Chap 6 gov
western and southern farmers and mining interest sought an alliance w workers in the east and midwest
"recapturing America from the foreign moneyed interests responsible for industrialization. The crisis of industrialization squarely placed an agrarian-fundamentalist view of life against an industrial-progressive view"
as early as the 1820s, critics were making charges of
"secret deals" about caucuses
progressive era
-first two decades of the 20th century, produced a wave of political reform led by the progressive wing of the rep party -Much of the progressives focused on the corrupt political parties -civil service reforms shifted some of the patronage out of the hands of party officials -the direct primary election took control of nominations from party leaders and gave it to the rank and file
in europe, minor parties can gain concessions
-positons in a cabinet or support of policies they want implemented- in return for joining a coalition
List of identification
-strong dem/rep -weak dem/rep -independent leading dem/rep -pure independent
What wins voters iver
-who attracts voters attention -who strikes themes that motivate voters to participate -who communicates better w voters
Caucus
A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform
Party convention
A meeting of party delegates to vote on matters of policy and in some cases to select party candidates for public office
Party identification
An affiliation w a political party that most people acquire in childhood. The best predictor of voting behavior in partisan candidate election
America is more ________ centered
Candidate
Iowa uses
Caucuses
Patronage has decreased dramatically because of
Civil service reforms
Reasons for parties
Common beliefs Better organization (platform) Election funding Establishing campaign trail
Groups of voters change their usually pattern of party loyalty
Critical election
Realigning elections aka
Critical elections
Open primaries allow
Crossover voting
Party registration
Declaring party affiliation w the state
DCCC
Dem congressional campaign committee
DSCC
Dem senatorial campaign committtee
DNC
Democratic National Committee
As a result of changes made to the democratic party's nominating system
Democratic candidates win delegates in proportion to the votes they receive in the primary election
First republican party
Democratic republicans(antifederalists) Democrat party
Parties help bridge the
Desperation of powers and coordinate the different levels of gov in a federal system
Political parties dont
Dictate policies
Party in the electorate focuses on
Party identification among voters
Candidate activist
Party is meant to elect the candidate Promote a candidate
Last 4 decades Americans have no
Party preference when voting (electoral volability)
Party regulars
Place their party first
In the last few decades of the 20th century, the hold of the major political parties in the electorate was weakened by all of the following except
The increased important of the national nominating conventions
Judges do not sit together by party because
The judicial branch operates in a nonpartisan manner
Party machines didn't rely on
The merit principle when hiring employees
All of the following are indications of how pervasive the two party system in the us gov except
The need for the electoral college
Honeymoon
The period at the beginning of a new president's term during which the president enjoys generally positive relations w the press and congress, usually lasting about 6 months
The view that parties are essential to democracy runs counter to
a long standing and deeply seated distrust of parties
the caucus was not representative of people from
areas where a party was in a minority or nonexistent, as only officeholders took part in it
although political parties have changed overtime, they remain important in three different settings
as institutions, in gov, and in the elctorate
patronage provides an incentive for people to
become engaged in politics and gives party leaders and elected politicians loyal partisans in key positions to help them achieve their policies
minor parties built around an ideology usually persist over a longer time than those
built around a particular leader
our two party system tends to creat
centrist parties that appeal to moderate elements and suppress the views of extremists in the electorate
in some states, local caucuses
choose delegates to attend regional meetings which in turn select delegates to state and national conventions where they nominate party candidates for offices
parties are both a
consequence and instrument of democracy
the views that parties are essential to democracy runs counter to a long standing and deeply seated
district of parties
early success in enacting policy
prolong the honeymoon
crossover voting
republicans and ideoendents helping determine who the democratic nominee will be and vice versa
1913 17th amendment
right to choose senators through popular vote
mistakes and conspiracies
shorten the honeymoon
honeymoons have grown
shorter
political parties in the US are important when it comes to organizing
state and national govs
to draw more voters and reduce the power of the bosses,
states adopted the direct primary therefore delegates had little freedom to change their votes during the convention
the european model of party gov (responsible party system) assumes
that parties discipline their members through their control over nominations and campaigns
Between 1929 and 1932
the Gross national product fell more than 10% per year, and unemployment rose from 1.5 million to more than 12 Million, w millions more working only part time
americans vote for more offices than
the citizens in any other democracy
congress is organized along party lines
the party w the most votes in each chamber elects the officers of that chamber selects committee chairs and has majority on all the committees
primaries vary significantly from state to state
-who may run in a primary and how he or she qualifies for the ballot -whether the party oragnization can or does endorse the candidate before the party -who may vote in a party's primary(open or closed) -how many votes are needed for nomination- the most votes ( plurality), more than 50% (majority), or some other number determined by party rule or state law
Obstacles to third parties
-winner take all rule -lack of funding from interest groups -inability to participate in the debate -inability of ballot access
andrew jackson v john quinc adams
1824 and 1828
Abraham Lincoln won presidency in
1860
Republican Party won every presidential race in the next 50 years after Lincoln except for
1884 and 1892 Grover Cleveland
Divided government vs United
2 :1
Independents have increased from
22% in the 1950s to 40% in 2010
Republican Party has encourgaed
A broader participation and improved their party structure and finances
National party convention
A national meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every 4 years to nominate candidates for president and VP, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules
Open primary
A primary election in which any voter, regardless of party, may vote
Closed primary
A primary election in which only persons registered in the party holding the primary may vote
Providing payments for supporting interest groups is not
A recognized function of a party
Minor party
A small political party that persists over time that is often composed of ideologies on the right or left, or centered on a charismatic candidate such a party is also called a third party
"New Deal for America was
A turning point in US politics
Ticket splitting
A voter chooses the presidential nominee of one major party but chooses congressional nominees of the other major party
Patronage
Aka spoils system Used mostly in 1800s Whoever wins helps who got them elected
Realigning election
An election during periods of expanded suffrage and change in the economy and society that proves to be a turning point, redefining the agenda of politics and the alignment of voters within parties
Nonpartisan election
An election in which candidates are not selected or endorsed by political parties and party affiliation is not listed on ballots
Direct primary
An election in which voters choose party nominees
Proportional representation
An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote
Winner take all system
An election system in which the candidate w the most votes win
Political party
An organization that seeks political power by electing people to office so ghat its positions and philosophy become public policy
1828 election
Andrew Jackson defeats Adams in his attempt for reelection 2 party system was formed
Issue activists
Attempt to push a party in a certain direction on one or a few issues
Bipartisan reform act (BCRA)
Banned or regulated soft money in 2002
"Infinite mutual abuse of parties tearing to pieces the best of characters"
Ben franklin
"The political parties created democracy and modern democracy is unthinkable save in terms of the parties"
EE Schattschnieder
"the political parties created democracy, and modern democracy is unthinkable save in terms of the parties"
EE Schattschnieder
National chair
Elected by the committee, choice of presidential nominee
A two party system differs from a multiparty system in that it
Encourages moderation in policy making and discourages change
Realigning elections in history
Every 32 years 1824, 1860, 1896, 1932
Platform
Every four years the political parties draft a doc stating the policy position of the party. This party platform details general party wide issue stances. The process sometimes engenders disputes among fellow partisans but is rarely an election issue and often is written to avoid controversy
The founding fathers saw political parties as
Factions motivated by ambition and self interest
Alexander hamilton
Federalist Washingtons treasury secretary
New Deal altered relationships w gov and society
Gov jobs Gov expenditures stimulated economic growth
Divided gov
Government divided between the parties as when one holds the presidency and the other controls one or both houses of congress
Republicans and Democrats greatly divided on
Govs role in the economy and enlarging the scope of the gov
1932 election
Great Depression FDR beat Hoover
In the us the two party system
Has existed throughout the history of the US
Realignment is a major
Ideological and demographic shift within the party
National committee
In charge when the convention is out
Multiparty systems are usually found
In parliamentary govs
National party committees get most of their money today from
Individual donors
Strong republican era
Industrialization and capitalism
Both parties continue to
Initiate reforms
Andrew Jackson v john Quincy Adams 1824
Jackson(dem) won popular but failed to win delegates Runoff election in HOR
Judicial branch
Lifetime appointments designed to operate as nonpartisan
State govs are organized
Like the national but must adhere to individual state laws
Pure independent
Low level of interest and awareness Less likely to vote
Southern parties were once
Loyal to democrats but now are loyal to republicans
National party convention
Meets every 4 years for 4 days
Soft money
Money raised in unlimited amounts by political parties for party building purposes. Now largely illegal except for limited contributions to state or local parties for voter registration and get out the vote efforts
The party out of power
Monitors and comments on the party in power providing accountability
National convention delegates compared to their party members tend to be
More liberal or more conservative
The ___[____[__ manages the day to day work of the part
National chairperson
The event in which the parties formally nominate their candidates for the presidency
National convention
NRSC
National rep senatorial committee
NRCC
National republican campaign committee
Party commitments and campaign contributors (bundles) for executive branch
Often become ambassadors
United gov
One party controls both the legislative and executive branches
Party functions
Organize the competition Unify the electorate Organize the gov Make policy Provide loyal opposition
Appointment process for judges has always been
Partisan Marbury v Madison
____________ has led to ticket splitting in the recent elections
Partisan dealignment
Most declared independent voters are actually
Partisan in their voting patterns
________ can unify the two chambers of the legislative branch
Partisanship
Legislative branch
Partisanship, loyalty to the party chairs on committees determined by majority party
Hard money
Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed. Raising such limited funds was harder than raising unlimited soft money, hence the term hard money
County committees
Recruit candidates for county admissioner, sheriff, and treasurer
Federal election Committee
Regulating money agency for elections
National Republican Party
Republican Party (antislavery) GOP
RNC
Republican national committee
European democracies are sometimes called
Responsible party system
Party platform
Spells out the most important values and principles which the party is based on
Party independent expenditures
Spending by political party committees that is independent of the candidates. The spending occurs in relatively few competitive contests and if often substantial
Party registration
The act of declaring party affiliation; required by some states when one registers to vote
Patronage
The dispensing of gov jobs to persons who belong to the winning political party
The party now known as the Democratic Party was originally led by
Thomas Jefferson
"If I could not go to heaven but with a party I would not go at all"
Thomas jefferson
Soft money 2016
Total of $5400 ($2700 for primary campaign and $2700 for general elections)
Partisan realignment of 1932
Unified democratic control of both the presidency and the congress
FDR new deal became the basis for
Using gov expenditures to stimulate the economic growth
Strong dem/rep
Very informed Very partisan Most predictable in voting behavior
1968 Democratic Party placed emphasis on
Voter involvement in primaries-stressing diversity in delegates
Crossover voting
Voting by a member of one party for a candidate of another party
"Baneful effects of the spirit of the party"
Washington
Thomas Jefferson
Washingtons sectetary of state Original republican (Dem)
Partisan preferences are ______\__ and there's is a rise in the number of independents
Weakening
Dealignment
Weakening of partisan preferences that point to a rejection of both major parties and a rise in the number of independents
________ were least likely to join the new deal coalition
Wealthy voters
Executive branch surrounds themselves w like minds
White House staff Cabinet members Advisors High level federal workforce Party commitment and campaign contributeds
1896 election
William Jennings Bryan (D) vs. William McKinley (R) McKinley was 25th pres
andrew jackson was aided by Martin Van Buren
a dem verteran party builder in NY, who brought together a winning combination of regions, interest groups, and political doctrines to win in 1828 The whigs (liberals) succeeded the federalists
jefferson opposed the
federalist
1840 the Whigs put _______________ into the white house
general william henry harrison (old Tippecanoe)
new deal provided
gov jobs for the unemployed and used gov expenditures to stimulate economic growth
parliamentary systems usually have a
head of state (aka president) and a head of gov(aka prime minister or chancellor)
the length of the honeymoon depends on
how close the vote in the election was, how contentious the agenda of the new admin is, and on the leadership skills of the new pres
1896 realignment did not change hands,
in that sense it was a converting realignment bc it reinforced the Rep. majority staus that had been in place since 1860
the multipart system favors the existence of minor parties by giving them
incentives to preserve and disproportionate power if they will help form a gov
partisanship is not relevant to being a good
judge, mayor, school board member
head of gov PM Chancellor
leader of one of the large parties in the legislature
economic changes, including industrialization and hard times for farmers,
led to changes in the Rep party in the late 1800s 1896
not all elections allow candidates to identify their party
most local and judicial elections are nonpartisan elections, which gives parties little opportunity to influence the outcome
state legislatures except nebraska are
organized along party lines
political parties play an important role in
organizing elections, simplifying choices for voters, and helping elect peoplle who will help their party's positions and philosophy become public policy
when national security is an issue or the country is under attack,
parties restrain their criticism
the party that controls the hite house, the governors mansion, or city hall gets
patronage
the caucus played an important part in
the pre revolutionary politics and continued to be impostant in our early history as elected offivials organized themseleves into groups or parties and together selected candidates to run for higher office, including the presidency
in most states candidates can get their name on the ballot as an independent or minor party candidate by securing
the required amount of signatures on a nomination petition
the overriding concern of jefferson and some others that despised Hamilton were
the success of the new gov and personal loyalty to Washington
US politicians are nominated largely on the basis of
their qualifications and personal appeal, not party loyalty
parties are often accused of creating conflict, but
they actually help to unify the electorate and moderate conflict, at least within the party
many cities during the progressive era instituted nonpartisan govs
totally eliminating the role of the party
one of the greatest strengths of our democracy is that even the party that wins an election
usually has to moderate what it does to win reelection
the mixed caucus
was an effort to make the caucus more represenataive of rank and file party members. It brought in delegates from districts in which the party had no elected legislators
the us has a single member district, a winner take all system,
where only the candidate with the most votes in a district or state takes office.
parties primarily exist as an organizing mechanism to
win elections and thus win control of the gov
primaries spread rapidly after __________ adopted them in 1905
wisconsin
1920 19th amendment
women won right to vote