Chapter 05. Civil Rights

False (Civil rights are positives—things the government must do to guarantee citizenship and protect citizens from discrimination.)

Civil rights are what the government must not do.

President Johnson promotes minority employment among the federal civil service and companies doing business with the U.S. government. The federal government makes affirmative action a prominent goal. The Supreme Court subjects affirmative action policies to strict scrutiny.

Place the following affirmative action policy changes in order from oldest to most recent.

Strict (Strict scrutiny is the highest level of scrutiny the Court can apply.)

Which level of scrutiny must affirmative action policies now meet?

allowed the government to initiate legal action in cases of housing discrimination - Fair Housing Act ended the era of "separate but equal" schools - Brown v. Board of Education outlawed job discrimination based on gender and race -Civil Rights Act of 1964 guaranteed equal protection under the law -Fourteenth Amendment

How did each of the following federal actions contribute to the expansion of civil rights in the United States?

False (Although it passed Congress in 1972 and quickly gained the support of many states, it failed to be ratified by enough states to be added to the Constitution.)

The Equal Rights Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1972.

Correct Answer(s) Affirmative action programs disadvantage those in dominant majority groups. Affirmative action programs are designed to assist victims of past injustices. Incorrect Answer(s) Affirmative action programs are designed to prevent harm to minority groups. They are motivated by a desire to promote civil rights.

How are cases on affirmative action different from those such as Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia?

Expanded Jim crow laws Southern

How did the Civil War and Reconstruction affect the rights of Blacks in the United States? Complete the following statement. After the Civil War, three amendments to the Constitution __________ civil rights for African Americans. Once Reconstruction ended, however ______________ severely restricted the rights of African Americans, with ______________ states taking the lead in segregating many public facilities.

it removed the designation of jurisdictions that needed preclearance to change voting laws. (The Supreme Court overturned the formula for determining whether a jurisdiction had a history of discrimination.The 2013 decision Shelby County v. Holder has prevented the Department of Justice from stopping states and locales from making changes that hurt African Americans' voting rights.)

How has the Supreme Court influenced the application of the Voting Rights Act in its recent decisions?

constitutional unconstitutional

In 2003, the Supreme Court ruled on two different University of Michigan cases related to affirmative action. They ruled that it was _________ to use race as one of a number of considerations while also ruling that it was _____ to give minority applicants a specific number of bonus points in the application scoring system.

Desegregation Integration (The focus on desegregation can be seen in the push for the 1964 Civil Rights Act.Perhaps the clearest sign of this focus on integration came in the push for school busing to integrate schools.)

In the 1960s, the federal government proposed ______programs, but in the 1970s the government proposed ____________ programs.

Correct Answer(s) literacy tests language of education Incorrect Answer(s) eligibility of immigrants for citizenship immigration standards

In the 1970s, the federal government made several policy changes that had an important impact on the rights of many Asian Americans. Which policy areas changed, in particular?

Correct Answer(s) The Court decided that affirmative action policies must survive strict scrutiny. The Court ruled that particular affirmative action policies violate the Fourteenth Amendment. Incorrect Answer(s) The Court struck down the affirmative action policies of many colleges because diversity is not important in education. There was no longer any need for affirmative action policies.

In what ways did the Supreme Court weaken affirmative action laws?

The Court ruled that specific points given to minority students too closely resembled a quota. -Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) The Court ruled that quotas for minority students were unconstitutional. -Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) The Court ruled that creating a diverse student body is a compelling state interest in college admission, as long as it is not "mechanical." -Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)

Match each Supreme Court decision with its correct affirmative action outcome.

guaranteed equal protection of the laws- 14th amendment guaranteed voting rights for Black men - 15th amendment abolished slavery - 13th amendment

Match each amendment to its specific goal.

strict scrutiny intermediate scrutiny rational basis

Place these legal standards in order from the toughest to the most permissive.

The Fourteenth Amendment is ratified. Plessy v. Ferguson is decided by the Supreme Court. Brown v. Board of Education is decided by the Supreme Court The Twenty-Fourth Amendment is ratified. The Voting Rights Act is passed.

Put these major moments from civil rights history in order from earliest to most recent.

Pictue True (The percentage of college students who are women started at 39 percent in 1960, stayed the same in 1970, and has increased every decade since.)

Study the Who Participates? infographic, and then answer the question. The percentage of college students who are women has stayed the same or increased every decade since the 1960s.

Picture Correct Answer(s) The formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in 1960 led to a wave of new protests. Increasing demonstrations and protests heightened public pressure for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 addressed many concerns related to public accommodations. Incorrect Answer(s) After the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, protests shifted to focusing on public accommodations. Most of the civil rights protests were about voting rights.

Study the graph presenting the occurrences of civil rights demonstrations. Which statements are supported by the graph?

Government Action Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Brown v. Board of Education (1954) President Eisenhower sending 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock, Arkansas, to enforce the integration of Central High School Political Action Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycotts (1955) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee formed to organize protests, sit-ins, freedom rides

The civil rights movement's success was the result of both formal actions by various branches of the federal government (government action) and the actions of various groups in society putting pressure on government officials to strengthen civil rights protections for African Americans (political action). Identify the government and political actions below.

Correct Answer(s) Employment discrimination against African Americans persisted. Many African Americans still could not exercise their right to vote. Housing remained racially segregated. Incorrect Answer(s) De jure school segregation continued in the North and South

What challenges did African Americans face in the years immediately after the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954?

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (The Court developed most of the laws on sexual harassment from Title VII, identifying two forms of harassment: the quid pro quo type and the hostile environment type.)

What congressional action did the Supreme Court use as their foundation for opposing sexual harassment?

Correct Answer(s) Congress made it illegal for southern states to force African Americans to use separate public facilities. Intense, well-organized support in the form of protests, boycotts, and other direct-action campaigns helped expand civil rights. NAACP lawyers won several important court cases. Incorrect Answer(s) The Supreme Court made its famous ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson.

What contributed to the expansion of civil rights for African Americans after World War II?

Correct Answer(s) access to emergency medical care access to K-12 education Incorrect Answer(s) pathway to citizenship receiving Social Security

What services and protections does the United States provide to unauthorized immigrants?

The United States wanted to maintain the support of a wartime ally. (China had been a critical ally of the Allies in the fight against Japan in World War II, and repealing the Exclusion Act helped make sure China supported American wartime efforts.The repeal of the Exclusion Act was not an attempt to rectify a decades long practice of discrimination, but was rather a strategic)

What was the main motivation behind the American government's decision to repeal the Chinese Exclusion Act?

19th Amendment (The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in 1920 and gave all American women the right to vote.)

Which amendment formally guaranteed all women in America the right to vote?

14th Amendment (The Fourteenth Amendment is important for both civil rights and civil liberties. The due process clause specifically lays the legal framework that requires federal government intervention to prevent discrimination.)

Which amendment provides the most substantial grounding for modern civil rights legislation?

Correct Answer(s) Native Americans can be taught in their own languages. Native American reservations are not subject to state laws prohibiting gambling. Incorrect Answer(s) The federal government has recognized Native American sovereignty but still does not consider Native Americans to be full citizens. Native Americans have the right to form their own state.

Which of the following statements about the civil rights of Native Americans are correct?