Chap 15 BIO 520
Cluster of differentiation receptors are known by the abbreviated __________ receptors
CD
Proteins protruding from the cell membrane of a variety of cells involved in the immune response are termed ________ molecules.
CD
Secreted antibody molecules:
-circulate freely in the lymph -circulate freely on the tissue fluids -are found in mucous -circulate freely in the blood
An antigen that is present in some but not all members of the same species is called a(n)________________.
Alloantigens
________________ is engulfed and processed by phagocytic cells.
Antigen
B cells can acts as APCs, which is an acronym for ______________
Antigen Presenting Cells
T/F The anamnestic response of specific immunity compared to the primary response is faster but less vigorous
False
Lymphocytes originate in hematopoietic tissue and diverge into ____________ and _________________ lymphocytes.
B and T
Match each type of lymphocyte with the type of antigen that it can recognize. B cell T cell -Whole, unprocessed antigen -Processed antigen bound to a MHC molecule
B cell- whole, unprocessed antigen T cell- processed antigen bound to a MHC molecule.
The IRA-B cells are a type of ___________ cell that acts in a _________ fashion to alert many components of the immune system to get active
B; nonspecific
Cytotoxic T cells can destroy: (check all that apply) foreign cells post infection plasma cells cancer cells virally infected cells
foreign cells cancer cells virally infected cells
Activated B cells undergo clonal expansion which results in a large population of: -genetically different daughter cells -cells that are mostly genetically identical -genetically identical daughter cells -cells with some being genetically identical
genetically identical daughter cells
___________________ are enzymes released by cytotoxic T cells that attack proteins in target cells during the process called apoptosis.
granzymes
The more closely related two individuals are, the ___________ the probability is that they will share more MHC class I molecules in common.
greater
Activated T _________ cells help activate B cells.
helper
Most B cells must interact with T _____________ cells that bear receptors for epitopes on the same antigen to become functional.
helper
AIDS patients are lacking one class of T cells, the ________ cells, and this contributes significantly to the pathology of this disease
helper T cells
Match each type of T cells with its activity: helper T cells regulatory T cells cytotoxic T cells activate macrophages destroy infected host cells control the T cell response
helper T cells- activate macrophages regulatory T cells- control the T cell response cytotoxic T cells- destroy infected host cells
Since superantigens are potent stimulators of T cells their presence can result in: (check all that apply) -cell death -a huge release of cytokines with deleterious effects -enhanced innate immunity -a boost in specific immune response protection
huge release of cytokines with deleterious effects cell death
Specific immunity occurs after a(n) _______________ event.
immunizing
_____________ is the ability of the body to recognize and react with multiple foreign substances.
immunocompetence
A molecule that stimulates a specific response by T and CBcells are called a(n) ______________ or ______________
immunogen antigen
Dendritic cells engulf and modify an antigen, thus increasing its ________________.
immunogenecity
After antigen stimulation, B cells produce antibodies to ____________ antigen Check all that apply: inactivate target neutralize activate degrade
inactivate, target, neutalize
The phagocytosis of antigens can induce a(n) ____________ response in the surrounding tissue of appropriate
infammatory
Each human _____________ a unique combination of class I MHC from their parents.
inherits
The different structural and functional classes of antibodies are called _________________.
isotypes
Antigens that enter the body intravenously become localized in the: Check all that apply brain bone marrow spleen heart lungs kidneys liver
liver spleen bone marrow kidney lung
The________ ___________ and ________ are the two most important organs at concentrating antigens and circulating them through areas populated by lymphocytes.
lymph nodes, spleen
Mature T cells constantly circulate between: check all that apply endocrine system nervous system lymphatic system circulatory system
lymphatic system circulatory system
Mature B and T lymphocytes migrate in and out ___________ organs.
lymphoid
MHC class II molecules are found on the following host cells: (check all that apply) -T lymphocytes -Erythrocytes -Macrophages -Dendritic cells -B lymphocytes
macrophages, dendritic cells, b cells (B lymphocytes)
Following an initial contact with antigen, both B and T lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells and _________ cells
memory
These cells remain in circulation for long periods of time and are ready to respond to a specific antigen should it be encountered again.
memory
Upon a primary response to antigen, both B and T lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells and also ______________ cells which rapidly respond upon a secondary exposure to antigen
memory
Upon antigen stimulation of lymphocytes, multiplication results in the formation of effector cells and __________ cells.
memory
The ___________ response to previously seen antigens is the basis for the success of vaccinations. check all that apply: allergic anamnestic hypersensitive memory
memory anamnestic
_________can quickly respond upon secondary exposure to the eliciting antigen cytotoxic T cells Memory T cells T helper cells
memory T cells
Antibodies attach to specific antigen and mark the antigen for: Check all that apply neutralization T cell recognition destruction protection
neutralization destruction
Following the binding of antigen and receipt of interleukin messages from T helper cells, B cell activation signals are sent to the B cell _______________.
nucleus
Specific immunity is highly selective which means that antibodies produced to a specific foreign antigen on a virus:
only recognize that specific antigen
Antibodies can act as _____________________ by coating microbes or other particles and enhancing their phagocytosis.
opsonins
__________________ is the process of enhanced phagocytosis due to the attachment of host proteins such as antibodies to microbes or other invaders.
opsonization
_______________ are proteins released by activated cytotoxic T cells that punch holes in the membranes of target cells.
perforins
The cytotoxicity of CD8 T cells is based in the secretion of: (check all that apply) -granzymes -histamines -leukocidins -lipopolysaccharides -perforins
perforins granzymes
Specific immunity is a complex interaction between lymphocytes and: phagocytes erythrocytes natural killer cells platelets
phagocytes
When foreign cells or pathogens enter a tissue, resident __________ migrate to the site of antigen entry
phagocytes
When a phagocytic cell encounters pathogens, it ___________ them
phagocytizes
Antigen-activated T cells do NOT give rise to which of the following cell types?
plasma cells
An antigen ___________ cell is a cell that ingest and degrades an antigen and subsequently places the antigenic determinant molecules on its surface for recognition by CD4 T lymphocytes.
presenting
The first time a host encounters a particular antigen, a(n) ___________ specific immune response is generated by B and T cells.
primary
Antigens are usually:
protein and polysaccharides
_____________ are cell surface involved in recognition, binding, and intracellular signaling.
receptors
Receptor and marker protein on the surface of the host cells are involved in specific immune ___________ events, and thus are the basis of specific immune responses.
recognition
Microbes enter the body most frequently through the ____________ tract or the ____________ tract.
respiratory, gastrointestinal
Secretory IgA coats the surface of mucous membranes and is found in: (check all that apply) sweat saliva mucus tears
saliva tears mucus
The ___________________ response, also called the anamnestic response, is the specific immune response generated upon subsequent exposure to a previously seen antigen and it is directed by memory cells.
secondary
After final maturation, T and B lymphocytes migrate to:
separate areas in the lymphoid organs
A given host cell can express:
several types of receptor
During development, B and T lymphocytes undergo a selective process that: -determine whether the cell will be specific or innate -does not influence antigen recognition -allows them to react to many different antigens -specializes them to react to one specific antigen
specializes them to react to one specific antigen
Host cell surface proteins are involved in____________ and thus guide specific immune responses.
specific immune recognition
Which of the following is NOT a feature that characterizes specific immunity: specificity memory speed
speed
_________________ such as bacterial toxins, are potent stimulators of T cells and are responsible for diseases such as toxic shock.
superantigens
Cytotoxic T cells have the following function: -delayed hypersensitivity reactions -drive B cell proliferation -activate macrophages -target cell lysis
target cell lysis
a _____________ is an incomplete or partial antigen and must be attached to a carrier to elicit an immune response.
Haptens
In humans, the MHC is also known more specifically as the ___________ or the HLA system
Human Leukocyte Antigen
CD8 T cells recognize peptides presented on MHC class _________________.
I
There is one class of B cells that acts non-specifically to alert many components of the immune system to respond to a threat, the _________ cells.
IRA-B
Which of the following is NOT a classes of antibodies found in humans? IgB IgM IgE IgG IgA IgD
IgB
Match each cell type with the antibody class Fc fragment that it can bind. IgE and IgG phagocyte mast cells basophil
IgE: basophils and mast cells LgG: phagocyte
Match each antibody with its percentage of the total antibody concentration in serum: lgG lgA lgM lgD lgE 0.002 6 1 80 13
IgG- 80 IgA- 13 IgM- 6 IgD- 1 IgE- 0.002
Match each antibody class with its biological function. IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
IgG- long term immunity, opsonization, neutralize toxins IgA- secretory antibody IgM- first antibody produced in response to antigen IgD- main function is to serve as the B cell receptor IgE- allergies, worm infections
Match each antibody class with the number of antibody binding sites per antibody molecule.
IgG-2 IgA-4,2(secretory) IgM-10 IgD-2 IgE-2
Match each antibody with its average half-time serum IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD 5 days 6 2.5 3 23
IgG-23 IgA-6 IgM-5 IgD-3 IgE-2.5
______________ is the class of antibodies that comprise the majority of antibodies produced early in the primary immune response.
IgM
After antigen presenting cell process an antigen, it is bound to _________________ molecules and then moved to the surface for presentation.
MHC
What is the name for molecules that, following antigen processing, bind the antigen fragment and display it on the surface of the cell?
MHC
What is the set of genes that codes for human cell receptors that play a role in a recognition of self by the immune system called? PAMP MHC IRP TORCH HIC
MHC
_____________ is an important characteristics of specific immunity as it allows for the rapid mobilization of antigen specific lymphocytes that "recall" their first encounter with the antigen.
Memory
Antigen receptor diversity in lymphocytes is due to: -inherited, predetermined genes -unlimited number of genes -random genetic rearrangement events -predetermined genetic rearrangement events
Random genetic rearrangement events
Different host cell surface receptors can be involved in a wide range of significant roles such as: Check all that apply
Receiving and transmitting chemical messages aiding in cellular development binding to self molecules attachment to foreign antigens
During development, B ad T lymphocytes arise from:
the same basic stem cell type
T cell maturation is directed by? Check all that apply: hormones antigen presenting cells thylakoid cells the thymus gland stromal cells
thymus, hormones
An antigen must meet certain requirements in:
Size Shape or complexity Foreigness accessibility
Which of the following human cell types express MHC class proteins on their surface? (Check all that apply) Smooth muscle cells white blood cells red blood cells respiratory epithelium stem cells
Smooth muscle cells White blood cells respiratory epithelium stem cells
_________________ cells are responsible for cell mediated immunity.
T
Antigen that is presented with MHC on APCs is now accessible to __________ cells
T cells
Cytotoxicity is the ability for this type of lymphocyte to kill specific target cells. T B NK
T cells
____________________ cells in lymphoid organs are primed to react with presented antigens.
T cells
_____________ classes of MHC genes have been identified
Three
T/F After the development process, mature lymphocytes populate the lymphatic organs
True
T/F At the beginning of an immune response, most antibodies produced are IgM but as the response progresses, you see mainly lgG antibodies or some other class being produced.
True
T/F B cells and T cells undergo development and maturation in different locations
True
T/F The different classes or isotypes of antibodies are due to variations in the Fc fragment of the antibody
True
True/False Secreted antibodies circulate freely in tissue fluids, lymph, and bloods.
True
A measure of antibody level in a patient's serum is called ______________.
titer
________________ is the aggregation formed by antibodies binding cellular antigens or large particles.
agglutinate
A(n) ________________ is a type of antigen that provokes an allergic response.
allergens
The class I and II MHC illustrated here are composed of?
amino acids
The ____________ response is also called the secondary response and it results in a rapid increase in antibody production due to the activation of memory cells upon interacting with a previously seen antigen.
anamnestic
A plasma cell is the progeny of an activated B cell that actively produces and secretes _______________.
antibodies
During the primary immune response a latent period occurs at the beginning of the response and it is marked by a lack of ______________ to the activating antigen.
antibodies
Plasma B cells produce _________________.
antibodies
Any exposed or released protein or polysaccharide is a potential _____________, a molecule capable of eliciting a specific immune response.
antigen
During their development process, B and T lymphocytes undergo a selective process that specializes them for reacting only to one specific ________________.
antigen
Each different antibody has been developed by random genetic rearrangements resulting in a unique __________________ binding groove in the FAB
antigen
Each individual mature B and T cell has the capacity to respond to a single, unique _________________.
antigen
The principal activity of an antibody is to unite with, immobilize, call attention to, or neutralize the ________________ which complementary to its receptor
antigen
Visualizing the T shaped antibody structure, the ______________ binding sites are found at the ends of the arms, or the Fab fragments.
antigen
During the latent period at the beginning of a primary antibody response: -the B cells are not ready to act -antigen is still just in circulation -all B cells are being activated so that one can react to antigen -antigen is being concentrated and processed.
antigen is being concentrated and processed
The property of behaving as an antigen, binding specifically to a T or B cell receptor is called_______________.
antigenicity
___________ or _____________ are molecules that stimulate a specific response by T and B cells
antigens immunogen
A special type of antibody that can neutralize a bacterial exotoxin is called a(n)__________________.
antitoxin
Which is NOT a shared characteristics of both PAMPs and antigens: -are shared by many types of microbes -they are components of foreign cells -they provoke a defensive reaction from the host
are shared by many types of microbes
Humans do not have a bursa so B cell maturation occurs in the _____________.
bone marrow
The multiplication of lymphocytes upon encountering antigen results in production of ____________, or group of genetically identical cells.
clone
Antigens stimulate ______________ that have specific receptors for that antigen.
clones
Antigen and antibody must have a(n)____________ fit
complementray
After maturation B and T cells: -can no longer circulate -can only circulate through the lymphatics -constantly recirculate through blood and lymphatics -can only circulate through the blood
constantly recirculate through blood and lymphatics
T cells secrete soluble mediators called _____________ that help destroy pathogens and regulate immune response.
cytokines
T helper 1 cells have the following functions: check all that apply -drive B cell proliferation -activation of macrophages -destroy target cells by lysis -delayed hypersensitivity reactions
delayed hypersensitivity reactions activation of macrophages
Upon entry of foreign cells or pathogens into tissue, phagocytic cells called _____________ cells ingest antigens and then migrate to the nearest lymphoid organ to present antigen to T lymphocytes.
dendritic
Which of the following is NOT a function of Regulatory T cells? -destruction of virus infected cells -prevent autoimmunity -control the inflammatory response -prevent the targeting of normal biota
destruction of virus infected cells.
T and B cells undergo the development and maturation process in:
different tissues
T helper 2 cells have the following function: -delayed hypersensitivity reactions -activate mast cells -target cell lysis -drive B cell proliferation
drive B cell proliferation
Haptens include such molecules as:
drugs, metals, ordinary chemicals
Specific immunity is the product of: -a single system of phagocytic cells -a dual system of B and T lymphocytes -a single system of B lymphocytes -a single system of T lymphocytes.
dual system of B and T lymphocytes
The precise molecular group of an antigen defines its specificity and triggers an immune response is called a(n):
epitope
Antigens possess determinant groups called ____________ that are recognized by lymphocyte antigen specific receptors.
epitopes
Lymphocytes recognize and respond to specific portions of antigen molecules called ______________.
epitopes
MHC class proteins are found on the surface of all human cells except: lymphocytes intestinal epithelium stem cells erythrocytes motor neuron
erythrocytes
An important characteristic of an antigen is that it be perceived to be ____________.
foreign
Antigens are ___________ molecules that stimulate a specific immune response. foreign self
foreign
One important characteristics of an antigen is that it be perceived as _______________ meaning that it is not normal constituent of the body
foreign
Our immune system does not react to our own antigens, only to ____________ antigens.
foreign
A secondary immune response can occur after exposure to antigen _____________ later. years minutes months weeks
years, months, weeks
