Ch7 Learning

Which structure is a pleasure center in the brain? the pineal glandthe basal gangliathe nucleus accumbensthe medulla

nucleus acumbens

Younger children may learn some things at a younger age than did their older siblings because of:

observational learning

Which statement about John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's Little Albert study is FALSE? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a)The results are still relevant because Watson and Rayner showed how fear responses could be produced through classical conditioning. b)The results are still relevant because Watson and Rayner showed how complex reactions could be produced through classical conditioning. c)The methods of Watson and Rayner are in compliance with today's ethical standards for the treatment of human participants. d)At the time, Watson and Rayner's methods were considered ethical.

c

Which behavior is MOST apt to be a biologically prepared response? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a)smiling when a stranger says hello to you b)avoiding cotton balls and strongly preferring cotton swabs c)eating a lot of chocolate when it is available d)avoiding sushi after getting sick after eating it

d

Which statement is NOT an example of learning? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. A fish comes to the top of its tank when its owner approaches. A college student studies for a second exam after failing the first exam in a class. A dog sits every time his owner says, "Sit." A woman reflexively pulls back her hand from a hot burner.

d

Some patients suffering from Parkinson's disease take prescription drugs that stimulate their _____ receptors, resulting in compulsive behaviors.

dopamine

All the neurons along the medial forebrain bundle secrete the neurotransmitter:

dopamine.

The Rescorla-Wagner model showed that classical conditioning actually involved a cognitive aspect based on the organism's:

expectations

Essential to the process of learning is that it is based on: experience.consciousness.emotion.memory.

experience

Just as in classical conditioning, operant behavior will undergo _____ if reinforcement stops.

extinction

In Pavlov's famous studies, the _____ was the unconditioned stimulus, and the _____ was the unconditioned response.

food; saliva

What types of learning have been found in simple organisms like the sea slug Aplysia?

habituation and sensitization

Disruption of the motor cortex during a demonstration of motor skills:

inhibits performance of that skill in the future.

A neuropsychological patient who experiences severe problems with explicit learning is MOST likely to have _____ implicit learning.

intact

Consider the two main types of conditioning. Classical conditioning is based on _____ responses; operant conditioning produces _____ behaviors.

involuntary; voluntary

An important part of learning involves assessing how well we know something and how much more time we need to devote to studying it. Recent research has shown that people's _____ play a critical role in guiding further study and learning

judgements of learning

What part of the brain is MOST associated with the positive aspects of reinforcement?

limbic system

A student cramming for an exam repeatedly studies information with little or no time between repetitions, a procedure known as ____ . Such students are denying themselves the benefits of _____, which involves spreading out study activities so that more time intervenes between repetitions of the information to be learned.

massed practice; distributed practice

Brad watches his older brother twirl his spaghetti around his fork using a spoon. Brad then attempts to twirl his spaghetti in the same way. Brad's older brother is serving as a _____ for Brad.

model

Juan's parents told him they would unground him and allow him to go on the school's annual class trip if he raised all of his grades to passing this semester. Juan's parents are using _____ to affect his study behaviors.

negative reinforcment

Classical conditioning occurs by pairing a(n) _____ with a(n) _____ to produce a response.

neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Observational learning challenges the behavioral explanation of learning because it involves no direct _____.

no direct reinforcement

Learned food aversions are generally acquired from _____ due to the evolutionary adaptive conditioning of rejecting foods that may be toxic.

novel foods

Alisha suffers from claustrophobia, despite having never been stuck in an elevator or locked in a supply closet. The notion of diffusion chains suggests that Alisha may have acquired the phobia through:

observational learning

When learning takes place as a result of watching the actions of others, it is called:

observational learning

The studies of observational learning in primates that use tools show that:

observational learning clearly results in better tool-skill acquisition in the monkeys.

Georgia likes to make tuna sandwiches for lunch. She uses her electric can opener and then usually gives the can with a few bits of tuna left inside to the cat. Georgia recently noticed that the cat comes running into the kitchen every time she uses her can opener to open anything. The cat's behavior is a result of:

stimulus generalization

Classical conditioning can be applied to both humans and animals because it relies on observable behaviors and does NOT consider the role of:

the mind

In learned food aversion, spoiled or poisoned food is a powerful:

unconditioned stimulus.

Because they generally result in high, consistent rates of response without pausing, slot machines in casinos use _____ schedules of reinforcement.

variable ratio

Deeper understandings of conditioning principles were sought by:

Garcia and Tolman

Judgments of learning (JOLs) are often a result of _____ in our learning ability.

overconfidence

Vanida throws her food on the floor. Vanida's mother yells at her, and she stops throwing her food on the floor. For Vanida, being reprimanded acted as a(n):

punisher

Tolman examined the potential cognitive underpinnings of operant conditioning in the decades of the:

1930-1940s

_____ learning shows few differences between individuals, in contrast to _____ learning, which can show large differences across individuals.

Implicit; explicit

B. F. Skinner's three-term contingency refers to:

a discriminative stimulus, a response, and a reinforcer.

The initial pairing of a CS and US in classical conditioning represents the _____ phase of learning.

acquisition

The school of psychology MOST associated with learning processes is:

behaviorism

Each species is _____ to learn some things more readily than others.

biologically predisposed

$$$$ Research indicates the benefits of _____ during a lecture, improving learning by reducing the mind's tendency to wander

brief testing during lecture or reading