Ch.7-10 Special Sections
Ch. 2 globalscape: how much for a red delicious? What was the H-2A program deemed most of of the 1990's?
"Rent-a-slave". Rural labor conditions for seasonal migrants were likened indentured service. But Jamaicans endured the hardships, using it as a means of escape from the Caribbean island poverty.
Ch. 4 biocultural connection: the Maori origins What's the history of New Zealand and the Maoris?
1200 miles south east of Australia it was named by Dutch seafarers who landed on the shores in 1642. It was claimed by the British 150 years later. The Maori are the countries indigenous people and fight back of the colonization but lost because they were out gunned in the early 1870s. Today only 600,000 of New Zealand's 4.1 million citizens claim some Maori ancestry
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo What's the ratio of time to food the Mekranoti produce?
1 hour of gardening= 18,000 kilocalories/ adult (U.S. adults consume 3,000 K.C./day)
Ch. 3 anthropologist of note What are some major accomplishments Claude Levi Strauss accomplished throughout his life?
1. In 1947 he became the associate director of ethnographic museum in Paris and his structural analysis was recognized as a pioneer study in kinship and marriage 2. In 1945 he joined the international body of experts invited by UNESCO and authored race and history, a book that became instrumental in UNESCOs campaign against racism and ethnocentrism. 3. In 1955 he published Tristes Tropiques about his ethnographic adventures among Amazonian Indians that won him international fame as well as his 1958 book structural anthropology. 4. In 1959 he became the chair of social anthropology at the college of France and founded his own Institute there. It's specialized in the comparative study of religion and structural analysis of myths 5. The 1973 he was elected to the Academy of France a prestigious institution with 40 members known as immortals
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo What is the gardening process of the Mekranoti?
1. Mekranoti men slash and burn the forest 2. In the ashes men and women plant sweet potatoes, manioc, bananas, corn, pumpkins, papaya, sugar cane, pineapple, cotton, tobacco, and annatto (seeds make achiote which is used as red dye for bodies) (11 things) 3. Garden is never weeded so after 2nd year only manioc, sweet potatoes, and bananas remain. 4. After 3 years only only bananas remain 5. The forest grows back within 25 years
Ch. 3 original study: arranging marriage in India What were some issues Serena Nanda's friend had with the first women with five daughters?
1. Since the woman had five daughters, she questioned how they will be able to provide nicely for any of them? She would prefer to marry her son to a girl who is the only daughter so that the wedding will be a larger affair 2. She also heard of a mother complaining that the girls in-laws don't let her visit her own family often enough. This made her wonder will she be that kind of mother who always wants her daughter at home? This would prevent the girl from adjusting to her own home and her family
Ch. 3 biocultural connection: marriage prohibitions in the US What are the two main issues with the first cousin marriage ban in the US In regards to genetic mutations?
1. The ban on first cousin marriages in the US were enacted long before the discovery of genetic mechanisms of disease 2. Genetic research has shown that offspring of first cousin couples do not have any significantly greater risk of negative results than offspring a very distant related parents
Ch. 3 anthropologist of note Who is Claude Levi Strauss?
1908-2009 One of the most celebrated anthropologist in the world. He studied law and philosophy at the Sorbonne and married anthropologist Dina Dreyfus. He made his ethnographic research and lectures based on tribal social organization of Brazilian Indians. He did a two-part doctoral thesis on the elementary structure of kinship and family and social life. His thesis in lies the logical structures underlying the social relations of kin ordered societies.
Ch. 4 original study: honor killing in the Netherlands When did the shift in government and public awareness take place for honor killings?
2004. Three Muslim Turkish women were killed by their former husbands on the street. In November that year anthropologist Clementine van egg was appointed as cultural anthropologist at the dutch police force and began working with law enforces to honor killing cases there
Ch. 3 biocultural connection: marriage prohibitions in the US How many first cousin marriages are allowed in the United States?
25 states completely ban first cousin marriages, 19 allow it including the district of Columbia, and others permit it under certain conditions. The US is the only country in the Western world that has prohibitions against first cousin marriages
Ch.2: Biocultural connection; The love bean in the money tree How many pods does a cacao tree produces/year?
30 pods and each pods contains 30 beans. Takes 450 brands to make pounds of chocolate.
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo Where do the Mekranoti plant the manioc?
A large ring outside the sweet potatoes, they thrust manioc stems into the ground— forming a dense barrier around the potatoes.
Ch. 3 original study: arranging marriage in India How was the final girl and eventual wife found? What were her characteristics?
4 to 5 years had passed and the mother had found no one. Serena Nanda offered to help as the mother was getting anxious. She randomly met a family with a manageable daughter. The family had a successful business in a medium size city. The daughter studied fashion and was modest, home loving, and had a traditional upbringing. The girls family was excited to arrange this marriage but Nanda's friend did not want to make the first move. The girl and her friends daughter became best friends and we're from the same social sub caste
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo How many hours of work/week do the Mekranoti complete?
51 hours 8.5 hrs-Gardening 6.0 hrs-Hunting 1.5 hrs- Fishing 1.0 hrs- Gathering Wild foods 33.5 hrs- other jobs (cooking, repairing broken tools, commuting)
Ch. 3 original study: arranging marriage in India What is the basic rule for arranged marriages in India?
A family's reputation is most important. Matches should be arranged within the same caste in general social class, though crossing castes is permissible if the class position of the brides and grooms families are similar.
Ch. 4 biocultural connection: the Maori origins What does the genetic comparison between the Maoris and the Polynesians across the Pacific ocean reveal?
A genetic map of ancient Maori migration routes. Mitochondrial DNA, which is passed along virtually unchanged from mothers to their children, provides a genetic clock linking today's Polynesians to southern Taiwan's indigenous coastal people, showing that female ancestors originally set out from that island of the south eastern coast of China about 6000 years ago. In the next few thousand years, they migrated by the Philippines and then hop south and east from island to island. Adding the gene pool in the course of later generations, Melanesian mails from new guinea and elsewhere joined the migrating bands before arriving in Aotearoa.
Biocultural connection: Surviving in the Andes What is the altiplano?
A high plateau in the Bolivian Andes that has an average elevation of 13,000 feet.
Ch. 4 original study: honor killing in the Netherlands What type of traditions do Turkish Muslims employ? What type of communities share this form of tradition?
A honor and shame tradition. It's common in remote traditional hurting and farming societies where political power is either absent or ineffective
Ch. 4 original study: honor killing in the Netherlands Where does a man get his namus from?
A man is dependent on the contact of the womenfolk and his family. This means women must not elicit contact with a member of the opposite sex and must avoid becoming the subject of gossip.
Ch. 4 original study: honor killing in the Netherlands What happened on November 2, 2004?
A radical Muslim migrants from morocco shot dutch director Theo van Gogh, known for his critical views on Islam. Although it wasn't an honor killing it had key elements of a cleansing ritual.
Ch. 3 original study: arranging marriage in India Where did the mother Have a source of contacts for her future daughter-in-law?
A social club in Bombay
Anthropology Applied: Agricultural development and the Anthropologist What did the Cusichaca Trust achieve and how was it achieved?
Achievements: 1.The Trust supported the restoration of the terraces and 3.6 miles (5.8 km) of canal. Families have replanted 160 hectares of pre-conquest terraces with maize, potatoes, wheat—with plots 10x more active than previously. 2. 21 water systems installed, reaching 800 large families 3. Introduced home-based gardening to introduce European-style veggies to improve health and diet and facilitate market gardening. It relied on local labor working with traditional methods and materials (clay with cactus, stone and soil)
Visual Counterpoint: gender and labor What do the Ju/'hoansi Bushmen do with the ostrich eggs?
After preparing an ostrich egg omelet (3lbs= 2 dozen chicken eggs), the shell becomes a water container. If it breaks, then it is used as jewelry.
Ch. 2 anthropologist of note Who is Rosita Worl?
Alaskan Anthropologist who belongs to the Thunderbird Clan from Klukwan in S.E. Alaska. She did her graduate fieldwork with the Inupiat in N. Alaska, leading her to become a spokesperson for the protection of whaling practices and indigenous subsistence lifestyle.
Ch. 3 original study: arranging marriage in India What were some of the drawbacks for Serena Nanda's friend's son. To find a prospective wife?
Although he was handsome, well educated, and came from a good family, His mother stated that her son was both short and dark and caused drawbacks for the right match
Ch. 3 original study: arranging marriage in India Why did the mother reject the second prospect wife?
Although she was attractive, well educated, impeccable family, and brother studying in the US, the mother thought she was too educated. Her husband saw the girl on a bus and thought her forward. A girl who Romes about the city by her self is not the girl for her family. The anthropologist observed that if the family of the girl has even a slightly higher social status than the boy, the bride may think of herself too good for them and will cause issues
Biocultural connection: Surviving in the Andes What is soroche?
Mountain sickness; pulmonary hypertension, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, headaches, fevers, lethargy and nausea.
Ch. 4 biocultural connection: the Maori origins Who is Adele Whyte?
Amaury geneticist who examined sex linked genetic markers, primarily mitochondrial DNA in women and Y chromosomes and men. She recently calculated that the number of Polynesian females required to found New Zealand Maori population range between 170 to 230 women. If the original fleet sailing to Aotearoa consisted of seven large canoes, they probably carried a total of 600 people
Ch. 2: Anthropology Applied: Global Ecotourism and culture in Bolivia Who is Amanda Stronza?
An Applied anthropologist who studied the the effects of ecotourism on local livelihoods, cultural traditions, and resource use at the Chalalan Ecolodge of Bolivia (one of the first community run ecolodges of the world)
Anthropology Applied: Agricultural development and the Anthropologist What is ADESA?
An independent local rural development organization that help with Cusichaca Trust projects.
Anthropology Applied: Agricultural development and the Anthropologist Who is Ann Kendall?
Anthropologist studying the failures and successes of the Patacancha Valley in the Andes of Peru. Director and founder of the the Cusichaca Trust (organization That revives ancient farming practices).
Ch.2: Biocultural connection; The love bean in the money tree What about chocolate makes it an "aphrodisiac"?
Contains 300 chemicals with some of them being mood altering. Several of them contain chemicals that trigger feelings of pleasure. Tryptophan (increases serotonin levels) phenylethylamine (an amphetamine like substance that stimulates body's dopamine and is slight antidepressant) Anandamide (messenger molecule that triggers brain pleasure center and similar to weed's mood-enhancing effect) Theobromine (food of god; stimulates brain production of natural opiates, reduces pain and increases euphoria)
Ch. 4 biocultural connection: the Maori origins Why is genetic research controversial by outsiders for the Maori?
Because they equate an individual's genes to their genealogy, which belongs to one's iwi or ancestral community. Considered sacred and entrusted to the tribal elders, genealogy is traditionally surrounded by tapu or sacred prohibitions. The maori term for gene or genealogy is WhakaPapa or to set layer upon layer. Due to the spiritual associations, genetic investigations of Maori DNA cannot be preceded until they themselves became actively involved in the research
Globalscape: Chicken Out; Bush's Legs or Pheonix talons? What does a traditional Russian (Moscow) meal look like?
Borscht and smetana= beet soup and sour cream Kotleta po-kievski or nozhki busha (budget, translates to Bush's Legs)= boneless fried chicken breast or baked, fried, or roasted chicken legs
Ch. 4 biocultural connection: the Maori origins How do the Maori introduce themselves?
By identifying their Iwi, wakas, and the major sacred place of their ancestral territory. The genealogy connects them to their tribes founding ancestor who was a crewmember or even chief and one of the giant canoes mentioned in the legend of the "great fleet"
Ch. 2: Anthropology Applied: Global Ecotourism and culture in Bolivia Who is Guido Mamani?
Chalalan's general manager who views the ecologdge favorably. He stated that people were leaving San Jose due to lack of opportunity and are now returning due to the lodge's success.
Ch. 3 original study: arranging marriage in India What is an important attribute of a female for arranged marriages?
Character. Although a girls looks are important her character is even more so because she is judged as a prospective daughter in law and not prospective bride A woman who rarely gossips or quarrels are highly desirable. The family that has a reputation for gossip and conflict have a difficult time finding good wives for their sons
Ch. 2: Visual Counterpoint; Going to Market What is the worlds largest shipp?
China's CSCL Globe: carries 19,100 containers, 437 yards long and 59 yards wide (about size of 4 football fields)
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo Why was the Mekranoti gardening technique condemned originally?
Critics believed it to be wasteful and ecologically destructive. But we know now that in humid tropics it's one of the best gardening methods
Ch. 3 original study: arranging marriage in India What is illegal in arranged marriages but still heavily practice?
Dowry. Extensive gift exchanges takes place with every marriage. Even when the boys family does not make demands, every girls family nevertheless feels the obligation to give the traditional gifts. It is an important factor in influencing the relationship between the brides and grooms families as well as the treatment of the bride and her new home
Ch. 3 biocultural connection: marriage prohibitions in the US Why do North Americans maintain the belief of genetic mutations between first cousins?
Due to the powerful myth that emerged in America after the mid-1800s. This was when the evolutionary model of human behavior became fashionable and it was pre-Darwinism. They believed that progress from savagery to civilization was possible if you ceased in breeding. Cousin marriage was thought to be a form of savagery and associated with primitive behavior
Ch. 2: Anthropology Applied: Global Ecotourism and culture in Bolivia How does Guido Mamani and other ecotourist leaders characterize success?
Economic= employment and new income. Directly employs 18-24 people at a time, local families supply produce and fruits to the lodge. Local artisans sell their wood carved masks gaining regional fame environmental=catalyze symbolic changes social=new resources for education, healthcare and communication. With their profits from tourism, the community built a school, clinic, potable water system, solar panels, and internet.
Ch. 3 transnational child exchange? What is a country that does not discriminate based on religion for child exchange?
Ethiopia
Ch. 3 transnational child exchange? What are some areas but our common for a child exchange?
Europe, the US, Tahiti where 25% of the children are raised by adoptive parents
Ch. 4 original study: honor killing in the Netherlands Why did anthropology professor's Not want Clementine Van Eck to write about Turkish immigrant honor killings?
Everyone seem to feel that writing negative things about struggling immigrants was discriminatory. It was better to choose a subject that would help them deal with the challenges of settling in a Dutch society, like problems they experienced as foreigners in school or at work
Ch. 2 anthropologist of note What was Rosita Worls early life like?
Growing up by the Chilkat river, elders taught her to speak loud to be heard above crashing waters. Her mother led cannery meetings that she went to. In university she led protests against development scheme that were in conflict with local Tlingit. Got her doctorate at Harvard.
Ch. 3 original study: arranging marriage in India What career did Serena Nanda's Friends son have? How is that socially viewed?
He was a Air Force pilot. And their social class and military career despite its economic security, has a little prestige and is considered a drawback
Ch. 4 anthropology applied: resolving a Native American tribal membership dispute What was Harold E.L.Prins role as an advocacy anthropologist for the Micmacs?
He was employed by the McMax to help them achieve US government recognition for their Indian status. They were not officially recognized as a tribe and therefore were landless and did not have federal recognition for traditional rights to hunt, trap fish and return ancestral land
Ch. 3 anthropologist of note What did Claude Levi Strauss's book structural anthropology present?
His theoretical perspective that the human mind produces logical structures, classifying reality in terms of binary oppositions like light and dark, good and evil, male and female. Also that all humans share a mental demand for order expressed in a drive towards classification
Ch. 4 anthropology applied: resolving a Native American tribal membership dispute What was the aroostook band of Micmac settlement act?
In 1990 a federal law that made the band eligible for financial assistance and economic development loans that are available to all federally recognized tribes in the US. The law provided the band with funding to buy 5000 acre territorial base in Maine This was possible because they were able to prove that most Micmac adults in the region were at least half bloods, having two of their grandparents officially recorded as Indians
Globalscape: Chicken Out; Bush's Legs or Pheonix talons? Where did the Russian Bush's legs come from?
In 1991, after collapse of Soviet Union and during H.W. Bush presidency, the US poultry industry entered the Russian market. Since Russian economy was at a low, the U.S. gov used it as an opportunity to promote free market and global trade. American 's prefers white meat so the surplus of dark meat was sent to Russia.
Ch. 3 transnational child exchange? What were the 2004 global flow to the US in child exchange statistics?
In 2004 global flow peaked with nearly 23,000 arrivals China - 30% Russia - 25% Guatemala - 14% Korea - 7% And 5500 flown in from other poor countries like India, the Philippines, Ukraine, and Vietnam
Anthropology Applied: Agricultural development and the Anthropologist Where did the Cusichaca Trust pioneer their work?
In areas of extreme poverty in Peru farther to the north: Apurimac and Ayacucho
Ch. 4 original study: honor killing in the Netherlands How did Turkish migrants end up in the Netherlands? How did they assimilate to the new culture?
In the 1960s The dutch experienced an economic boom that brought people from Italy, Yugoslavia, turkey, and morocco to earn better wages as guest laborers. Although people from southern Europe acclimated, the Muslims from Turkey and morocco formed isolated, diasporic communities.
Anthropology Applied: Agricultural development and the Anthropologist What did Ann Kendall and botanist Alex Chepstow-Lusty find in the Patachancha Valley?
In the 1980's, they investigated climate change and paleoecological data. Ann and Alex found evidence of intensive farming about 4,000 years ago. It showed that widespread clearing to establish and maintain farm plots and minimal terracing resulted in tremendous soil loss through erosion. 1,900 years ago= dramatic reduction of farming due to cooling climate and soil degradation. 1,000=farming revived with soil sparing techniques.
Ch. 2 globalscape: how much for a red delicious? When did the conditions begin to change for H-2A workers?
In the 1990's after the US dept. of Labor established the Adverse Effect Wage Rate . It required agricultural employers to pay non immigrant workers a wage that would not adversely effect the employment opportunity of US workers. As result, minimum wages increased dramatically for foreign workers. But these wages have not kept up with inflation and still allows migrant workers to lead extremely frugal lives to support their families.
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo Where do the Mekranoti plant to sweet potatoes?
In the center of the circular garden. Women throw a few pieces inside the ground then ask men to stomp on it. This makes ritual noise resembling a Bronx cheer— magic to ensure a large crop.
Biocultural connection: Surviving in the Andes What is hypoxia?
Insufficient oxygenation of the blood causing shortness of breath and exhaustion
Anthropology Applied: Agricultural development and the Anthropologist What did Kendall's investigation document about the soil erosion issue?
Intensive irrigated terrace construction over two periods of occupation (Inca). She found that it was a sophisticated system to counter soil erosion and achieve max agricultural production. Required workers to haul loads of soil from the valley floor. Planted Alder trees to stabilize the soil and provide fire wood and building materials.
Ch. 4 biocultural connection: the Maori origins How is traditional Maori society organized?
Into about 30 different tribes(iwis) grouped into 13 canoes (Wakas) each with its own traditional territory.
Ch. 2: Anthropology Applied: Global Ecotourism and culture in Bolivia Who owned the Chalalan eco lodge in Bolivia?
It came about from a partnership between the Quechua-Tacana community of San Jose de Uchupiamonas and two global organizations: conservation international and inter-American development bank who invested $1.45 million. The money mainly went into preparing community members to assume skull management and ownership of the lodge within 5 years. It was transferred to 600 Quechua members.
Ch. 3 transnational child exchange? What are Sudan's laws for child exchange?
It for bids for an adoption of Muslim children and automatically classifies religiously un identified orphans as Muslim
Ch. 3 transnational child exchange? What caused the first global exchange of children? What is it caused by now?
It initially involved were orphans after World War II. In recent years, extreme poverty has become a major factor as mothers confronting serious deprivation may feel forced to abandon, giveaway, or sometimes sell their children
Ch. 3 original study: arranging marriage in India What is the most common post marriage pattern in upper middle class India?
Joint family with the boys parents and his married brothers and their families i.e. patrilocal. That is why gift exchange is highly common and important social practice
Ch. 2 anthropologist of note What is the Sealaska Corp?
Large native owned business enterprise with 18,000 shareholders of Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian descent. It focuses on culturally informed economic development. It was created under the 1971 Alaska native claims settlement act. It's now the largest private landholder in S.E. Alaska. Employs over 1,000 people including timber harvesting, marketing wood products, land and forest resource management, construction and information tech. Worl puts the holistic perspective at practice by incorporating cultural values into Sealaska like shareholding opportunities for employees.
Biocultural connection: Surviving in the Andes What are the Aymara's main source of food?
Llama and over 200 varieties of tubers.
Ch. 4 original study: honor killing in the Netherlands What scenario did Clementine van eck Describe in relation to applied anthropology?
Local police in an eastern Dutch community had to neutralize a situation where a 17-year-old Muslim girl was at her boyfriends house. The father of the girl did not want her there and Clementine knew that if she did not remove the girl from the situation an honor killing may ensue
Ch. 2: Anthropology Applied: Global Ecotourism and culture in Bolivia What does Stanza believe to be a benefit of ecotourism?
May be more than just conservation and development idea— can be source of pride, empowerment, and strengthen cultural identity among indigenous people
Ch. 2 globalscape: how much for a red delicious? How much do the laborer's make for farming at orchards etc?
Minimum wage according to H-2A program. They work 7 days/week, up to 10 hours/day. They are twice as productive as local workers.
Ch.2: Biocultural connection; The love bean in the money tree How much chocolate products are sold on V-day?
More than $1 billion
Ch. 4 original study: honor killing in the Netherlands What are honor killings?
Murders in the form of a ritual and they are carried out to purify tarnished honor— specifically on her having to do with something turks referred to as namus. (Women Namus= Chasity, men namus= having chaste family members)
Ch. 3 visual counterpoint: expression of same-sex affection When was the first homosexual marriage in South America?
November 16, 2009
Ch. 4 original study: honor killing in the Netherlands What are the elements of an Islamic cleansing ritual?
Occurred in a public space In front of many people The victim had to die The killer used many shots The killing was planned The killer had no remorse
Ch. 3 visual counterpoint: expression of same-sex affection In which setting is it more socially appropriate for men to show physical affection?
On the sports field, people tend to find the public displays of affection i.e. hugging or patting each other's asses is less alarming
Ch. 2 globalscape: how much for a red delicious? Who provides the labor for US's delicious red's?
Peasant Jamaicans. Before leaving, they must shave their dreads and beards. They'e provided with temporary foreign farm working visas and then fly to Miami. By bus they travel up and work on Tobacco farms on the way up and Florida sugar cane fields on the way down.
Ch. 3 anthropologist of note Which philosopher was Claude Levi Strauss influenced by?
Rousseau
Ch. 2 anthropologist of note What is Worl currently doing?
Serves as president of Sealaska Heritage Institute (nonprofit the preserves Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian language and culture) A faculty member of the U of Alaska. Founded Alaska Native news to educated Natives about issues Deeply involved in 1990 Native American grave protection and repatriation act Served on board of Smithsonian Inst. of American Indian Received Anthropological association Solon T. Kimball Award for Applied anthropology
Ch.2: Biocultural connection; The love bean in the money tree What's the history of the cocoa bean?
Several thousand years ago, S. Mexico discovered the bean in melon shaped pods. They added honey, vanilla and flower and believed that these beans were a gift from their gods. Then became apart of their long distance trade network with the Aztecs who called it ahuatl (chocolatl). Aztecs valued the bean so much that it became currency too. In 1520's when Spaniards invaded Guatemala and Mexico, they adopted same tradition with drinking chocolate and brought back to Europe which became a luxury item Over last 500 years, $14 billion industry and US top importer of cacao bean and products.
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo When do the Mekranoti start planting? How long does it last?
Shortly after the burn and after charred debris is cleared. Last from all Sept-October
Ch. 2: Visual Counterpoint; Going to Market How does tea travel within the world market?
Starting at a vast plantation (like the one in Assam, Northern India) it's handpicked into baskets or bags. It then ends up on a mammoth container ship. Tea exports are greater than 1.8 millions tons, ~$6 billion.
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo Why is the slash and burn method successful in tropic regions?
Steady high temps encourages the growth microorganisms that cause rot. The Organic matter breaks down quickly and the heavy rain dissolve the nutrients and carries them deep into the soil. The rainforest maintains it's richness because the heavy foliage shades and cools the earth which allows growth of the decomposers.
Ch. 3 anthropologist of note What did Claude Levi Strauss contribute to Marcel Mauss's 1925 study of gift exchange?
Strauss applied the concept of reciprocity to kinship, arguing that marriage is based on the exchange relationship between kin groups of wife givers and wife takers
Ch. 3 biocultural connection: marriage prohibitions in the US What was the published results on the study of Consanguineous unions by geneticists?
That there is about a 1.7 -2.8% increased risk for Congenital defects above the population. This is a high estimate and well within the bounds of statistical error. It is a lower risk than offspring from women over the age of 40.
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo What is planted outside the manioc ring?
The Mekranoti women plant yams, cotton, sugar cane and annatto.
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo How do the Mekranoti mimic the forest in their gardening technique?
The banana and papaya tree shade the soil, like forest trees. Mixing different plant species in the same area means the minerals can be absorbed as soon as they're released. Corn picks up minerals quickly and manioc is slow, one reason why corn dies off in first year while manioc lasts longer.
Ch. 4 anthropology applied: resolving a Native American tribal membership dispute Describe the membership dispute of the Micmacs in northern Maine
The conflict centered on the fact that several hundred individuals had become tribal members without proper traditional certification of Micmac can ship status. The traditional list of the community argue that their tribes organization was being taken over by nine Indians. They could not properly determine who was entitled to benefit from available help, housing, and education programs
Ch. 4 original study: honor killing in the Netherlands Who may be the victims of an honor killing?
The girl or woman who tarnished her honor The man who did this to her, usually a boyfriend The woman is killed by her family members, the man is killed by the family of the girl whose honor he violated
Globalscape: Chicken Out; Bush's Legs or Pheonix talons? What happens to each chicken part at a poultry plant in Mississippi?
The legs and dark meat are sent to Russia the breast given to The US and international airlines Frozen wings are sent to Korea and W. Africa The offal (neck, heart, liver, and guts) go to Jamaica (boiled and served in soup) The extra fat is converted to biodiesel fuel in Texas Feet are sent to Shanghai are made into delicacy called fengzhua (pheonix talons)
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo Where do the Mekranoti plant the papaya and banana trees?
The outermost circle. The simple throw the seeds on the ground.
Ch. 4 biocultural connection: the Maori origins How did the Maori anthropologist peter buck describe their settlement?
Their seafaring skills enabled them to navigate currents, winds, and stars across best ocean expenses. They were possibly escaping warfare and tribute payments in Hawaiki, it probably was a five week long voyage around 1350
Ch. 4 original study: honor killing in the Netherlands How does Dr. blok describe honor and shame traditional communities?
These people can't depend on stable centers of political control for protection of life and patrimony. This absence creates self assertive qualities in men, like readiness and capacity to use physical force in order to guarantee the immunity of life and property, including women as its most precious and vulnerable part of the patrimony of men.
Biocultural connection: Surviving in the Andes How did the Aymara Indians adapt via natural selection to their environment?
They are short legged and barrel chested. Their smalls bodies have unusually large thoracic volume compared to most other humans. Their expanded hearts and lungs posses about 30% more pulmonary diffusion capacity to oxygenate blood.
Ch. 4 biocultural connection: the Maori origins According to Maori myth how did they end up on New Zealand?
They ended up on the land of long white cloud more than 25 generations ago. Their Polynesian ancestors arrived and a great fleet of sailing canoes from Hawaiki (their mythical homeland sometimes identified with Tahiti where their native language closely resembles each other). The 13 canoes allegedly handled 5 tons and carried 50to 120 people
Visual Counterpoint: gender and labor How do the Ju/'hoansi Bushmen of South Africa divide labor? Is this common amongst hunter and gatherers?
They have a flexible division of labor. Men usually hunt and women prepare food. Both men and women gather wild foods such as ostrich eggs and edible plants. This division of labor is highly common amongst foragers.
Biocultural connection: Surviving in the Andes How did the Aymara Indians end up as high altitude dwellers?
Thousands of years ago, the foragers in the warm lowlands climbed up the mountain in search of game and other food. Near the peak they found herds of llamas and hardy plant foods (potatoes). About 4,000 years ago their descendants became agropastoralists.
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo What are some difficulties the Mekranoti face with slash and burn?
Timing: too early=the rain will leach out the ash minerals before planting time. too late= the debris will be too wet to burn properly. Insects and weeds will not die out and few minerals would be released into the soil. Wind is also important: Too weak= burn will not cover entire plot Too strong= out of hand and unmanageable.
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo Where does soil nutrients come from in tropic climates compared to temperate climates?
Tropic climates= trees and other plants decomposing into the soil Temperate climates= the soil itself retains nutrients
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo What are the 'rapid growers' of the Mekranoti garden and where are they planted?
Watermelon, corn, pumpkin and pineapple are planted throughout the garden. They're harvested long before the manioc.
Ch.2: Biocultural connection; The love bean in the money tree Who buys majority of chocolate products?
Women at 75%
Ch. 2 anthropologist of note What are Rosita Worl's Tlingit names?
Yiediklats'akw and Kaa hani