chap. 17
microcirculation
refers to function of the smalles blood vessels, the capillaries, and the neighboring lymphatic vessels
hemodynamics
refers to the principles that govern blood flow in the circulatory system.
end systolic volume
residula blood volume following contraction
afterload
resistance to ejection of blood from the heart so think contration end of systol
Because it is a closed system, the effective function of the circulatory system requires that the outputs of both sides of the heart pump what amount of blood over time
same
Preload
stretch of ventricular muscle fibers at end distole so think stretch before systol
end-diastolic - end systolic volumes (about 70mL)
stroke volume
The key factor that restrains fluid loss from the capillaries is the what?
colloidal pressure generated by the plamsa proteins
4. As the needs of the body change, the heart's ability to increase output necessarily needs to change to. This ability in the heart depends on what factors
Cardiac contractility Heart rate Preload Afterload
2. Cardiac output (CO) is used to measure the efficiency of the heart as a pump. What is the equation used to express CO?
CO = SV X HR
3. Nitroglycerin is the drug of choice in treating angina. What does nitroglycerin release into the vascular smooth muscle of the target tissues?
Nitric oxide
1. The troponin complex is one of a number of important proteins that regulate actin-myosin binding. Troponin works in striated muscle to help regulate calcium-mediated contraction of the muscle. Which of the following troponin complexes are diagnostic of a myocardial infarction?
Troponin T and troponin I
what valves control the movement of blood out of the ventricles
aortic and pulmonic valves
With peripheral arterial disease, there is a delay in the transmission of the reflected wave so that the pulse does what
decreases in amplitude
turbulen blood flow
flow may predispose to clot formation as platelets and other coagulation factors are exposed to the endothelial lining of the vessel
determines the frequency with which blood is ejected from the heart
heart rate
what do small changes in vessel radius do?
make large changes in flow to an organ or tissue
diastole
marked by ventricular relaxation and filling
Frank Starling
mechanism allows the heart to adjust its pumping ability to accommodate various levels of venous return
pressure in the right atrium is called what
the central venous pressure
cardiac output
the efficiency of the heart as a pump often is measured in terms of CO or the amount of blood the heart pumps each minute.
End diastolic volume
volum in heart following passive filling phase
ood flow in the circulatory system depends on a blood ______ that is sufficient to fill the blood vessels and a _______ difference across the system that provides the force to move blood forward.
volume, pressure