Renicker: world history semester 2

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Revolts by the captives

Mutinies

America which came to be used for both continents of the Western Hemisphere

Name of martins map

Who is the general of the army in France, now that Robespierre is executed

Napoleon

What is the new set of laws that Napoleon creates

Napoleonic Code

What does the 3rd Estate rename themselves

National Assembly

Saeyes (?) and Mirabeau

National Assembly was under which two people

The third estate chose to represent the people of France

National assembly

National governments had a lot of control over economies

National economies

Middle class militia organized in repose to Royal troops in Paris

National guard

Rules discoverable by reason,

Natural law

Happiness

Natural laws allows happiness, not medieval misery

Rights that belonged to all humans from birth Life Liberty property

Natural rights

Fishing, timber, shipbuilding

New England resources

Canada

New France

Grew slowly because of long winters and not very farmable climate

New France population

Moderate Protestant doctrines, English replace Latin

New book of common prayer

Parliament Officers selected for skill rather than class

New model army

Anne Boleyn

New wife of Henry

German George I Spoke no English and parliament helped him rule

Next king and his struggles

Wrote the prince which is about how to gain and maintain power End justifies the means Showed realistic look at politics

Niccolò Machiavelli

Floating coffins

Nickname for the boats

Wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Nicolaus Copernicus

Was movement between classes in the Early Middle Ages easy

Who made up the second estate

Nobles

Absolutism Resented royal beuarocracy

Nobles hated

Lutheranism and south chose Catholic

North Germany chose

Religion

Northern humanists put a greater emphasis on what compared to other Italians

Fighting, swearing, laughing in church, dancing

Offenses were

A government in which the ruling power belongs to a few people

Oligarchy

Roundhead leader Skilled general

Oliver Cromwell

_______ ______ put together the New Model Army

Oliver Cromwell

1791 A woman who was angry about revolution not including them Wrote the declaration of the rights of woman and the female citizen

Olympe de Gouges

"Woman is born free and her rights are the same as those of man"

Olympe quote

Religious upheaval

One of norths most powerful themes

What percent of Western European population did the plague kill

One-third

Cottage industry

Other word for putting out system

Which 2 Germans invaded Italy to try to help the pope

Otto I and Frederick Barbarossa

Suleiman Turkey to balkans

Ottoman

linear perspective

Parallel lines that recede into the distance

Replaced royalist government of Paris

Paris Commune

1629

Parliament dissolved when

It must be set aside for religious observance and anyone over 14 who "profaned the lords day" would be fined

Parliament new law about Sunday

Exiled most Catholics to barren lands in Ireland Anyone who disobeyed would be killed

Parliament passed law in 1652

Tried to execute his chief ministers and called for abolition of bishops and said they couldn't be dissolved without their consent

Parliament retaliated and

Executive is part of the House of Commons

Parliamentary government

To divide up

Partition definition

1772 The three monarchs (Catherine, King Frederick II, Emperor Joseph II) agreed not to fight one another and divide up poland

Partition story

A financial supporter of the arts

Patron

A people who provides financial support for the arts

Patron

1555

Peace of Augsburg

1648 Series of treaties that ended the thirty years war

Peace of Westphalia

Germany in 1524 Wanted end to serfdom and other changes in harsh lives

Peasants revolt

Repressed them Made conditions worse for peasants - more were forced into serfdom

Peasants revolted, what did Catherine do

The Law of the __________ states that objects fall at the same rate without other variables

Pendelum

Who is the first king named by the pope

Pepin the Short

Renaissance

Period of Euro. History at the end of the Middle Ages and the rise of mosernity; cultural rebirth from the 14th century through the middle of the 17th century

Allowed Renaissance artists to create realistic art Make it look 3D

Perspective

1600 Blended Flemish and Italian forms of art Big on mythology, bible. Etc

Peter Paul Rubens

Power struggle Catherine the great

Peter did not have a heir

1725 His legacy was ending Russia's long period of isolation

Peter died

10 years old 1682 got throne but didn't control government till 1689 Romanov

Peter the great

1697 To learn the western ways in European cities

Peter went where

A small chateau on the palace grounds at Versailles where she lived her own life of amusement

Petit Trianon

Parliament made Charles I sign this prohibiting the king from raising taxes without parliaments consent or jailing anyone without legal justification

Petition of right

What is the desire to increase well-being of humankind by charitable aid or donations

Philanthropy

1700 Inherited throne of spain

Philip V

Forty two years Absolute

Phillip II reigned for how long and made his power what

Who created the Estates General

Phillip IV

Why does Boniface issue a bull

Phillip IV of France was taxing the clergy

Which Bourbon gained the Spanish throne

Phillip V

17 provinces Richest part of empire Wanted to be Protestant Broke off from spain

Phillips battles in the Netherlands

Queen Elizabeth I Protestant

Phillips main enemy

Someone who seeks to understand and explain life, a person who studies philosophy

Philosophes

French thinkers that focused on economic reforms and supported Free trade and opposed tariffs

Physiocrats

1500s, a Flemish painter who portrayed lively scenes He address and classical and religious themes and

Pieter bruegel

Peasant Breugel for portraying peasant life

Pieters nickname

English Protestants who rejected the Church of England went to Plymouth, Massachusetts for religious freedom

Pilgrims

1. One of Greatest human achievements, key to learning the truths 2. Look beyond simple appearances to learn natures truth

Plato believed what in math and thought humans should look beyond what

Napoleon holds what to see if he should be dictator for life

Plebiscite

People vote yes or no

Plebiscite

What is having multiple Church offices

Pluralism

Phillip IV kidnaps __________

Pope Boniface VIII

Who signed a treaty to make peace with the Lombards

Pope Gregory I

Who excommunicated lay investiture

Pope Gregory VII

In 1521 he excommunicated him

Pope Leo III did what to Luther

Basic principle of the American system of government which asserts that the people are the source of any and all governmental power, and government can only exist only with the consent of the governed

Popular sovereignty

Results of plague/ war/ famine

Population goes down from 20 m. To 13.5 million

Genoa

Port city and access route to the West (Venice too)

1415 Muslim North Africa

Portugal expanded into what

Does the recovery from plague and war have a positive or negative outcome

Positive

What was Napoleon's downfall

Power

House of Commons had control over spending

Power of the purse

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain slavation

Predestination

Scottish Calvinists are _________

Presbyterians

Ran by a president Executive separate from legislature

Presidential government

Period in European history when inflation rose rapidly

Price revolution

Began to rise in 1500s because of silver and gold from Americas

Prices began to rise why

Nationalism

Pride in one's country, a mentality of US vs THEM

The availability of the Bible brought people to the same level as who

Priests

Sponsored exploration for Portugal, small nation next to Spain

Prince Henry

Madeira and Azores near southwest Portugal

Prince Henry's navigators claimed the islands

Book cheaper, readily available

Printing revolution

Gains

Profit

Science could lead to perfection in society

Progress

Those who protested papal authority

Protestant

What faith is Anne Bolyne (Catholic or Protestant)

Protestant

dissenter

Protestant whose views and opinions differed from those of the Church of England

New Protestant power (Austria was Catholic)

Prussia

Cromwell forced a _________ way of life (religious order)

Puritan

Members of an English Protestant group who wanted to purify the Church of England by making it more simple are more morally strict

Puritans

Used to bypass the guilds Used to produce textiles, then spread to other industries Example Merchant gives out raw wool to peasant cottages, and the cottages spun the wool into thread and then wove it into cloth, the merchants would buy it and sent it to the city to finish the product, then sold it

Putting out system

English captains/sea dogs to loot Spanish cities in America

Queen Elizabeth encouraged

Deeply religious but had doubts about organized church

Rabelais, more, Erasmus all were

An extreme

Radical

Admired for artistic nature and sweet gracious nature Made In the school of Athens, included himself

Raphael

What is the absence of intolerance, bigotry, and prejudice

Reason

Liberty

Reason could set peoples of all nations free

The period when radicals rule France is called the __________________

Reign of Terror

The period that links the Medieval World and the Modern World

Renaissance

What the USA has, it works for a large society and direct democracy didn't work because not enough citizens dare about each issue

Representative democracy

System of government in which officials are chosen by the poeple

Republic

Ended many years of turmoil

Responses to her reforms

Parliament invites Charles II back to be monarch, known as the __________ period

Restoration

Income

Revenue

Moderate - 1789-1792 Radical - 1792-1795 Directory - 1795-1799 Napoleonic - 1799-1815

Revolution stages

Who convinces Muslim leader Salah al-Din to open the gates of Jerusalem to Christians

Richard of England

Huguenots and nobles because they didn't believe to Royal authority

Richelieu wanted to destroy whose power

1600 English Refined alchemists view of chemicals as basic building blocks

Robert Boyle

Molded the cabinet into a unified body by requiring all members to agree on major issues

Robert Walpole

_________ is known as "the incorruptible"

Robespierre

Puritan clergy Hair was close cut around their heads

Roundheads

Supporters of Parliament in the English civil war

Roundheads

Believed that people in natural state were good Innocent

Rousseau

Who wrote the Social Contract

Rousseau

Direct democracy - favors it over representative democracy

Rousseau believed in what government

"Man is born free, but everywhere is in chains"

Rousseau quote

A city state

Rousseau wanted what

The Social Contract

Rousseau wrote

_______ is not reached by faith alone but also by good works

Salvation

Working class men and women "Without breeches" Wanted a republic

Sans culottes

Which building in Florence did Lorenzo Medici complete

Santa Maria del Fiore

1054

Schism

German Princes joined Protestants against Charles V in the what alliance

Schmalkdic League

Progress

Science could lead to perfection in society

Step by step process of discovery requiring data

Scientific method

Enlightenment

Scientific revolution led to

Russia uses _________ __________

Scorched-Earth Policy

Setting fire to the land behind

Scorched-Earth Policy

Presbyters

Scottish Calvinists

1776 Thomas Jefferson

Second continental congress

A subgroup of a major religious group

Sect

King John

Selfish, lost in wars against the French, and was later forced to sign the Magna Carta

1756-1763 On four continents

Seven years war

English poet and playwright

Shakespeare

Even common people could understand his plays

Shakespeare's language

Firmly Protestant country

She kept many catholic traditions, but made England a

What are 2 reasons people don't like Marie Antoinette

She spends extravagantly and is a foreigner

Hundreds were crammed in for three weeks to three months

Ship life for Africans

Sangho panza Unromantic, earthly realism

Side character to son Quixote

Golden century 1550-1650 Brilliance of its arts and literature

Siglo de oro

What is the buying and selling of Church offices

Simony

What were some conflicts that were questioned during the Protestant Reformation

Simony, Pluralism, Absenteeism, Marriage, Conspicuous Consumption

Why the church was going down

Simony/ pluralism/ absenteeism/ priest can marry/ conspicuous consumption

Guerrilla

Small army that stands close to each other (use black powder)

Laissez Faire Wanted to protect society

Smith supported

An agreement by which people gave up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos

Social contract

Jesuits Founded by Ignatius of Loyola

Society of Jesus

Throw off the rule of both the church and emporer

Some princes used Lutheran beliefs to

Edward VI Nine

Songs name

Ride, tobacco, made plantations

South resources

What land did Charles V give to Phillip II

Spain and the Netherlands

130 ships 20,000 men

Spanish Armada

Conquistador

Spanish fortune hunter

Preserve food, flavor meat, make medicines and perfumes

Spices are used to

A good period of the arts

Splendid century

Peters effort to forge a modern Russia

St Petersburg was a symbol for

Complete breakdown to the order of France

St. Bartholomews Day symbolized

August 24, 1572 Catholic royals plotted and led a massacre of 3,000 Huguenots More were slaughtered the next day

St. Bartholomews day incident

New Russian capital in Sweden land Found it while looking for the window on the west

St. Petersburg

Without laws or other control This would be solitary, brutal, nasty, short

State of nature

License, marriage, drinking age

States rights

Hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty, morality

Stressed

Humanist/humanism/ humanities

Student of the liberal arts: teach us: Francesco Petrarch

The Act of ________ made Elizabeth the ruler of England

Supremacy

Tax on imported goods Protect local companies from foreign companies by increasing the price of the imported goods

Tariff

What 2 main factors caused the spread of Lutheranism

Technology, Principal of Proximity

What is the name of the agreement that the 3rd Estate will not disperse until they create a constitution

Tennis Court Oath

Where does the 3rd Estate create a constitution

Tennis Courts

Famous oath made on a tennis court by members of the third estate in France

Tennis court oarh

Symbolized renewed feelings of intense faith

Teresa of Avila symbolized

Entered convent very young, thought convent life was not strict so she started her own

Teresa story

What does the coalition show?

That it is ok to overthrow

What is the second constitution that the National Assembly votes on called

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

What was the difference between Parliament in England and the Estates General in France

The French king did not need consent from the Estates General

What is Richard I of England called

The Lion Heart

1215

The Magna Carta

Defender of the Faith

The Pope gave Henry's nickname

Niccolo Machiavelli wrote what book

The Prince

What happens after Robespiere takes over reign?

The Reign of terror begins

The classical age of French drama

The age of Louis XIV was also known as

Restated trial by jury, abolished excessive fines and unjust punishment, affirmed the principle of Habeas corpus

The bill of rights also did what

Any Roman Catholic

The bill of rights forbade who from sitting on the throne

Limited monarchy in place of absolute monarchy New Legislative assembly

The constitution

Salvation comes through hard work

The council reaffirmed traditions like

John Locke, then the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence

The glorious revolution influenced who

Their food prices soared causing extreme hunger

The government tax more, and what happened to the peasants

Example of personal responsibility

The marriage of arnolifini

1555 treaty after a number of brief wars let princes chose which religion their religion would be

The peace of Augsburg

Return of monarchy to England

The restoration

Sated that he felt society placed too many limitations on people's behavior Some controls necessary, but they should be minimal

The social contract

1748 Montesquieu Discussed government through History

The spirit of laws

Heads

The third estate wanted votes counted by

European peace

The treaties aspired to bring about

Free market should be allowed to regulate business activity Showed how manufacturing, trade, wages, profits were linked to supplies and demands

The wealth of nations

1. Colonies couldn't set up own industries 2. Couldn't buy goods from other countries

These laws

Arguments

Theses

What did the Council of Constance first do to solve the problem of the 2 popes

They elected a third pope (which did nothing)

Was not the only source of Christian religious truth

They said that the bible

Bananas, sugar cane from Africa/Asia Wheat and grapes from Europe

Things Given to America

Bourgeoisie Urban workers Peasants 97% of population 70% of land Paid all taxes

Third estate

Began in Bohemia (Czech republic)

Thirty years war began where

Who argued that there didn't need to be conflict to have faith and reason

Thomas Aquinas

Henry appointed him new archbishop who annulled Henry's marriage

Thomas Cranmer

The Protestant book of common prayer which was required reading

Thomas Cranmer wrote what

Henry's chancellor who passed laws to Parliament that took church from pope

Thomas Cromwell

Two English thinkers Key to the enlightenment Lived through the English Civil War

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke

Leviathan

Thomas Hobbes wrote the

Erasmus' friend and humanist. He wrote utopia

Thomas more

Canonized

Thomas more after death

What farming idea was used during the High Middle Ages

Three-field system

A tax amounting to 10% of income

Tithe

To give greater knowledge and understanding

To enlighten

Why did Louis XVI recognize the Estates General

To solve the issue of taxing nobles

What are the 2 goals of the Church in the Catholic Reformation

To strengthen the Church and to combat Protestantism

Why did the Pope want the Crusades

To unite the east and west

1689 Limited religious freedom to dissenters, etc but not Catholics Only Church of England members could hold public office

Toleration act

What are causes of the Hundred Year's War

Trade, Edward's claim to the French throne

Treaty of 1763 that ended the seven years war and resulted in British dominance of the Americas France give Canada Spain got Louisiana territory French got slave outposts in Africa and sugar industry in Caribbean

Treaty of Paris

What treaty exiles Napoleon to Elba

Treaty of Vienna

1713 Philip remained in throne, but France agreed to never unite

Treaty of ulrecht

Series of Atlantic trade routes linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas First leg - Europe, merchant ships brought European goods to Africa then merchants traded goods for slaves Second leg - America - slaves exchanged for sugar, molasses, and other goods Third leg - merchants shipped goods to Europe for money

Triangular trade

Edward III

Tried to claim French throne, as his mother was the sister of the deceased king. Denied at first because his mother could never reign, but Salic Law put him of the throne

(True or False) Thomas Hobbes said people had no right to rebel John Locke said oppressed subjects had every right to rebel

True

Bacon believed in the scientific method while Descartes believed in human reasoning (True or False)

True

Charles I is sentenced to death for treason (True or False)

True

Clovis converted to Catholicism (True or False)

True

Henry IV becomes Catholic after becoming French king (True or False)

True

Laws of competition benefit the consumer (True or False)

True

Montesquieu criticized the French monarchy and the Church (True or False)

True

Napoleon helps the economy by reducing inflation (True or False)

True

Napoleon's downfall was his thirst for power (True or False)

True

Parliament gives commoners a say in government (True or False)

True

Robespierre helps France successfully beat back the coalition (True or False)

True

Spain is mismanaging their money from the Americas (True or False)

True

The Council of Trent said indulgences, pilgrimages, and venerations of relics are valid expressions of Christian faith (True or False)

True

The Unum Sanctum says that kings have temporal power but the pope has everlasting power (True or False)

True

The plague had a negative impact on the Church (True or False)

True

The printing press brought corruption to the forefront of society (True or False)

True

The set of laws from Napoleon give equal rights to all citizens (True or False)

True

With a surplus of goods, wealthy nobles began to look towards arts and architecture in the Renaissance (True or False)

True

Her husband 1762" murdered by Russian officers Catherine became heir to throne

Tsar Peter III

What ruling family is Henry VIII of England part of

Tudor

Where the royal family lived in Paris Basically prisoners

Tuileries

Britain and France (developing overseas empires) Prussia and Austria (control of German states)

Two basic European rivalries

Corn, potatoes

Two new foods from america

Tories - aristocrats who liked the old traditions, and Royal power Whigs - like the glorious revolution and supported parliament

Two political parties in late 1600s

Protect natural rights Best government would have limited power and was accepted by all Disliked absolute monarchy

Two treatises of government

Danish astronomer in 1500s Evidence for Copernicus

Tycho Brahe

Priest and admirer of Erasmus who lived in Zurich

Ulrich Zwingli

Compromise between Protestant and catholic practices

Under the settlement, there was a

The Act of ________ made England one single Protestant Church

Uniformity

What is the name of the bull that lectures Phillip IV of France

Unum Sanctum

What 2 popes are elected at one time, eventually leading to the schism

Urban VI (Italy) and Clement VII (France)

Who is voted in as pope following Gregory XI's death?

Urban XI

An ideal society in which men and women live in peace and harmony and all are educated

Utopia

Idealistic or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society

Utopian

1777-1778 Harsh winter for soldiers

Valley forge

Hacked a passage westward through the tropical forests of Panama in 1513

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

1497 Portuguese navigator Lead four ships around cape of good hope and wanted to go further

Vasco da gama

Who wrote "On the Structure of the Human Body"

Velasius

Everyday language of one's homeland

Vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people

Vernacular

King Louis XIV French residence and seat of government Symbol of the sun kings wealth and power

Versailles

Which palace did Louis XIV live at

Versailles

Danish navigator Found Bering strait between Siberia and Alaska

Virus Bering

"Crush the infamous thing"

Voltaire

French philosopher who stated the Holy Roman Empire wasn't holy, Roman, or an empire

Voltaire

Philosophes Real name was François Marie Arouet Not religious

Voltaire

My trade is to say what I think

Voltaire quote

Plebiscite

Vote yes/no

Prime minister

Walpole was britains first

_____ pumps up radicals who want change

War (with Austria)

1560-1590

War between Catholic and French Protestant time period

1792-1815 Legislative assembly declared war on Austria, then Prussia, Britain, etc

War between French revolutionaries and European monarchs

Eight year war Maria helped Hungarian subjects

War of Austrian succession

1700-1713

War of Spanish succession

One that would be free of ice all year round Peter wanted to find this so he could trade with the west

Warm water port

No because he rejected most Protestant doctrines

Was Henry a religious radical

No, many small states

Was Italy a united nation

No, he actually wanted people to join Catholics because it was a threat to traditional order

Was Luther for a few groups of Anabaptists?

HAHAHAHAAH NO

Was Poland government prepared to stand up to the increasing might of Russia, Prussia, and Austria

No!!! He got a lot of spices that he sold for large sums of money

Was the voyage for nothing

Bad because they were very hardworking in the French economy

Was this good or bad

Where is Napoleon defeated the second time

Waterloo

Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

Westernization

Wolves walking around deserted cities

What animal was seen in the Middle Ages

-executive -legislative -judicial

What are the three branches of the separation of powers?

Everyone turned against it

What began to be the perspective of france

Every person was educated from all genders and classes

What big step was taken in mid century

The crusades

What brought about trade

"The power vacuum" Emporer had little power over H the rival princes Divided German states

What contributed to the Thirty Years War

1700s Corn, potatoes, manioc, beans, tomatoes in America

What contributed to worldwide population growth

Western

What culture did Catherine embrace

Our lives our fortunes our sacred honor

What did Americans pledge

Russian orthodox faith

What did Catherine do to gain the people's trust

1642 Led troops to House of Commons to arrest leaders They fled and raised own army

What did Charles do

How large the earth is two continents worth of land

What did Columbus not put to mind

Laws about trade

What did Europe enforce

Put him in solitary confinement and watched his friend be beheaded

What did Frederick William do in response

Whig domination

What did George want to end

He took over the English church

What did Henry do

Wrote a pamphlet denouncing him

What did Henry do against luther

Confiscated them then gave some to nobles and high ranking citizens

What did Henry do with the land

The national guard

What did Lafayette head

French Protestant minority

What did Louis see as a threat To religious unity

The sun, being at the center of the universe, so the sun King stands in the center of the nation

What did Louis used as symbolism for his power

He wrote 95 theses against indulgences

What did Luther do

Pacific derived from the Latin word peaceful

What did Magellan name the south sea

The size of the pacific He thought it would take three weeks but it took four months

What did Magellan underestimate

Shave their beards, replace old robes with new westerner style clotting

What did Peter force the boyars to do

Government

What did Phillip II devot most time too

The saying "good queen bess"

What did Queen Elizabeth make popular

The biggest country in the world

What did Russia become

A vindication of the rights of women Equal education of boys and girls SHE WAS SUPER EDUCATION HEAVY

What did Wollstonecraft write

Monopolies, overseas trading companies

What did government sell

Holy roman empire and the netheralnds

What did hapsburg include at its height

It was allowed to be read in English

What did he allow concerning the bible

Revoked the 1685 edict of nantes

What did he do

Peace treaty with leader of Calicut 1502

What did he do with his next fleet

Revive the parliament in 1640, then parliament revolted

What did he have to do

A soldier of God

What did he vow to become

A union between France and Spain so the balance of power is maintained

What did other countries not want

Catholic church

What did phillip ii reign over

Portuguese could convert Africans to Christianity, Africa would have riches the Muslim trades controlled

What did prince Henry want to do with africa

Getting to Asia Go around Africa

What did prince Henry want to find an easier way of doing

Taverns, gambling, dancing

What did puritans not like

Made herself supreme governor over spiritual matters, not supreme head of church

What did she do unlike Henry

Practice mercantilist policies Benefitted England

What did the 13 colonies do

The West Indies

What did the Caribbean become known as

"Freeborn Englishman" Defending their traditional rights

What did the English colonies view themselves as

French - Canada, much of central USA Dutch/English - east coast Spanish - claims to Texas and Florida

What did the French, Dutch, English, Spanish, and more have by the end of the 1600s

Drove the king from his palace

What did the Fronde do

Abolished the monarchy, House of Lords, and established the Church of England

What did the House of Commons do after the execution

Our lives and our blood for your majesty!

What did the Hungarians say about Maria (quote)

To end their own priveldges and give up their old manorial dues, exclusive hunting rites, legal status, and exemption from taxes

What did the National Assembly agree on on August 4

1581 Dutch Netherlands

What did the Netherlands become

French It was an attack on public morals Pope wanted to excommunicate Roman Catholics who read it

What did the Public think of the encyclopedia

Uprising

What did the book spark

Feudalism is abolished

What did the delegates announce at 2 a.m.

The red white and blue flag that is know france's flag

What did the guard make

June 1791 A coach took them from Paris to try to escape BUT THEY DIDNT they were caught by a man who held a piece of currency to the Kings face to identify him

What did the king and queen do

That the king come to paris

What did the mob demand

The right to not pay taxes

What did the nobles fear losing

Chief official of the British government

What did the prime minister become

Port cities

What did the thriving trade lead to

Vape of good hope because it helped them find Asia

What did the tip become known as?

Fur trapping, fishing, and trading

What did they begin to do instead of farming

Tyrant, traitor, murderer, public enemy

What did they call him

Put him on trial Condemned him to death

What did they do to king

Made Massachusetts bay colony

What did they do when more people came

Used bookkeeping to see if making or loosing wealth

What did they use to track wealth

Decreased nobles independence Increased own control

What did this do

Separated capital and labor

What did this do for the first time

It made the royals look like traitors

What did this do to their image

The Black Death Mongol empire

What disrupted trade of what empire

Treaty of Paris

What ended the American Revolution

Treaty of paris

What ended this war

Theocracy - run by church leaders

What government did Calvin use

Absolute monarchy

What government did Hobbes like

Parliament in england

What government did Peter

A republic known as Commonwealth after Oliver Cromwell

What government was England

1700s The whole of North America in exports to Europe

What had the Caribbean islands surpassed when

A direct route to Asia

What had the Europeans still not found

Printing revolution

What happened after this

The emporer wanted him to give them up, he refuesed and Charles called him an outlaw and no one was allowed to feed or help him

What happened at the diet

They only had one child, Mary Tudor and Henry wanted a male heir

What happened between them

Lost half of ships, many died of thirst, hunger, scurvy, disease of lack of vitamin c in diet

What happened on the way home

She was executed ❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️

What happened to Gouges

100,000s fled to other countries

What happened to Huguenots

He was imporisoned and exiled Forced to see his books burned but still defended free speech

What happened to voltaire

The idea that one set of physical laws governed the earth and another governed the rest of the universe

What idea did Sir Isaac Newton disprove?

Catholic Church did not permit divorce, some popes annul royal marriages but this one would not

What is problem

Poland

What land did every king want

That they would keep their lands and serfs (strengthened serfdom)

What laws did he make regarding nobles

That no one could have absolute power or ignore the law

What lesson did this show

He reached a group of people name Indians

What made him think he was in the Indies

Calculus

What math did Isaac develop

Frederick the great

What name did Frederick earn

Mercantilist policies, encouraging exports and improving waterways and canals

What policies did he adapt to pay for his reforms

Exploit Mineral and timber resources, build roads Imposed national currencies, weighing systems

What policies did mercantilists urge others to follow

Ceuta

What port did they seize

Their seclusion

What practice with upper class women did he end

Protestant

What religion did he prohibit

Baptist, Mennonites, amish

What religions came from Anabaptist

North - Protestant South - catholic

What religions were the north and south German states

Political

What revolution did it trigger

The right to overthrow the government if it fails them

What right did Locke want to give to the people

"Liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression"

What rights were in the declaration

Magnetism and gravity

What scientific forces did the natural law govern

Sphere so he knew it should bring him to Eastern Asia

What shape did Columbus think the earth is

Oval

What shape did they rotate in

Bastille

What sparked the National Assembly into action

Lord protector Ruled as a virtual dictator through the army

What title did Cromwell take

Treaty of tordesillas 1494

What treaty was signed when to finalize the line of demarcation

Seven years war and French and Indian war

What wars drained George's treasury

Used astronomical observatory and accumulated info on the sky

What was Brahe's evidence

Truly Protestant

What was Edwards government like

Absolutism

What was English civil war primarily about

Use the word enlightenment He was excited about the enlightenment and thought the natural law could help humanity

What was Immanuel the first to do

Smuggling, not considered a crime

What was common in the colonies

The legislature, judicial, and executive

What was did Montesquieu think was the best way to protect Liberty

No open worship to Roman Catholics so all Protestants could have religious freedom He embraced Jews and welcomed them back to England after 350 years

What was he for and against with religions and who did he embrace

Use more than 1700 words in a play/poem

What was he the first to do

He had two empires

What was his conflict

The parliament

What was in the king in the hands of in 1647

Revive moral authority of church and roll back Protestant ride, end corruption by appointing reformers within papacy

What was it set out to do

suicide

What was more common than mutiny from captives

Peasants

What was most of the third estate

Army "Prussia is not a state which possesses an army, but an army which possesses a state"

What was one of Fredericks main focuses

Equality of all male citizens before the law

What was the Enlightenment goal

Liberty, equality, fraternity

What was the French Revolution slogan

The earth

What was the accepted center of the universe

European countries militaries so no one country gets too powerful

What was the balance of power between

Disease (smallpox) This would also hurt the merchant because they would be loosing "goods"

What was the biggest threat to the captives

The church

What was the central force of northern europeans lives

1/3 were loyalists - those who supported Britain Many refused both sides

What was the dilemma within much of Americans

BREAD AF

What was the main food

Long parliament because it lasted on and off from 1649-1653

What was the parliaments nickname and why

NOPE THEY WERE NOT HAVING IT Pope condemned it Some peasants didn't like it either

What was the reaction from clergy towards this constitution

The "general-will" of the people was all-powerful

What were Rousseau's beliefs regarding the "general will"?

To be open minded and show good will towards other

What were an individual's chief duty according to Erasmus

Landowning aristocrats

What were believed to be the natural ruling class

No basis in bible Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory

What were some of the theses

-reason -nature -happiness -progress -liberty

What were the five ideas philosophers of this time presented?

Peaceful and prosperity

What were the next years like

-technology -science -mathematics -music -art -medicine -government -law -geography

What were the nine subjects in which Denis Diderot accumulated new and enlightened thoughts and ideas?

Niña Pinta Santa María

What were the three boats

She kept most catholic rituals, heirarchy,

What were these compromises

Circumnavigate (completely travel the world)

What were they the first to do

Serfdom

What widened the gap to the west for Russia

It would bring them wealth and prestige

What would the Spanish rulers get out of this

1516

What year did charles i become king

1493

What year did he return

1533 Elizabeth

When did Anne and Henry marry and the name of the child

1494 to study Italian masters

When did Dürer travel to Italy to do what

1603 She had no kid

When did Elizabeth die

1788

When did France almost become bankrupt

23 years old

When did Louis fully take over government

1658 Christians lost control of England because people were tired of military rule and Puritan ways

When did Oliver die and what happened

July 14, 1789

When did Paris seize versailles

1795

When did Poland disappear

1919

When did Poland reappear

With Scientific Revolution

When did alchemy end

August 3, 1492

When did he set sail

May 1789

When did the estates general convene

March 1521 Philippines - Magellan was killed

When did the fleet reach where?

October 1791 Lasted a year

When did the new legislative assembly take office

1780

When did the slave trade peak

Mid-1800s

When did the trade end

October 12

When did they find land

September 8, 1522 One ship and eighteen sailors

When did who reach Spain

Russia in 1709 Won Baltic Sea territory

When did who win

During the Russo-Turkish war Gained the warm water port on the Black Sea in 1774

Where did Catherine gain territory during what war

Atlantic seaboard

Where did England want to establish colonies

Yorktown, Virginia

Where did Washington force surrender

The black sea

Where did he find this

Wittenbergs All saints church

Where did he post the theses

The Caribbean islands

Where did he spend several months cruising around

Some at Versailles to compete for royals appointments Others lived in their own land with little income

Where did nobles live

Flanders

Where did northern Renaissance begin

Around Indian Ocean, making Portuguese a world power

Where did the Portuguese seize new ports

Vienna, Austria Austria held firm but they got most of hungary

Where did the ottomans try to invade

April 1775 Lexington and concord

Where do American Revolution start and when

Jamestown, Virginia 1607 Many settlers died of disease Nice with native Americans Found wealth in tobacco

Where was first permanent settlement

Suppliers Would try to meet the demand for profit

Wherever there was demand

Political motives

Which issue outweighed the other in this war (political or religious)

Voltaire

Which philosopher admired English government after reading the works of John Locke?

Denis Diderot

Which philosopher brought together the most current enlightened thoughts and discoveries in many subjects?

Voltaire

Which philosopher was thought to have a sharp tongue?

Locke Rousseau Montesquieu

Which philosophers influenced constitution

Sir Isaac Newton

Which scientist became enthusiastic in their approach towards investigating nature?

Netherlands Swiss federation

Who became independent states

Rousseau

Who believed that civilisation destroys freedom and equality?

Rousseau

Who believed the general will of the people was all-powerful?

Entrepreneurs and capitalists made a new business class devoted to goal of making profits Made European economies into an international trading system

Who combined to make a new kind of class

1400s Arabs and Italians

Who controlled most trade between Asia and Europe

China Russia got lands above China and they located a defined border

Who did Russia sign a peace treaty with

Corrupt officials and aristocrats Hated slave trade and deplored religious prejudice, French government

Who did Voltaire target

Bohemians

Who did he defeat

Ferdinand - central europe Phillip II (son) - netherlands, spain, southern italian states

Who did he give empire too

Parliament, for money (especially Henry) Eve new taxes

Who did the Tudors frequently consult with

It hurt nobles whose wealth was in the land It helped merchants

Who did the revolution hurt and help

Women; they had natural rights but they had to stay at home

Who did this not apply too

Calvinist scots and they rebelled

Who didn't like this

Adam Smith

Who founded free trade?

Montesquieu

Who founded the separation of powers?

James II Charles brother

Who inherited throne in 1685

Cavaliers Quick victory

Who looked to win in the beginning

England, north Ireland, Scotland, Wales

Who makes up United Kingdom

Ferdinand and Isabella of spain

Who paid his voyage

Adam Smith

Who proposed the law of supply and demand?

Adam Smith

Who proposed the laws of self-interest?

Other Europeans

Who realized it wasn't east Asia

1488 Bartholomeu dias

Who rounded the southern tip of Africa

Tudor monarchs Believed in divine right

Who ruled England from 1485-1603

British because of huge army and resources

Who seemed to be winning American Revolution

Ferdinand

Who was elected holy roman emporer

George Washington

Who was in charge in continental army

May 1660 Charles II

Who was invited rule England when

Mary - James Protestant daughter William III of orange - Dutch Protestant husband

Who was invited to become rulers in place of James in 1688

Urban workers - apprentices, journeymen Many unemployed

Who were some of the poorest in the third estate

The forces of revolution

Who won in England

France won - gained Spanish and German territories Hapsburgs - had to accept independence of all princes of the Holy Roman Empire

Who won, who lost

English because of their higher quality and faster ships

Who won: Spanish v. English

Lawyers, middle class officials, writers

Who would vote primarily in the third estate

Denis Diderot

Who wrote the first encyclopaedia?

Junkers (Prussian nobles) Gave them positions in the army and government

Who's support did Frederick gain how

The angelican church - new Church of England

Who's support did he secure by doing this

Native Americans

Whose help did the Americans have

State

Whose jurisdiction do most crimes fall under

King Phillip II didn't have a good successor Economics

Why Spain had a downfall

1556 It was too hard to rule over

Why did Charles V give up his title

Fish

Why did French go to New France originally

He didn't like it because tetzel was saying that poor people couldn't get into heaven

Why did Luther not like this

1. Many had interest in Rome 2. On meditteranen so could trade, access to Muslim world

Why did Renaissance emerge in Italy

He did not want to embarrass the royal Roman Empire Charles V, who is Anne's nephew

Why did he refuse

World contact New diseases

Why did some population decreased while most were increasing

Because he suggested taxing the first and second estates

Why did the nobles and clergy dismiss Jacques

They believed there were weapons in there but they found none

Why did the people break into Bastille

Thought witches performed magical deeds to help the devil and we're see as anti Christian

Why did they hate witches

It was on swamps, many died trying to drain it

Why was it hard to build this city

The heavens were believed to be in a fixed position to earth, and perfect

Why was this sacrilegious

Geography Diverse cultures

Why was uniting these lands hard

Who succeeds Edward I of England

William Duke of Normandy

1600 English Circulation of blood for first time

William Harvey

Who do Parliament call upon to overthrow James II

William and Mary

Archbishop of Canterbury Wanted Clergy to follow strict angelican rules

William laud

Who was a Protestant turned Catholic that strategized with the Dutch

William of Orange

1450-1750 Women and men died mostly in German stars, Swiss, french

Witch hunts

Where johann tetzel set up a pulpit and offered Christians indulgences for money for St. Peter's in Rome

Wittenberg

British social critic Women were first supposed to be good mothers, but they should be able to decide their own interests

Wollstonecraft

Naturally inferior to men, they just don't get the same educational opportunities

Wollstonecraft said that women are not..

They went from Paris to Versailles and shouted "BREAD" and wanted to see the king

Women on October 5

Would the native Americans convert

Machiavellian

Wrote "the prince"; view characterized by cunning, duplicity, and bad faith. "View that holds that the end." Ex. Nicolo Machiavellian

Who influenced John Huss

Wycliffe

Which 2 reformers first believed that the authority of the Bible is higher than that of the pope

Wycliffe and Huss

Is Henry IV tolerant

Yes (Allows one Protestant church per town outside of Paris)

Did the plague impact the economy

Yes (Artisans and merchants died)

Importance of bible and dint like elaborate church rituals

Zwingli stressed

Philanthropy

a desire to increase the well-being of humankind by charitable aid or donations

Patron

a financial supporter of the arts

University

a group of scholars

Vassal

a person who receives a fief, gives lord protection

Radical

a person with extreme ideas

Heresy

a philosophy against the church

Architecture Meant to blend beauty with utility

a social art

Machiavellian

a view characterized by cunning, duplicity, and bad faith, "the ends justify the means"

Mercantilism

acquire gold and silver, expand manufacturing, encourage commerce, own colonies, build up ships and army, favorable balance of trade

Capital

any type of an investment into something

Christendom

anywhere Christianity exists, starts to replace Roman government, lack of loyalty to state

Whigs

assassins, opposed James II

Blockade

blocking off trade

3rd Estate

bourgeoisie, urban lower class (culottes), peasant farmers (sans-culottes) 98% of population

Calculus

branch of mathematics partially developed by Newton

Unamsanctum

bull issued by Boniface VIII

The Black Death

caused by bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plagues

Investiture

ceremony of giving fief to someone

Simony

charging money for sacraments, people paying to get out of sin, buying and selling of church positions

House of Lords

clergy and nobles

1st Estate

clergy, 1% of population

Vernacular

common language of the people

Minuscule writing

concept of uppercase and lowercase letters

Burgh

contained area for specialized workers (Burghers), formed the Bourgeoisie

Bailiff

controlled local areas, specifically took care of judicial matters and collection of taxes

Free peasants

could leave manor if they wished, not as much work as serfs, could become serfs if bad harvest

Serfs

couldn't be bought, sold or traded, but we're bound to the land on which they were born, could become free peasants if they had a surplus

Gothic

design style that centered around light

Subsistence farming

farming for oneself

Philosophers

five ideas: reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty

Émigrès

fleets, border patrols were increased

Tariff

foreign tax on trade

limted monarchy

government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the Monarchs powers

oligarchy

government in which ruling power belongs to a few people

constituional government

government whose power is defined and limited by the law

Subsidies

grant of money

Pluralism

holding more than one office

Parlement of Paris

judicial branch of French government

Guillotine

killing machine with falling blade

House of Commons

knights and burgesses

Fief

land

Parliament

legislative group of England

Manorialism

living on a manor, manoral life

Crucial weapons

longbow, crossbow, pike/spear, early firearms

puritans

members of an English Protestant groups who wanted to purify the Church of England by making it more simple and morally strict

Modernity

modern nations and monarchies

Friars

monks who did not live in isolated monasteries, took a different approach to reform (includes Franciscans, Dominicans, Carmelites, Augustinians, etc.)

Habeas corpus

no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime

2nd Estate

nobles, 2% of population

Humanist/humanism/humanities

one who is concerned with the interests and welfare of human beings, a student of the liberal arts, a classical scholar

Knight

one who protects and fights

Predestination

only a select few are granted salvation

Linear perspective

parallel lines recede into the distance, they appear to get closer together or converge

Indulgence

pardon from sin, would apparently lessen the time spent in purgatory

cabinet

parliamentary advisors to the king who originally meant in a small room, or cabinet

estate

part of gov. (Law-making body not reconized)

radical

people/person with extreme ideas

Lord

person who owns a fief

Lay investiture

political rulers who don't hold spiritual authority ordaining priests

Absenteeism

presiding over too large of an area, priests not doing their jobs

Nationalism

pride and sense of identity in one's country

Jacobins

radical political party

Altarpieces

religious paintings to symbolize religious ideas, not meant to look like real people

Due process of law

required government to act fairly and in accordance with rules

english bill of rights

series of acts passed by the English parliament in 1689 that limited the rights of monarchy and ensured the superiority of parliament

Law passed in 1765 by British parliament that imposed taxes on items like newspaper and pamphlets Repealed in 1766

stamp act

Salic law

succession passes the girls

Divine right

the God-given right to rule

Illumination

the artistic decoration of books and manuscripts, brilliant colors and decorative details

Renaissance

the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of modernity; a cultural rebirth from the 14th to the middle of the 17 centuries (1350-1600)

Major Domo

the power behind the throne, acts like a mayor

Feudalism

the system of lords, fiefs, vassals, and peasants

Fresco

the technique of painting on wet plaster

Capitalist

those who invested sums of capital in business ventures

Roundheads

those who supported parliament

Royalists

those who supported the king

Exile

to be sent away or kicked out

Fronde

uprising against royal power

Law of the Pendulum

uses gravitational pull, earth's rotation, to help tell time

Missi Dominici

watches the counts and monitors them

Profits

whatever is left from the investments

Charters

when a local lord or king needs money, the people demand more freedoms in return

Interdict

when religious ceremonies of all nature were taken away from a kingdom

Manor

where most of people lived during medieval ages, small estate run by a lord

Cosmopolitan

worldly goods and views

Nobles, clergy, and others who had fled France

Émigrés

Quote by Napoleon

" I love power as a musician loves his violin"

Stuart monarchs were against parliament

"Century of revolution"

Voltaire

"Crush the infamous thing"

Weird sayings

"Erasmus laid the egg and Luther hatched the egg" "Today you are burning a goose however in 100 years from now, you will hear a swan sing"

Sir Isaac Newton

"Every particle of the universe attracts every other particle with a force varying inversely as the square of the distance between them and directly proportional to the square of their masses"

Sir Isaac Newton

"If I have seen further than others, it is becuase I have stood on the shoulders of giants"

Rousseau

"Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains" Social Contract

C Reformation

"We have been doing some thinking and we are changing"

Abbé Sieyès

"What is the 3rd estate?...everything" "What do we want?....something" "What have we done with this point?...nothing"

Counter Reformation

'We acknowledge what you say, and we will change"

Pope Gregory XI

( -1378)

Henry II

(1154-1189) he established royal circuit courts, the sovereign Rule of Precedent, and brought in the trial by peers

Edward I

(1272-1307) Son of Henry III Created parliament Asante means of getting more money. He created the House of Lords and the House of Commons to give the middle class more power. This made them more willing to pay taxes.

Bull

(1296; 1302 Unam Sanctam) Papal order that listed the monarchs as only a symbol and the pope as the one who held power

Babylonian Captivity

(1309) Clement V moves from Italy to Avignon, France for safety and security. This lasts 67 years

Black Death

(1347-1350) Started in Mongol and spread through trade, killing over 20 million people (1/3 of Europe)

Great schism

(1378-1417) Clement VII voted in as pope 13 months following Urban XI, as the latter made too many reforms.

Council of Constance

(1414-1418) denounced Wycliffe and Huss' teachings and disposed of the three popes, electing Martin V

Who was Luther summoned by in 1521

(HRE) Charles V

Scorched-earth policy

(Russians) burned the earth so there are no more resources

Lorenzo

*Lorenzo the magnificent *ruled as absolute, but looked like a republic

Philip II

*has Spain/ American colonies/ Milan/ Naples in S./ disbuted land in France/ Netherlands *Catholic and wanted to defend them (bulwark) *750,000 lbs of Gold/ 16,000 lbs of silver *built Escorial=castle for church and state {86 staircases/ 120 doors/ 84 mi of corridors}

Cosmo Medici

*prosperous man, ruled from behind the scenes (like a major domo) *C. 1430 *beautiful city of Florence & gave it its 1st Liberty

Ghiberti v. Brunelleschi

*wanted to paint the doors of Gaberta *Ghiberti won *created "Gates of Paradise" *Brunelleschi created "Santa Maria del Fiora" - largest at that time and towering over the painted doors

Luther

- "salvation by the faith along" - bible is the word of God - indulgences do nothing and God can't be bought - true Sacraments: baptism and Eucharist - bible should be in vernacular- all know and won't be fooled - most important part of service: sermon (word of God) - no superior class for saints - summoned HRE Charles V -pope Leo X excommunicates Luther

Johann Gutenberg

- 1450 - invented the printing press= info faster (social media @ the time)

Peasant farmers

- 50% in taxes; the corvée

Bacon v. Descartes

- B: experimentation; observation - D: human reasoning; think before I am (I think, I'm real) Both argued that truth is not found in the beginning

Catholic Refomation or Counter Reformation

- Catholics addressing Protestants - Ignatius Loyola--> injured in battle by cannon ball--> in bed--> thought about life-- > write book { Spiritual Excercises} - 15-20 yrs later: followers (Jesuits) (society of Jesus) - pope Paul III approves- agreed - spiritual army- unique quality ******didnt want protestism to spread; good schools

The Valois dynasty ends

- Charles IX and Henry III rule - religion and politics are linked - The guise and Philip II were friends - Guise send troops to Spain--> nationalism rules (wants to get rid of valoise even though his wife was one) -wants throne in France, but lost -Catherine dies from natural causes -Henry is mad that he was overthrown so he kills the Duke of Guise - he is murdered= no airs

Protestism spreads

- Church of England (Angelican) - Calvinism - Presbyterian

Geocentric v. Heliocentric

- Copernicus wrote book: "On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies" - Brahe got data - Kepler: takes date from Brahe; finds 3 laws of Planetary motion

Coup

- Coup d'état---> stroke of state----> to overthrow - 2nd coalition - plebiscite--> votes yes/no * ask if he should be the 1st council for life * 3.5 million said yes

Accomplishments of Louis XIV's reign

- France was largest country in euro (20 mill pop) *goods/resources/ $--> get more - ultimate military power or Euro.-> 100K-400K m. - ultimate economic power--> invent new things

Cardinal Jules Mazarin

- Louis ruled with C. J Mazarin until 23 (not kind) - France is strongest economy/ political nation - 5 yrs of frond (French word meaning slingshot)- revolt

Phillip II's attempt at marriage

- Marries Mary out of an alliance - wants to marry Elizabeth after her death who is a Protestant - says she could stay Protestant, but her people must be Christian - Elizabeth is "thinking about it" - (sea dogs) Sir Francis Drake is stealing Philip II's ships and $ - gets mad so he does what every angry boyfriend does and sends the Spanish Armada - Spanish go into English Channel and lost because of the wind - switched; made them slow while the English zoomed by and shot them down - also burned their own ships so the flame will catch on to the Spanish Armada (attach forms as a crescent)

HRE handle prostestants

- P. Charles V: war against them - Schmalkdic league: c;p v. Charles V - peace of Augsburg: prince decides belief -Catholic or Lutheranism - Charles V gives son (Philip II) Spain; brother (Fernidad HRE) Germany

Michealangelo

- Pietà - David - Moses - the day of judgement - the temptation and expulsion - flood -the creation

Raphael

- Pope Julius II - school of Athens ( R./ G style)

Calvinism spreads

- Presbyters (layman govern)- ex. John Knox (Scottish) - Huguenots- follow in France - could practice, but be careful

After reign of terror

- Robespierre was executed because he went too far - new gov. Set in place by National Convention; writes down new constitution (3rd) - 2 houses/ executive body of 5 men called the Directory - new general army--> Napoleon

War of the Spanish Succesion

- Spanish King Charles II goes thrown to Louis's 17 year old grandson-> Philip V (bourbon rules both) - Euro countries team up to get a balance; to stop them taking Spain

National convention

- abolished monarchy and renamed it a REPUBLIC

Baldassare Castiglione

- annunciation by Leonardo - book courtier - well-edu./mannered aristocrat: Renaissance man * men: edu./ smart/ athletic/ funny/ witty/ polite/ charming/ sing/ dance/ paint * women: write/ charming/ mend/ edu./ inspire poetry/ sing/ dance/ don't seek fame

Scientific Revolution

- believe science or religion? - Copernicus/ Brahe/ Kepler: studied universe

Jean Baptist Colbert

- believes in stron mercantilism--> system of a lot of things going on - granted subsidies= grant of $ {ex. Every farmer dosn't go poor cause of loss of crops} - imposed tariffs= (taxes on goods) creates good relations; > $ (tricks people to think it's cheap) * revenue generated (get $)

War with Austria

- bro of Antoinette threatened to attack *gets in French affairs/ failed *france doesn't want anyone getting in their business and get angry *imprisoned/ radicals take over and get rid of king's power - make a national convention!!! *execute Louis XVI/ Marie Antoinette *no more CONSTITUTION/ MONARCHY/ L.A

Sistine chapel

- choose pope - "Day of judgment"

Henry VIII (married 6x)

- defender of the faith Marries Catherine of Argon (Spanish)--> child named Mary--> 5 died before--> Henry wanted a boy so liked Anne Boleyn (Protestant)--> wants to divorces C. And asks clement VII--> says no (captured by Charles IV and is his niece)(if he says he'll help, never let go)--> created reformation parliament--> divorced; married--> had girl named Elizabeth--> weakened pope--> act of supremacy--> behead Boleyn cause "cheating"--> marries Jane Seymore--> baby Edward--> dies--> Mary is queen--> dies--> Elizabeth queen-->dies-->end

Reign of Terror

- everyone doesn't like Jacobins - Robespiere is called "the incorruptible" - they get rid of every trace of monarchy--> no more cards or calenders * 12 months/ 30 days with practical names--> fog with no Sundays - public Safelty: tried and executed on the same day

End of Napoleon

- exiled @ island called Elba - left/ tried to overtake gov. With army - 1815: defeated @ battle of Waterloo - treaty of Vienna--> tried to balance gov. - 1821: died of stomach aliment

Trade

- favorable balance of trade--> import/ export - internal improvements= relations with countries

Radicals take over

- feed off of each other and could cause chaos - club called Jocobins: Marat/ Danton met @ national convention - Louis XVI is sentenced to death - coalition is formed against France--> army leader Robespiere takes of reign

How improvement helped economy

- fix bridges & transportation= goods spread faster; is less money (time is money) - houses for farmers= > workers to tax - colonization in Canda- fur trade for France ($) - 100 new war ships - 20 yrs late= benefited state; Louis - revoked Edict of Nantes

How Lutheranism spread

- impact on technology - principle of proximity - popularity of message

Galileo and the Natural World

- law of pendulum: gravitational pull of earth to move - objects fall at same rate with no friction - telescope 30x nearer; 1000x larger - church forced him to recant Copernicus's ideas--> church scared

3 parts of Factions

- liberal-- get rid of monarchy (radicals) - moderates--- want laws to slow down - conservatives

Liberty/ Equality/ Fraternity

- limits monarchy--> constitutional monarchy (doc. Explains power of monarchy) - monarchy (limited and isn't absolute) has executive power to enforce laws - 83 departments (still dangerous if corrupted)- citizens elect person - Louis XVI agrees, but attempts to run away (2-faced)--> captured when a person looks at a coin with his face on it (imprisioned) - constitution is complete/ N.A steps down/ Legislative Assembly takes over

Characteristics of Renaissance art

- linear perspective - vibrant colors - detail and realism - humanism ( interaction with classics/ others) - symbolism - personal responsibility--> mark their names on work

United States

- lists all wrongs on natural rights (13 colonies) and King George - they revolt--> mass and power increases

Juan Ponce de Lion

- looked for the fountain of youth in Flordia, but didn't find it or any treasure

Louis XIV was a weak ruler

- marriage to Marie Antoinette - unpopular cause of her birth/ expensive taste -solution: tax nobles, but would have to call estates general (not interrupted for 275 yrs)

Spain's economy weakens

- more gold= more $= price increases= inflation -no more middle class fighting for power (Spain is behind; looks like Middle Ages) - old-fracturing manufacturing--> invested lots of goods

Symbolism of pope Julius II

- old: judgement errors in wars - white/red: church and papal colors - chair/ beard: power - rings: conspicuous conception; audacious pope - acorns in chair: family symbol - X on wall: papal keys

Great Fear swept France

- panic/fear over gain prices

How the 1st war ended

- pop of 20K---> 100k in army during peace; 400k during war - couldn't keep supremacy *cost him power/ $: expansion brought dept * balance of power: defense strategy where countries come together + team nation; no more French power--> French lose 3x v. Netherlands

Marat and Danton

- powerful leaders

Tennis Court Oath

- promise not to dissolve until a constitution is written

Parisians stormed Bastille

- sign: we are breaking down - Louis said O.K lets all settle and talk - called Swiss army behind their backs cause he was worried people will desert French army

Sandro botticelli

- the birth of venus

Leonardo da vinci

- the last supper - Mona lisa

Jan van eyck

- the marriage of arnolifini

Desidarius Erasmus

- wanted education and translation - told failures of the church--> inspire people to live Christian lives - "the praise of folly"-- makes fun of failures (like SNL) - attacks Julius II and Leo X - believed that sacraments/ Gospels are gateways to JC and salvation

Terms of Treaty; who won

- war lasted 13 yrs 1) Spain could rule, but neve team up with France 2) France kept distributing land * new balance of power-> Spain/France get rulers & countries could team up (Britian/ Austria/ Netheralands)

National Assembly took power

- was that each state is allowed 1 vote--> 1/2 estate over votes 3 - now: every member 1 vote (610 v. 591) - King says no - changes name to ... (patriotic) - locked out and went to popular tennis court

John Calvin

- wrote book: Institues of Christianity - believed that God already chose who went to heaven; hell (predestination) - theocracy - rules of Geneva: no playing cards/ swear/ inn after 9/ wear bright clothing= burned at stake

Niccolo Machiavellian

- wrote the prince - believed man was originally evil - end justifies the means: do whatever you can to protect your people - be feared not loved - weak people shouldn't rule - don't be hated or overthrown * be neutral - give compliments rarely so when he does people will try to be their best

What did Charles V give?

-1 empire (Germany) for his brother: Ferdinand HRE -1 empire (Spain, Brussels, Milan) for his son: Philip II

What Cardinal RIchelieu did

-1) closed off strong-hold= no more walled cites (everyone is apart of it) -2) French nobles--> no more forts and armies; no nobility -3) 30 YEAR WAR IN AUSTRIA V. HAPSBURGS

Social structure

-1st estate--> 10% of land and 2% "free" gift -2nd estate--. 2% of pop. And 20% of land -3rd estate--> 98%

William the orange (silent) (kept secrets) {with Netherlands}

-Dutch, raised a Catholic, but born Lutheran -strategic move in alkamarr--> provoked Spanish to go to low lands (below sea level)--> they flooded place --> free - divided lands into 7 provinces= United provinces of the Netherlands (not the South)(still controlled by Spain) -religious toleration

Bubonic plague

-Egg size swellings -armpits, neck, groin -Haemorrhaging -pus -5 days to live

John Wycliffe

-English clergy in 14th century -believed that people need to live like Christ and learn by bible (Sola Scriptura) -believed that God is the head of the church

Cardinal Richelieu ruled France

-Henry IV had a son named Louis XIII -when Louis XIII was King (9 yrs old) Cardinal Richelieu made decisions

Catholics v. Islam

-Lepanto (+) 200 ships v. 300 (Turks) -Don John commanded ships and won (+)= better ships; guns -Philip II was a great defender of the faith

Henry IV brought peace

-Protestant bourbon -converts to c. So people aren't mad "Paris is well worth a mess" -signs Edict of Nantes--> all county's have a church except Paris cause it is it's capital -"every peasant will have a chicken on their pot on Sunday"--> enjoy fruits of labor -murdered by a p. cause he was tolerant to c.

Dutch go republic

-United provinces of the north accepted all religions -elected governor Stadtholder -sent delegates to the States General

Scientists

-Vesalius- book: "On the Structure of the Human Body" {cure and learn more } - Newton: Gravity and math (calculus) - Boyle: building blocks of life - difference betw elements and compounds - stuff coming together; what we can't see

Septicaemia plague

-bloodstream -rash and swelling -blood vessels burst -hours to live

Cathereine de Medici

-can't rule because she is Italian -makes Charles IX kill Admiral de Coligny cause he's Protestant -kill 12,000 cause he thought he should kill all so he dosn't get caught

Jon Hus

-disciple of Wycliffe -1450 - didn't like crusade v. Naples - also no to indulgences - burned at stake cause church felt threatened

Doña Marina (Christian name) {Malinche}

-enslaved -helped Spanish (creates agency by taking opportunity

The 3 houses

-house of bourbon= Protestant -house of guise= Catholic -house of Valois= Catholic

Pneumonic plague

-infection in lungs -coughing spread -vomit blood -3 days to live

Capitalism

-makes $ *capitalist: those who invested large sums of capital in business ventures *capital: invest $ and then get profit (something for something) -get 10,000 ships for Amberdame= made of channels (live where you work) *built navies to protect ships -Florence is the #1 place to borrow; lend $ -commercial revolution

Phillip II's attempt at marriage

-marries Mary out of an alliance -wants to marry Elizabeth after her death who is a Protestant -says she could stay Protestant, but her people must be Christian -Elizabeth is "thinking about it" -(sea dogs) Sir Francis Drake is stealing Philip II's ships and $ -gets mad so he does what every angry boyfriend does and sends the Spanish Armada

Start of 30 year war

-p. Mob in Czech kingdom of Bohemia - Fernidand II was a German speaking Austrian who was c. - HRE sent troops to Bohemia--> princes feel like they need to for religious reasons

Spanish war v. Dutch Catholic war v. Protestants

-sent 20,000 soldiers under command of Duke of Alva -killed 1500 heretics and war for 10 yrs

Factions

-started (people in L.A) to sit together that had the same political ideals

Protestants; hostility in Netherlands

-wanted them out of Europe (inquisitions) -Netherlands: Phillip II sent Margaret (sis) to watch over them with $ and soldiers - she speaks Spanish while they speak Flemish and French= problem * planned to do things * gets rid of Protestants (Calvinists 1/3 of pop) *raise taxes

Errors of Napoleon

1) Continental system: blockade failed cause British was too strong/ smart to let France win the economic battle * England would eventually beat France 2) goes after Spain to beat King James of Spain 3) invaded Russia: broke treaty and many died cause of conditions * 400,2200 men-> decreased-> scorched- earth policy (starvation)-> retreated-> came back-> 10,000 men

3 laws of Planetary motion

1) Planets resolve in elliptical orbits 2) move more rapidly as it moves towards the sun 3) distance away varies in the time to revolve

Mercantilism examples

1) acquire gold/ silver= valuable for all 2) expand manufacturing= (> goods) sell eternally for $ 3) encourage commerce= (buying/ selling) move it around 4) own colonies= take resources 5) build up shipping & navy= > ships (trade); > navy (protection) 6) favorable balance of trade= export>import

Extended France's power

1) annexed directly into France (parts of Italy/Netherlands) 2) Independent by name, but still controlled(Spain/parts of Germany) 3) attached by treaties/ alliances (Russia/ Prussia/ Austria)

3 estates

1) bourgeoise 2) urban lower class- Culottes with pants above knees 3) Peasant Farmers- San-Culottes with pants below knees

Pope Paul III

1) cardinals investigate probs 2) approved Jesuits 3) council of church leaders (..of Trent) {statues could help faith} -no more of pope's interpretation of bible -council of Trent: faith and good works -bible; church tradition--> ownership; speaks to faith -indulgences/ pilgrimages/ venerations of relics--> c. Piety (good)

5 things Henry VIII did

1) closed monasteries--> no noble clergy 2) bible in vernacular 3) ok with married priests 4) head of church 5) keeps RC rituals/ doctrines

What Napoleon did

1) economic order--> bringing rights back**/ down inflation/ down prices 2) social order! Merit not family 3) religious order! Religious tolerance 4) legal order! Napoleon code

Importance of printing press

1) mass production brought corruption to the forefront of society 2) Burning images in the minds of the willing 3) more readily available to the masses, more people to be equal -people realize the church is corrupted

4 stages

1) moderate (1789-92); constitution and the Bill of Rights 2) reign of terror (1793-94) 3) reaction v. The reign of terror (1794-99) (v. The blood) 4) Napoleon (1799-1815); empire

3 parts of the Protestant reformation

1) people were mad--> birth of the "protest" 2) degrees of Protestantism 3) re-action of the Catholic Church - Catholic reformation - counter reformation

Reforming powers

1) strengthen CC 2) fight Protestants

1. Annexed 2. Ind. by name 3. Related by treaties A. Spain, Warsaw, Parts of Germany B. Dutch, Parts of Italy C. Russia, Prussia, Austria

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