CH.9 - EU

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European Commission represents

the interests of the community as a whole

Trans-Pacific Trade Accord

a revision of the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership without the United States. The new agreement drops tariffs and establishes sweeping new trade rules

Common Market of the South (Mercado Común del Sur) or Mercosur

founded in 1991 by Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, with Venezuela joining in 2012.

the Amsterdam Treaty

made some changes to the previous treaties, including granting more power to the European Parliament

European economic integration was predicated on the notion that a larger market, along with the free movement of goods and services, would permit ... (2)

(1) economies of scale (providing goods for a larger market would lower the fixed cost per unit) (2) specialization to stimulate growth, competition, and innovation

Why was CAP controversial? (2)

1. A major issue for states seeking membership and wanting their share of the agricultural budget 2. A critical issue in multilateral negotiations because nonmembers pay more for EU agricultural products than members do.

Why did the EU decide to adopt the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)?

1. Agricultural prices dramatically fluctuate with weather and disease, so there has long been a strong incentive to moderate the price fluctuations caused by supply volatility 2. Foodstuffs are viewed as vital for national security; in emergencies, no state wants its population to depend on others for food 3. In many countries, the well- organized farm sector enjoys disproportionate political power.

The framework articulated in the 2015 European Agenda on Migration in response to the crisis had bad consequences for nations (3)?

1. Germany and Sweden, two of the most generous countries toward the influx, want burden sharing, with other countries taking in a "fair share" of refugees 2. Central European members have refused to accept refugee quotas 3. Terrorists attacks connected to Islam has made each state more conscious about accepting large numbers of refugees without better security cooperation

US NAFTA cons (2)

1. Labor unions in the United States estimate that hundreds of thousands of workers have lost their jobs to Mexico 2. Environmental groups point to firms in the United States that have relocated to Mexico to take advantage of weak environmental regulations

The phasing out of many restrictions on foreign investment and most tariff and nontariff barriers, as well as the many restrictions on foreign investment, has allowed what (2)?

1. MNCs to shift production to low- wage labor centers in Mexico 2. to gain economically by creating bigger companies through mergers and acquisitions

US NAFTA Pros (3)

1. Tariffs on manufactured goods have also been almost entirely eliminated. 2. Positive impact U.S. GDP, adding $80 billion to the U.S. economy, with much of that concentrated in auto manufacturing. 3. An estimated 14 million U.S. jobs now rely on trade with Mexico and Canada, paying up to 20 percent more than the jobs lost

European Parliament membership and voting

751 members, elected for five years by voters in member states; allocated by size of population; organized around political parties

2 arguments for Brexit

1. The EU had provided the false promise of increasing wealth, but the electorate was not seeing the anticipated economic or political rewards. 2. Advocates for Brexit wanted a return to complete sovereignty, in which the British Parliament controlled trade relationships and established rules for control of the borders.

Treaty of Lisbon is another attempt to enhance the efficacy of the EU by doing what? (3)

1. creating the offices of president of the European Council and High Representative for Foreign Affairs (who leads a more united policy) 2. increasing the use of qualified majority voting in place of unanimity. 3. improving the democratic legitimacy of the EU by increasing the authority of the European Parliament

The General Court's wide-ranging responsibilities for interpreting and enforcing EU law include

1. ruling on the constitutionality of all EU law 2. interpreting treaties 3. pro- viding advisory opinions to national courts 4. and settling disputes among member states, EU institutions, corporations, and individuals.

The power increased of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), an institution that includes three courts

1. the European Court of Justice (ECJ) 2. the General Court 3. the Civil Service Tribunal

ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) goals

1. to attract foreign investment to the region, 2. to increase members' competitive edge in the global market by eliminating tariff and nontariff barriers within ASEAN.

European Commission membership and voting

28 members; four-year terms, approved by member states; plus 23,000 support staff (Eurocrats)

Council positive vote requires ...

55 percent of the member states, representing 65 percent of the EU's total population

Court of Justice of the European Union Responsibilities

Adjudicates disputes over EU treaties; ensures uniform interpretation of EU laws; renders preliminary opinions to states

The G7 major economic powers are faced by both the BRICS and Group of 20 collective emerging powers, which includes..

Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa; the G7, the BRICS, and Australia, Mexico, South Korea, Turkey, Argentina, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia

Canada Pro and Con

Canada has had a threefold surge in cross- border investment and is a leading importer of U.S. agricultural products. But Canadian labor contends that the country is becoming too dependent on natural resource exports.

European Council Responsibilities

Defines policy agenda and priorities

Directorate-general (European Commission)

Each is responsible for a particular policy area that is divided into directorates that cover specific parts of that policy area

Council qualified voting system

Each member is given a certain number of votes, weighted by size and population

The need to expand the European economy was because of what? (2)

Europe's sluggish economy in the 1970s and 1980s and when US and Japan's economy was competitive

European Council membership and voting

Heads of government; Commission president; High Representative for Foreign Affairs; summit meetings quarterly; elects president to represent EU to world

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

In 1992, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) established the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)

Court of Justice of the European Union membership and voting

Includes European Court of Justice (judges) appointed by states for six-year terms; General Court; Civil Service Tribunal

European Commission Responsibilities

Initiates proposals; guards treaties; executes policies; responsible for common policies

What did the Maastricht Treaty call for?

It called for the establishment of a single currency, the euro

European Parliament Responsibilities

Legislates; approves budget and the laws with the Council of Ministers

Council of Ministers Responsibilities

Legislates; sets political objectives; coordinates; resolves differences

Mercosur has _________ and ________ and products made there are treated __________ in _______________.

Mercosur is a trading bloc with designated free- trade zones. Products made in those zones are treated more favorably in interstate commerce than those made in the states' own territories.

Council of Ministers membership and voting

Ministers of member states; unanimity or qualified majority voting depending on issue

How to unite Europe Functionalists (2)

Proposed by Jean Monnet Believed that the forces of nationalism ultimately could be undermined by the logic of economic integration He proposed cooperative ventures, beginning with the European Coal and Steel community in nonpolitical issue areas

Mexico pro (1)

Some major increases in jobs, including a fourfold increase in the number of Mexican autoworkers

Trans- Pacific Partnership (TPP) goal

The agreement, touted as a global trendsetter for commerce, included a phasing out of import tariffs on 18,000 U.S. products, like automobiles, machinery, technology, and agricultural products

What was an effect of the euro on the 17 members of the Eurozone?

The individual 17 members of the Eurozone could no longer use monetary policy like exchange rates or interest rates as instruments of economic policy

Mexico cons (4)

The slide in real manufacturing wages due to the movement of lower- skilled jobs to China Mexico has failed to develop backward linkages in its export sector; ancillary services and other manufacturing facilities have not developed, in part because of foreigners' unwillingness to invest in Mexico Foreign investment in Mexico has increased from $4.4 billion in 1993 before NAFTA to about $22 billion annually, it is below foreign investment in Brazil, Chile, and Colombia, non- NAFTA countries Wages have been relatively stagnant in Mexico, with poverty remaining at about the same level as in 1994

How to unite Europe Federalists (2)

They believed that because sovereign states started wars, peace was only possible if states gave up their some part of their sovereignty and invested in a higher federal body States could eliminate military competition, the root cause of war

Why was creating the euro important?

because with monetary stability and a single currency, the union would grow and prosper even more.

Reason for NAFTA

business interests seeking larger market shares than their Japanese and European competition, and free- trade advocates in all countries

Treaties of Rome, signed in 1957

committed the six states to create a common market;

The phased elimination of tariff and nontariff barriers in NAFTA has resulted in what?

expansion of trade; Trade among the three partners has tripled since 1994

Commission members must be _______ because they are not _

impartial; are not national representatives

Trans- Pacific Partnership (TPP) 2015

in late 2015 among the United States, Japan, and ten Pacific Rim countries (including Canada, Chile, and Mexico)

The European Monetary Union, set forth the what?

in the Maastricht Treaty in 1992

The General Court considers ______while the ECJ acts as ______

new cases, especially on issues regarding the single market; a court of appeals

The Amsterdam Treaty put more of an emphasis on what?

on the rights of individuals, citizenship, justice, and home affairs.

The framework articulated in the 2015 European Agenda on Migration in response to the crisis had good consequences?

provided for more funding for rescuing refugees at sea, relocating refugees, and aiding refugee- swamped Italy and Greece, member states are divided

The Council of Ministers duties

ratifying, modifying, or vetoing proposals, even though the Commission formally reports to the Council

Treaties of Rome goals (4)

removing restrictions on internal trade imposing a common external tariff reducing barriers to the movement of people, services, and capital establishing a common agricultural and transport policy

How could the Single European Act be achieved?

removing the remaining physical, fiscal, and technical barriers to trade harmonizing national standards of health varying levels of taxation eliminating the barriers to movement of peoples

AFTA reduction exceptions

rice and other highly sensitive products

To stimulate Europe's growth and its international competitiveness, what as created and what was its goals?

the Single European Act of 1987 accelerated the integration process, setting the goal of achieving a single market by 1992

To achieve the goal of reducing the trade deficit, the United States seeks changes in the rules of origin— the product- specific rules that stipulate ....

what must happen to inputs from non- NAFTA countries for the final exported product to qualify for NAFTA benefits

Single Payment Scheme

wherein each country chooses whether the EU payment goes to the farm or the region

Single European Act (SEA)

which established the goal of completing a single market by the end of 1992


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