chap. 17

microcirculation

refers to function of the smalles blood vessels, the capillaries, and the neighboring lymphatic vessels

hemodynamics

refers to the principles that govern blood flow in the circulatory system.

end systolic volume

residula blood volume following contraction

afterload

resistance to ejection of blood from the heart so think contration end of systol

Because it is a closed system, the effective function of the circulatory system requires that the outputs of both sides of the heart pump what amount of blood over time

same

Preload

stretch of ventricular muscle fibers at end distole so think stretch before systol

end-diastolic - end systolic volumes (about 70mL)

stroke volume

The key factor that restrains fluid loss from the capillaries is the what?

colloidal pressure generated by the plamsa proteins

4. As the needs of the body change, the heart's ability to increase output necessarily needs to change to. This ability in the heart depends on what factors

Cardiac contractility Heart rate Preload Afterload

2. Cardiac output (CO) is used to measure the efficiency of the heart as a pump. What is the equation used to express CO?

CO = SV X HR

3. Nitroglycerin is the drug of choice in treating angina. What does nitroglycerin release into the vascular smooth muscle of the target tissues?

Nitric oxide

1. The troponin complex is one of a number of important proteins that regulate actin-myosin binding. Troponin works in striated muscle to help regulate calcium-mediated contraction of the muscle. Which of the following troponin complexes are diagnostic of a myocardial infarction?

Troponin T and troponin I

what valves control the movement of blood out of the ventricles

aortic and pulmonic valves

With peripheral arterial disease, there is a delay in the transmission of the reflected wave so that the pulse does what

decreases in amplitude

turbulen blood flow

flow may predispose to clot formation as platelets and other coagulation factors are exposed to the endothelial lining of the vessel

determines the frequency with which blood is ejected from the heart

heart rate

what do small changes in vessel radius do?

make large changes in flow to an organ or tissue

diastole

marked by ventricular relaxation and filling

Frank Starling

mechanism allows the heart to adjust its pumping ability to accommodate various levels of venous return

pressure in the right atrium is called what

the central venous pressure

cardiac output

the efficiency of the heart as a pump often is measured in terms of CO or the amount of blood the heart pumps each minute.

End diastolic volume

volum in heart following passive filling phase

ood flow in the circulatory system depends on a blood ______ that is sufficient to fill the blood vessels and a _______ difference across the system that provides the force to move blood forward.

volume, pressure