that they are fully informed and able to advance those interests.
True
T/F: Before the case of MacPherson v. Buick Motor Car in 1916, injured consumers could only recover damages from the retailer of the defective product.
True
T/F: Business's responsibility for understanding and providing for consumer needs derives from the fact that citizen-consumers are dependent on business to satisfy their needs.
True
T/F: Businesses often claim polygraphs are a fast and economical way to verify the information provided by a job applicant.
True
T/F: Cost-benefit analyses of rival environmental policies inevitably involve making value judgments about nonmonetary costs and benefits.
True
Justice Ginsberg and Arthur Levitt suggest that allowing insider trading could lead to a widespread perception that "the game is rigged."
True
T/F: Cost-benefit analysis is a device used to determine whether it's worthwhile to incur a particular cost.
True
Which statement is true from an ethical perspective? a. The argument for strict liability is basically utilitarian. b. Strict liability is identical with absolute liability. c. The concept of due care is identical with that of caveat emptor. d. The argument for due care is basically Kantian.
The argument for strict liability is basically utilitarian.
Sometimes companies require employees to sign contracts restricting their ability to get a job with, or start, a competing company. Because they can conflict with freedom of employment, not all such "noncompete" or "nondisclosure" contracts are legally valid.
True
T/F: "Weasel words" are words used to evade or retreat from a direct or forthright statement.
True
T/F: A moral of Garrett Hardin's parable "The Tragedy of the Commons" is that there can be a difference between the private costs and the social costs of a business activity.
True
Which of these is a valid reason for not hiring a potential employee? a. The person is overqualified. b. There's a gap in the person's unemployment history. c. The person dresses poorly. d. The person has a lack of experience.
The person has a lack of experience.
T/F: According to Shaw and Barry, a workplace environment in which employees are treated fairly and their inherent dignity respected is compatible with a firm's business goals.
True
T/F: According to common law, unless there is an explicit contractual provision to the contrary, every employment is employment at will and either side is free to terminate it at any time without advance notice or reason.
True
T/F: Advocates of a naturalistic ethic contend that some natural objects are morally considerable in their own right, apart from human interests.
True
T/F: An early 1970s government survey of worker dissatisfaction identified that worker dissatisfaction has been linked to the industry's preoccupation with quantity, not quality and the rigidity of rules and regulations.
True
T/F: An ordinary example of an ecosystem is a pond.
True
Which environmental statement is true? a. Tropical forests are the earth's richest, oldest, and most complex ecosystems. b. Because of technological breakthroughs, people living in developed countries put less strain on the environment than do people in poorer countries. c. There are only about 1000 species of animals left in the world. d. The United States consumes only its proportional share of the world's irreplaceable natural resources.
Tropical forests are the earth's richest, oldest, and most complex ecosystems.
A conflict of interest arises when an employee has private interests that are substantial enough to potentially interfere with his or her job duties.
True
According to Jennifer Moore the real reason insider trading should be prohibited is that it undermines the fiduciary relationship that is at the heart of business management.
True
According to Norman Bowie, a discussion of whistle blowing in the 1990s parallels the discussion of civil disobedience in the 1960s.
True
According to one expert's definition, whistle blowing is conceptually restricted to reporting on activities that are harmful to third parties, violations of human rights, or contrary to the public purpose and legitimate goals of the organization.
True
As a general rule, if the contents of the work agreement that exists between the employee and the employer are legal and if the employee freely consents to them, then the employee is under an obligation to fulfill the terms of the agreement.
True
Employees have certain general duties to their employers, and because of the specific business, professional, or organizational responsibilities they have assumed, they may have other more precise role-based obligations.
True
T/F: Strict product liability is the doctrine that the seller of a product has legal responsibilities to compensate the user of that product for injuries suffered due to a defective aspect of the product, even if the seller has not been negligent in permitting that defect to exist.
True
T/F: Subliminal advertising is advertising that supposedly communicates at a level beneath our conscious awareness.
True
T/F: The FTC now follows the "modified" gullible consumer standard, and it protects consumers from ads that mislead significant numbers of people.
True
T/F: The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was established in 1914 to protect consumers against deceptive advertising.
True
T/F: The controversy over legal paternalism pits the values of individual freedom and autonomy against social welfare.
True
T/F: The express purpose of a strike is the same as that of a boycott -- to hurt the employer or company financially and strengthen the union's bargaining position.
True
T/F: The general proposition that a firm has a legitimate interest only in employee behavior that significantly influences work performance applies equally to off-the-job conduct.
True
T/F: The new discipline of "ecological economics" calculates the value of an ecosystem, not in terms of what people are willing to pay for it, but in terms of what it would cost to provide the benefits and services that the ecosystem now furnishes us.
True
T/F: The word "ecosystem" refers to a total ecological community, both living and non-living.
True
T/F: Three approaches have gained the most attention when it comes to achieving our environmental goals: the use of regulations, incentives, and pricing mechanisms.
True
T/F: When advertisers conceal facts, they suppress information that is unfavorable to their products.
True
T/F: When weighing the decisions to dismiss employees, companies need to remember that employment affects families and communities, not just individuals.
True
According to the legal doctrine of strict product liability, a. the producer of a product is responsible for any injury the consumer suffers. b. consumers must assume all risk whenever they buy a product. c. product liability presupposes negligence by more than one party. d. a manufacturer need not be negligent to be held liable for a defective product.
a manufacturer need not be negligent to be held liable for a defective product.
The most common reason that people leave their jobs is a. low wages. b. too much overtime. c. a poor relationship with their immediate supervisor. d. lousy benefits.
a poor relationship with their immediate supervisor.
Critics of advertising generally agree that a. advertising rarely gives consumers much useful information. b. brand loyalty increases price competition. c. restrictions on advertising violate the moral rights of advertisers. d. advertising can only influence us if we want it to.
advertising rarely gives consumers much useful information.
belief that considers human beings to be the most significant entity of the universe and interprets or regards the world in terms of human values and experiences (as opposed to animals or God)
anthropocentric ethics
Employers have the right to fire an employee who performs inadequately, but they should do so a. as painlessly as possible. c. in a public display so all can learn. b. with vengeance. d. in humiliation.
as painlessly as possible.
The Hawthorne effect shows that a. quality control circles are important. b. middle managers are affected by the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of the workers they supervise. c. attention and recognition can enhance worker productivity and motivation. d. trade-offs have to be made between productivity and quality of work life.
attention and recognition can enhance worker productivity and motivation.
When it comes to obtaining information about employees, a key concept is a. informed consent. c. economic efficiency. b. paternalism. d. positive externalities.
informed consent
The proper approach to promote safety is to change the "hidden culture" to a. pay employees more. c. hides injuries. b. be proactively oriented toward safety. d. refuse to talk openly about safety.
be proactively oriented toward safety.
the buying/selling of stocks or other financial securities by business insiders on the basis of information that has not yet been made public and is likely to affect the price of the stock
insider trading
An ecosystem a. should never be tampered with. c. can be upset by human behavior. b. can survive any human intervention. d. is independent of all other ecosystems.
can be upset by human behavior.
Many major employers routinely monitor the performance of their employees through the computers and telephones they use. Employers are allowed to a. check the number of keystrokes that word processors enter during the day. b. eavesdrop on e-mail. c. eavesdrop on fax transmissions. d. eavesdrop on cell phone conversations.
check the number of keystrokes that word processors enter during the day.
The philosopher Tom Regan a. claims that no impartial morally sensitive person could approve of the treatment of animals in factory farms if he or she knew what was going on. b. argues against the use of governmental regulations to control the actions of businesses. c. believes that the FTC should be abolished. d. denies that non-human animals have any moral rights.
claims that no impartial morally sensitive person could approve of the treatment of animals in factory farms if he or she knew what was going on.
Some writers deny that employees have any obligation of loyalty to the company, because a. companies are not the kind of things that are properly objects of loyalty. b. you cannot trust anyone. c. it's every man for himself. d. companies just aren't the same any more.
companies are not the kind of things that are properly objects of loyalty.
partial legal defense that reduces the amount of damages that a plaintiff can recover in a negligence-based claim, based upon the degree to which the plaintiff's own negligence contributed to cause the injury.
comparative negligence
For years Bayer aspirin advertised that it contained "the ingredient doctors recommend most." This is an example of a. ambiguity. c. exaggeration. b. psychological appeals. d.concealed facts.
concealed facts.
discipline attempting to expand further the boundaries of environmental cost-benefit analysis by calculating the value of an ecosystem in terms of what it would cost to provide the benefits and services it now furnishes us
ecological economies
a total ecological community, both living and non-living
ecosystem
Griggs v. Duke Power Company, which prohibits a. tests given to employees or applicants to have inconsistent results. b. tests given to employees or applicants from being invalid. c. tests given to employees or applicants from being unreliable. d. employers from requiring a high school education as a prerequisite for employment or promotion without demonstrable evidence that the associated skills relate directly to job performance.
employers from requiring a high school education as a prerequisite for employment or promotion without demonstrable evidence that the associated skills relate directly to job performance.
Since Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1994, a. all disabled persons must be hired. b. employers must make "reasonable accommodations" for disabled workers. c. employees must try to "undo" their disabilities. d. employers must be careful to "screen" out disabled persons.
employers must make "reasonable accommodations" for disabled workers.
Fair personnel policies and decisions must be based on criteria that are clear, job related, and a. partial toward friends. c. ignore personality. b. equally applied. d. minimize nepotism.
equally applied.
"Puffery" is an example of which of the following deceptive or misleading advertising techniques? a. ambiguity c. psychological appeals b. exaggeration d. concealed facts
exaggeration
People generally speak of two kinds of warranties. What are these two kinds of warranties? a. express and implied c. limited and unlimited b. positive and negative d. legal and moral
express and implied
The key moral ideal in promotions is a. loyalty. b. likeability. c. intelligence. d. fairness.
fairness
A whistle-blower a. doesn't have to be a past or present member of the organization. b. doesn't have to report activity that is illegal, immoral, or harmful. c. is any employer who spreads gossip. d. far from being disloyal, may be acting in the best interest of the organization.
far from being disloyal, may be acting in the best interest of the organization.
A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that postal workers who tested positive for drug use in a pre-employment urine test were at least 50 percent more likely to be a. promoted. b. transferred. c. honored for community service. d. fired, injured, disciplined, or absent than those who tested negative.
fired, injured, disciplined, or absent than those who tested negative.
a market failure that occurs when people take advantage of being able to use a common resource, or collective good, without paying for it, as is the case when citizens of a country utilize public goods without paying their fair share in taxes.
free rider problem
Whistle-blowing involves exposing activities that are a. sports related. c. too close to call. b. immoral or illegal. d. boring and need some excitement.
immoral or illegal
Conflicts of interest may exist when employees have financial investments a. in suppliers, customers, or distributors with whom their organizations do business. b. in sports teams. c. and question the wisdom of the deal. d. that lead to office romance.
in suppliers, customers, or distributors with whom their organizations do business.
When employees at all occupational levels are asked to rank what is important to them, the order that put them in is: a. good pay; enough authority to carry out the work; sufficient help, support, and information; and interesting work. b. interesting work; sufficient help, support, and information to accomplish the job; enough authority to carry out the work; and good pay c. sufficient help, support, and information to accomplish the job; interesting work; enough authority to carry out the work,and good pay d. enough authority to carry out the work; good pay; interesting work; and sufficient help, support, and information to accomplish the job
interesting work; sufficient help, support, and information to accomplish the job; enough authority to carry out the work; and good pay
The hiring process needs to include screening, testing, and a. safety awareness. c. interviewing. b. eliminating candidates. d. job descriptions.
interviewing
The moral theorist William T. Blackstone claims that the right to a livable environment a. would solve the problem of how to conserve resources. b. prevents the use of government regulation to control the actions of business. c. is a fundamental human right. d. implies that non-human animals have no genuine moral rights.
is a fundamental human right.
Animal manure a. is not available in sufficient quantities to replenish agricultural land. b. is a large source of pollution. c. helps counteract the "greenhouse effect". d. is potentially more dangerous than nuclear power.
is a large source of pollution.
Some environmental regulations (like forbidding the burning of coal in cities) benefit each and every one of us because the air we all breather is cleaner. If an individual ignores the regulation and burns coal, while others obey the regulation, then he or she a. violates our right to a livable environment. b. is being a free rider. c. displays an ignorance of ecology. d. creates an externality.
is being a free rider.
Of the four types of discharge, firing a. results from an employee's poor performance⎯that is, from his or her failure to fulfill expectations. b. is for-cause dismissal⎯the result of employee theft, gross insubordination, release of proprietary information, and so on. c. usually refers to the temporary unemployment experienced by hourly employees and implies that they are "subject to recall." d. designates the permanent elimination of a job as a result of workforce reduction, plant closing, or departmental consolidation.
is for-cause dismissal⎯the result of employee theft, gross insubordination, release of proprietary information, and so on.
William F. Baxter addresses environmental ethics by noting a. the best ethical position to adopt on environmental issues is a naturalistic position. b. non-human animals have intrinsic value. c. judgments about environmental problems ought to be people-oriented. d. damage to geological "marvels" is inherently wrong and should be prevented.
judgments about environmental problems ought to be people-oriented.
a percentage payment to a person able to influence or control a source of income; form of bribery
kickback
One of the three chief sources for dissatisfaction in the workplace is a. lack of opportunities to be promoted faster. b. lack of opportunities to have a company vehicle. c. lack of opportunities to have one's own office. d. lack of opportunities to be one's own boss.
lack of opportunities to be one's own boss.
the idea that the may justifiably be used to restrict the freedom of individuals for their own good
legal paternalism
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act a. makes it easier to fire whistle blowers. b. reduces the law's protection of employees who disclose securities fraud. c. makes it illegal for executives to retaliate against employees who report possible violations of federal law. d. provides penalties for blowing the whistle illegitimately or maliciously.
makes it illegal for executives to retaliate against employees who report possible violations of federal law.
The United States has more of what per employee than any other industrial nation? a. timeclocks c. sprains and strains b. work injuries d. managers
managers
The right to privacy of employees a. takes priority over other moral considerations. b. is clearly and unambiguously spelled out by the law. c. may conflict with an organization's legitimate interests. d. has to be given up in an era of global competition.
may conflict with an organization's legitimate interests.
Legal paternalism is the doctrine that the law a. may justifiably restrict the freedom of the individual for his or her own good. b. may justifiably forbid lawsuits against those who act paternalistically. c. should encourage business to develop a paternal sense of responsibility for consumers. d. should only restrict people's freedom in order to protect other people.
may justifiably restrict the freedom of the individual for his or her own good.
Which of the following is true? a. a company is never permitted to test for legal drugs b. drugs can't harm employee performance c. business writers agree that drug testing is more cost effective than voluntary drug assistance programs d. media sensationalism and political posturing can get in the way of sensible answers to the drug problem
media sensationalism and political posturing can get in the way of sensible answers to the drug problem
The case of MacPherson v. Buick Motor Car in 1916 changed product liability law. As a result of it, the courts a. permitted consumers to sue manufacturers with whom they had no contractual relationships. b. adopted the principle of caveat emptor. c. permitted consumers to sue the retailer from whom they had purchased the product. d. adopted the principle of strict liability.
permitted consumers to sue manufacturers with whom they had no contractual relationships
Which of the following is true concerning our environment today? a. the Clean Air Act of 1970 has had no beneficial effects b. animal waste from factory farms is good for the environment c. the "greenhouse effect" is basically media hype d. polluted air is a health risk
polluted air is a health risk
Unions employ two kinds of boycotts to enforce their demands. These two kinds of boycotts are a. positive and negative. c. active and passive. b. corporate and private. d. primary and secondary.
primary and secondary.
According to Galbraith's "dependence effect," a. production depends upon wants. b. advertising depends on the wants of the consumer. c. producers use advertising to shape consumer wants. d. advertising depends on consumerism.
producers use advertising to shape consumer wants.
The terms "best, finest, and most" are examples of a. puffery. c. truth in advertising. b. psychological appeals. d. trust building statements.
puffery.
Which of the following is a drawback to the regulatory approach? a. regulation can take away an industry's incentive to do more than the minimum b. regulation is an incentive to an industry to do more than the minimum c. regulation does not apply to all equally d. does not require polluters to use the strongest most feasible means of pollution control.
regulation can take away an industry's incentive to do more than the minimum
A moral vegetarian a. rejects eating meat based on moral grounds. b. only eats animal that were raised humanely. c. does not believe animals suffer. d. the pleasure we get from eating a hamburger justifies the price the animals pay.
rejects eating meat based on moral grounds.
In discussing the case of the truck stop cashier who is asked to write up phony chits or receipts, the text argues that a. there is nothing wrong with writing up the chits. b. she should resign immediately. c. she may be justified in "going along," at least temporarily. d. morality never requires us to sacrifice our own interests.
she may be justified in "going along," at least temporarily.
According to Shaw and Barry, utilitarians a. focus on human well-being and ignore animal welfare. b. oppose animal experimentation in principle. c. should include nonhuman animal pleasures and pains in the overall utilitarian calculus. d. are likely to favor factory farming.
should include nonhuman animal pleasures and pains in the overall utilitarian calculus.
According to Holmes Rolston III, a. naturalistic ethics ought to be abandoned. b. some natural objects are morally considerable in their own right, apart from human interests. c. all moral rights are derived from the interests of human beings. d. nature has no value apart from human beings.
some natural objects are morally considerable in their own right, apart from human interests.
grease payment
sometimes necessary to ensure that the receipts are carried out their normal job duties
the assumption of human superiority leading to the exploitation of animals.
speciesism
holds that the manufacturer of a product has legal responsibilities to compensate the user of that product for injuries suffered because the product's defective condition made it unreasonably dangerous, even though the manufacturer has not been negligent in permitting that defect to occur
strict product liability
Advertising that communicates at a level beneath conscious awareness, where, some psychologists claim, the vast reservoir of human motivation primarily resides
subliminal advertising
Advertising a. makes the market more efficient. b. maximizes consumer well-being (thanks to the invisible hand). c. can't be restricted without violating the moral rights of advertisers. d. subsidizes the media.
subsidizes the media.
One key questionable premise underlying personality tests is a. they sometimes screen out potentially creative or individualistic employees. b. they presuppose that all employees can be validly placed in a small number of categories. c. they can help determine job applicants' areas of adequacy and inadequacy. d. that all individuals can usefully and validly be placed into a relatively small number of categories of personality types and character traits.
that all individuals can usefully and validly be placed into a relatively small number of categories of personality types and character traits.
U.S. companies have a history of paying off foreign officials for business favors. Such acts were declared illegal by a. the U.S. Customs department. b. the Vice President. c. the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977. d. the United Nations.
the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977.
According to the anthropocentric (or human-oriented) ethic of Baxter and others, a. environmental preservation is inherently valuable. b. the Grand Canyon is valuable only because people care about it. c. we have a strong, almost absolute obligation to preserve species from extinction. d. future people have no interests that we need to respect now. e. nature has value in and of itself, apart from human beings.
the Grand Canyon is valuable only because people care about it.
In consideration for the obligation to others, a. we have no genuine moral obligations to future generations. b. future people have a right to be born. c. the U.S. uses more than its proportional share of the world's resources. d. environmental protection is always a static trade-off, with a fixed economic price to be paid for the gains we want.
the U.S. uses more than its proportional share of the world's resources.
Insider trading is a. the buying or selling of stocks (or other financial securities) by business "insiders" on the basis of information that has not yet been made public and is likely to affect the price of the stock. b. a corporate merger. c. knowing when to make the best buy. d. giving great advice on a deal.
the buying or selling of stocks (or other financial securities) by business "insiders" on the basis of information that has not yet been made public and is likely to affect the price of the stock.
Due care is a. based on the principle of caveat emptor. b. based on the principle "let the buyer beware." c. the idea that consumers and sellers do not meet as equals and that consumer's interests are particularly vulnerable to being harmed by the manufacturer. d. based on the principle of absolute liability.
the idea that consumers and sellers do not meet as equals and that consumer's interests are particularly vulnerable to being harmed by the manufacturer.
In determining the morality of giving and receiving gifts in a business situation, which of the following factors is MOST relevant? a. the purpose of the gift b. the size of the business c. amount of the cash d. whether the company is privately held or publicly held
the purpose of the gift
"Corporate in-fighting," "management power struggles," "maneuvering and politics and power grabbing," and "Machiavellian intrigues" are all phrases H. Ross Perot uses to describe a. the reality of family life today. c. the reality of the lunch room. b. the reality of corporate life today. d. the reality of the drive into work.
the reality of corporate life today.
An early 1970s government study ("Work in America") identified three chief sources of worker dissatisfaction. Which of the following is one of those sources? a. industry's preoccupation with quality, not quantity b. the rigidity of rules and regulations c. the relatively small size of most U.S. corporations d. mandatory drug testing programs used by many U.S. corporations
the rigidity of rules and regulations
Concerning future generations, a. all philosophers today reject the idea that future people have rights b. utilitarianism dictates a radical reduction in population growth c. future people have a right to be born d. the social and environmental policies we adopt can affect who is born in the future
the social and environmental policies we adopt can affect who is born in the future
Based on guidelines of employer/employee relations, which statement is true? a. company loyalty is an outmoded, illegitimate concept that employees today reject b. the traditional law of agency obliges employees to act loyally and in good faith and to carry out lawful instructions c. an employee's work contract is irrelevant to his or her moral obligations d. no value is more important than loyalty, whether to a person or an organization
the traditional law of agency obliges employees to act loyally and in good faith and to carry out lawful instructions
Groups of 18th century skilled artisans formed secret societies for two basic reasons. Which of the following is one of those reasons? a. to equalize their relationship with their employers b. to distinguish themselves from carpenters and shoemakers c. to gain control of the German government d. to avoid having to set minimal standards for their crafts
to equalize their relationship with their employers
The goal of advertising is a. to persuade people to purchase the product. b. to provide information about goods and services. c. to provide information about prices. d. to subsidize the media.
to persuade people to purchase the product.
The case of FTC v. Standard Education was important in the legal transition a. toward the principle of caveat emptor. b. toward something like the ignorant consumer standard. c. toward the reasonable-person standard. d. that removed power from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
toward something like the ignorant consumer standard.
The Donald Wohlgemuth case shows that a. trade secrets can be patented. b. trade secrets often become an integral part of an employee's total job skills and capabilities. c. employees need to divest themselves of any skill acquired while handling trade secrets. d. "noncompete" or "nondisclosure" contracts are always legally valid.
trade secrets often become an integral part of an employee's total job skills and capabilities.
Situation in which each person's pursuit of self-interest can make everyone worse-off
tragedy of the commons
An assessment of costs and benefits inevitably involves a. facts. c. false opinions. b. monetary costs only. d.value judgments and factual uncertainties
value judgments and factual uncertainties