Chap 12 - Cardiovascular System

Which phase of the ECG indicates ventricular excitation and contraction?

QRS wave

What is the correct sequence in which a drop of blood returning from the body encounters the heart valves? ( ) right atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve →left atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve ( ) right atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve →left atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve ( ) left atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve →right atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve ( ) pulmonary semilunar valve →left atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve →right atrioventricular valve ( ) left atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve →right atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve

Right atrioventricular valve →Pulmonary semilunar valve →Left atrioventricular valve →Aortic semilunar valve (RPLA - blood encounters valves to RePLAy)

What is the correct sequence in which a drop of blood returning from the body encounters the heart chambers? ( ) left atrium →left ventricle →right atrium →right ventricle ( ) left ventricle →left atrium →right ventricle →right atrium ( ) right atrium →left atrium →left ventricle →right ventricle ( ) right atrium →left ventricle →left atrium →right ventricle ( ) right atrium →right ventricle →left atrium →left ventricle

Right atrium →Right ventricle →Left atrium →Left ventricle (RaRvLaLv)

The pacemaker of the heart is termed the

SA node.

When the paramedic shouts "stand back" and applies the paddles to administer a strong current, this is an attempt to

STOP the ventricles from uncontrolled contractions so the SA node can reestablish a coordinated beat.

Intrinsic control of heartbeat rate involves what mechanism(s)?

The SA node initiates heartbeat although the AV node can generate a slower beat rate.

Which of these is NOT true of the heart? ( ) The heart is a double pump. ( ) The heart helps maintain blood pressure. ( ) The heart helps make red blood cells. ( ) The heart is composed primarily of muscle. ( ) The heart has an inner lining of endothelium.

The heart helps make red blood cells.

Which statement is NOT true about neutrophils? ( ) They are phagocytic. ( ) They have a multilobed nucleus. ( ) They are agranular leukocytes. ( ) They do not produce antibodies. ( ) They are the most abundant white blood cell.

They are agranular leukocytes.

Which of the following is a true statement about tissue fluid? ( ) Tissue fluid exits from white blood cells. ( ) Tissue fluid exits the capillary at the venous end. ( ) Tissue fluid is collected by the lymphatic capillaries. ( ) Tissue fluid contains more protein than blood. ( ) Tissue fluid forms at the venous end of a capillary.

Tissue fluid is collected by the lymphatic capillaries.

Capillaries exchange oxygen and nutrients for wastes in the tissues. True or False?

True

Hemophilia is an inherited clotting disorder found most often in males. True or False?

True

Hyptertension is sometimes called the silent killer because no symptoms may be experienced until a stroke or heart attack occurs. True or False?

True

It may be possible to "fix" a coronary blockage by gene therapy. True or False?

True

Sphincter muscles regulate the opening and closing of arterioles leading to capillary beds, directing the flow of blood to different areas of the body depending on the body's needs. True or False?

True

The major portion of the heart is the myocardium, made up mainly of cardiac muscle. True or False?

True

Which association is NOT correct? ( ) red blood cells—transport oxygen ( ) white blood cells—fight infection ( ) water—maintains blood volume ( ) oxygen—cellular respiration ( ) albumin—fights infection

albumin—fights infection

A person with normal blood volume and white cell count but low red cell count or low hemoglobin content may be suffering from

anemia.

The blood that enters the coronary artery comes from the

aorta.

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

arteries

Accumulation of cholesterol beneath the inner linings of arteries is called

atherosclerosis.

Lymph, such as that collected under a blister, contains all the components of blood EXCEPT

blood cells, albumin and other plasma proteins.

Venous return does not depend on

blood pressure.

The element in your blood necessary for the clotting process is

calcium.

Stem cells

can differentiate into many cell types, including neurons.

Which blood vessels will have walls only one cell thick?

capillaries

Which statement is NOT a correct association? ( ) arteries—have a thick muscular layer ( ) capillaries—oxygen and nutrient exchange ( ) arteries—can control blood pressure ( ) capillaries—contain most of overall blood volume ( ) veins—valves to return blood to heart

capillaries—contain most of overall blood volume

In humans, the superior vena cava

carries blood to the right atrium.

The "lub" heart sound is due to the

closing of the atrioventricular valves.

The blood vessel that provides oxygen to the heart tissue is the

coronary artery.

There is a condition where a baby is born with an opening [foramen ovale] in the septum or wall between the atria. What are reasonable consequences?

disability when deoxygenated blood is mixed and sent to the body and partly oxygenated blood is sent to the lungs

The long insoluble threads of a blood clot originate from

fibrinogen. (threads are fibers)

Which of the following variables does NOT increase an individual's likelihood of developing a cardiovascular disease? ( ) gender ( ) family history of heart attack under 55 years of age ( ) smoking ( ) hypertension ( ) type 2 diabetes

gender

All of the following may be found in the blood EXCEPT ( ) fibrinogen. ( ) glucose. ( ) urea. ( ) oxygen. ( ) glycogen.

glycogen.

Which of the following proteins is found in abundance within red blood cells? ( ) albumin ( ) hemoglobin ( ) globulin ( ) fibrinogen ( ) myoglobin

hemoglobin (heaps of hemoglobin)

Usually there is only one capillary bed between an artery and vein; an exception to this is the

hepatic portal system which runs from the capillary bed in the intestine to the capillary bed in the liver via a hepatic portal vein.

Blood traveling from the intestines to the liver is traveling in the

hepatic portal vein.

Higher than normal blood pressure is called

hypertension.

Platelets

initiate clotting.

Which specific component in hemoglobin combines with oxygen?

iron in the heme

The reason red blood cells only live about 120 days is because red blood cells

lack a nucleus and therefore cannot REPAIR and rebuild cell structures.

Oxygenated blood enters the heart at the

left atrium.

The systemic circuit circulates blood from the

left ventricle to right atrium. (L to R system)

If you are tracing the path of blood from the right to the left side of the heart, you must mention the

lungs.

The heart rate speeds up or slows down because the

medulla oblongata, through the autonomic system, stimulates or depresses heart rate based on activity and stress.

Hemoglobin is NOT

normally found free in the plasma.

The outer sac that encloses the heart and provides lubrication is the

pericardium.

Which blood pressure is considered abnormally high for individuals who are under the age of 45? ( ) 130/90 mm Hg ( ) 90/130 mm Hg ( ) 110/95 mm Hg ( ) 95/140 mm Hg ( ) 120/90 mm Hg

130/90 mm Hg

The two enzymes in the clotting process are

prothrombin activator and thrombin.

Which blood vessel has the highest concentration of carbon dioxide?

pulmonary artery

Contraction of the right ventricle forces blood initially into the

pulmonary artery.

The part of the circulation involved with pumping blood to and from the lungs is the

pulmonary circuit.

The alternating expansion and recoil of an arterial wall is termed a(n)

pulse.

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents blood from re-entering the

right ventricle.

A heart murmur that sounded "lub-dup-shush" would indicate which of the following? ( ) atrioventricular valve is not closing properly ( ) semilunar valve is not closing properly ( ) high blood pressure in the atria ( ) ventricles are not contracting properly ( ) low blood pressure in the ventricles

semilunar valve is not closing properly

Blood flow in the capillaries is

slower because there are more capillaries and they represent more flow volume.

Aged red blood cells are destroyed in the

spleen and liver.

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, the "120" refers to the

systolic pressure.

Which organ of the body contains very few, if any, capillary beds?

the cornea

Systole occurs when

the heart tissue is contracting.

"Artery" and "vein" are defined by whether they leave or enter the heart. If they were defined by whether they carried oxygenated or deoxygenated blood, we would have to change the name(s) of

the pulmonary artery and vein (they would have to be switched).

How many layers does an arterial wall possess? Which is the thickest?

three, the middle layer

What is a clot called that remains at its origin? What is a clot called that breaks away and becomes lodged in the lungs?

thrombus; pulmonary embolism

A waitress that stands for hours and has a habit of crossing her legs when she sits will increase the chances of having blood accumulate in her

veins.

Which structure(s) would be subject to the lowest blood pressure?

vena cava

Which of the following is NOT a correct association? ( ) arteries—blood away from heart ( ) ventricles—receive blood from body ( ) valves—veins ( ) right heart—lungs ( ) valves—capillary beds

ventricles—receive blood from body

Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of

white blood cells.

Researchers have long attempted to find a substitute for red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin carrying ability. With the low but possible risk of disease transfer from blood transfusion, such a synthetic substance could be guaranteed safe if it was effective. Which of the following properties would be important for "artificial red blood cells"? ( ) must attach to and never release oxygen ( ) must release oxygen to any other medium despite concentration gradient ( ) would bind to iron molecules already bound to other artificial blood units ( ) must provide the clotting reaction ( ) would bind to oxygen in a high oxygen concentration solution and release oxygen when in a low oxygen concentration solution

would bind to oxygen in a high oxygen concentration solution and release oxygen when in a low oxygen concentration solution

Early doctors did not understand that blood flowed in a circuit but assumed that blood ebbed and flowed like a tide inside the body. William Harvey was the first to demonstrate the circulation of blood and convince the medical community. Which of the following observations would NOT be evidence that blood was pumped through the body or flowed in a circuit? ( ) Dissecting a live fish shows the heart beating and blood moving, gushing one direction. ( ) A very tight tourniquet causes the arteries to swell on the side toward the heart, but not on the side of the ligature away from the heart. ( ) Measuring the volume of the heart and counting the beats per minute gives a value of 520 pounds of blood an hour, many times a person's volume. ( ) In surface veins, blood can be pressed past a valve toward the heart but not away from the heart. ( ) A cut made anywhere on the body results in blood seeping from the wound.

A cut made anywhere on the body results in blood seeping from the wound.

Before major surgery, a patient is often asked if they have been taking large amounts of aspirin, and if so, they may have to postpone surgery and go without aspirin for some days. What is the reason for this?

Aspirin reduces the stickiness of platelets and reduces the ability to clot.

Which of the following is true concerning a comparison of arteries and veins? ( ) Both are attached to arterioles. ( ) Both are attached to venules. ( ) Both contain 3 layers in their walls. ( ) Both contain valves. ( ) Both allow nutrient exchange across their walls.

Both contain 3 layers in their walls.

Which of the following is true about capillaries? ( ) Capillaries are extremely narrow. ( ) Capillaries join arteries to arterioles. ( ) Capillaries walls have three layers. ( ) Capillaries are present in only a limited number of internal organs. ( ) Capillaries work individually to carry out their function.

Capillaries are extremely narrow.

In the fetal heart, the lungs are deflated and the fetus receives oxygen from its mother across the placenta through the umbilical cord. There is an opening in the wall between the left and right side of the fetal heart. This should normally grow closed before birth. What symptoms would be expected if this heart wall opening remained open?

Deoxygenated blood would mix with oxygenated blood and systemic circulation would have too little oxygen to sustain healthy growth.

Which is NOT a correct association describing aspects of the cardiac cycle? ( ) Each heartbeat constitutes a cardiac cycle. ( ) Diastole is contraction of the heart and systole is relaxation. ( ) A normal heart rate varies from 60 to 80 beats per minute. ( ) A pulse is the expansion and recoil of artery walls felt near the body surface. ( ) Valves prevent backflow of blood into the heart when the heart relaxes.

Diastole is contraction of the heart and systole is relaxation.

The electrical changes that occur in the heart during contraction are recordings termed

ECGs. (Cardio)

A reading of 120/80 indicates blood velocity. True or False?

False

All arteries contain oxygenated blood, and all veins contain nonoxygenated blood. True or False?

False

In a coronary bypass operation, a stent is placed within the blockage and the clogged area is compressed. True or False?

False

In the tissues, oxygen and nutrients enter the capillaries and carbon dioxide and wastes leave the capillaries. True or False?

False

Only blood pressure controls movement of fluid through the capillary wall into the tissue. Therefore, people with high blood pressure often have swelling issues. True or False?

False

The sound of a heartbeat results when the ventricles contract and blood is surged out of the heart. True or False?

False

When arterioles constrict, blood pressure decreases. True or False?

False

You are unable to see arteries and arterioles without a microscope. True or False?

False

In a hypothetical experiment, the blood flow between two dogs is joined and one dog is stressed so that its heart rate goes up rapidly. What will happen to the heart rate of the second dog?

Heart rate will go up due to an increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood.

Why is it advantageous to have blood move slowly in the capillaries?

It provides time for substances to be exchanged between blood and tissue fluids.

Which of the following correctly traces the path of blood from the heart to the kidneys and back to the heart again? ( ) left ventricle → vena cava → renal vein → kidney → renal artery → aorta → right atrium ( ) right atrium → aorta → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → hepatic portal vein → vena cava → left atrium ( ) left ventricle → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → vena cava → right atrium ( ) left ventricle → aorta → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → vena cava → right atrium ( ) right ventricle → aorta → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → vena cava → hepatic portal vein → right atrium

Left ventricle → Aorta → Renal artery → Kidney → Renal vein → Vena cava → Right atrium (LARK-RVR)

Which of the following variables does not increase an individual's likelihood of developing a cardiovascular disease? ( ) gender ( ) family history of heart attack under 55 years of age ( ) smoking ( ) hypertension ( ) None of these are correct.

None of these are correct.