Chapter 1-2 Test

If a person hears the syllable "ba" while seeing a person making the lip movements associated with the syllable "ga," they are likely to report hearing:

"da."

Steven suffers from generalized anxiety disorder. His psychiatrist is MOST likely to prescribe a:

GABA agonist.

For which correlation coefficient would the corresponding scatterplot reveal the LEAST vertical dispersion among the dots?

0.05

Which sampling procedure is MOST likely to produce a random sample?

A researcher draws 60 names from a hat that contains the names of all 300 construction workers on a job site to survey them about the job site's safety practices.

Which statement about scatterplots is TRUE?

If points are scattered randomly, one variable does not predict another.

Why do some of the side effects of L-dopa treatment for Parkinson's disease resemble some of the symptoms of schizophrenia?

L-dopa causes excess production of dopamine, thereby causing hallucinations and other thought disturbances.

Which statement concerning hemispheric specialization is FALSE?

Most right-handers process speech in the left hemisphere, and most left-handers process speech in the right hemisphere.

The MOST explicitly cognitive theory of emotion is the _____ theory.

Schachter-Singer's two-factor

In which part of the nervous system are the three types of neurons (sensory, motor, and interneurons) located?

Sensory and motor neurons are located only in the PNS. Interneurons are located only in the CNS.

During brain surgery, a neurosurgeon stimulates a patient's left somatosensory cortex. Which is MOST likely to happen?

She will report feeling a ticklish sensation in her right foot.

Which statement is true concerning the cycle of sleep stages as the night progresses?

Sleep Stage 2 gets longer, while Stages 3 and 4 disappear.

What is the difference between the neural impulses generated by neurons for very loud sounds and for soft sounds?

Soft sounds cause fewer neurons to generate impulses, and they do so less frequently than loud sounds.

Even if two variables are highly correlated, one cannot say that their relationship is one of _____. Instead, the relationship may be the result of _____.

cause-effect; a third variable

Pairing of events is to _____ conditioning as reinforcement is to _____ conditioning.

classical; operant

A cocaine user typically experiences a "crash" after experiencing the "high" because:

cocaine is a dopamine agonist that prevents reuptake, eventually causing all the available dopamine in the synapse to be depleted.

A researcher who studies why we have trouble retrieving certain types of information, while other types of information seem to "pop out" without being called to mind, is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

cognitive

Kelli's psychology professor informed the class that she conducts research on problem solving and reasoning. Kelli's psychology professor is MOST likely a proponent of the _____ perspective.

cognitive

Dr. Brand investigates errors in retrieval from long-term memory, whereas Dr. Charles examines how self-concepts differ between individualistic and collectivist cultures. Dr. Brand BEST reflects the _____ research perspective in psychology, whereas Dr. Charles BEST reflects the _____ perspective.

cognitive; sociocultural

The relationship between the four major research perspectives can BEST be described as:

complementary.

Random assignment is to _____ as random sampling is to _____

control; generalize

If Shantel is bitten simultaneously by several dozen black widow spiders, which of the following may happen as a result of the venom's action on acetylcholine?

convulsions followed by paralysis and death

A positive correlation indicates that two variables are _____ related; a negative correlation indicates that two variables are _____ related.

directly; inversely

One disadvantage of the case study method is that it:

does not provide findings that can be generalized.

Early attempts to inject dopamine into the bloodstream to treat Parkinson's disease failed because:

dopamine could not cross the blood-brain barrier.

The behavioral perspective is illustrated by:

experiments in conditioning dogs to salivate to a tone.

Phineas Gage was notable because:

following damage to his frontal lobes, his personality changed dramatically leading him to be irresponsible and impulsive.

Traveling from the front to the back of the brain, the lobes occur in _____ order, and the _____ lobe lies beneath portions of all three of these

frontal→parietal→occipital; temporal

In thinking about emotions, psychologists have:

generally agreed on the components of emotional experience, but not on how those components are put together.

Biological perspective is to _____ as cognitive perspective is to _____.

hardware; software

The biological perspective is to _____ as the cognitive perspective is to _____.

hardware; software

When comparing two normal distributions with the same mean but different standard deviations, the one with the smaller standard deviation would

have a bell shape that is narrower and taller.

Which adjective BEST describes the organization of the nervous system?

hierarchical

The endocrine glandular system is to _____ as the nervous system is to _____.

hormones; neurotransmitters

The McGurk effect illustrates:

how seeing and hearing interact

A researcher who takes the biological perspective is likely to study:

how the brain, nervous system, and other physiological mechanisms produce behavior and mental processes.

A researcher utilizing the sociocultural perspective is MOST likely to study:

how the number of bystanders influences the likelihood that someone will help in a perceived emergency.

A cognitive psychologist who studies how humans categorize information is likely to:

identify responses as either prototypical or not prototypical.

Information shown in the left visual field is processed:

in the right half of both eyes.

The biological and cognitive research perspectives of psychology emphasize _____ factors contributing to mental processes and human behavior, whereas the behavioral and sociocultural perspectives emphasize _____ factors.

internal; external

Although they were scoreless in one game, a football team averages 12 points per game in a 10-game season. But, in its highest scoring game, the team scored 76 points. The range of the scores _____ and is _____ of the distribution's variability.

is 76; not a good measure

Neurotransmitter is the _____; receptor is the _____.

key; lock

In a distribution of test scores, there are a few scores that are much lower than the others. This is an example of a _____-skewed distribution in which the mean is _____ than the median.

left; less

The mean of a severely left-skewed distribution is likely to be _____ the median.

less than

Galen has his left hemisphere removed during an early childhood surgery. Kenisha has her right hemisphere removed during an early childhood surgery. Galen is likely to lag behind others in _____, whereas Kenisha is likely to lag behind in _____.

math skills and logic; spatial perception

Surprisingly, recent research has discovered that glial cells:

may play a key role in such psychological disorders as depression and schizophrenia.

In a correlational study, two variables are _____ to determine if they are _____.

measured; related

The behavioral perspective focuses on _____, and the sociocultural perspective focuses on _____.

observable behavior only; both observable behavior and mental processes

After a stressful job interview, Ron endured a harrowing commute, battling traffic for nearly 60 minutes. Finally, Ron relaxes at home after a satisfying meal by watching a favorite television program. At this point, Ron's _____ nervous system has regained control.

parasympathetic

A hiker encounters a coiled rattlesnake. A psychologist might classify his increased heart rate and dilated pupils as the _____ components of his emotional reaction

physical

A(n) _____ effect occurs when a group of participants improves merely because they expect to improve since they are receiving a treatment. Many well-designed experiments control this effect by _____.

placebo; including a group that falsely believes it is receiving treatment

The correlation between a body area's sensitivity to touch and the size of the area of somatosensory cortex devoted to processing sensations from that area is BEST described as:

positive.

Late one night, Skye is walking home from a scary movie. Suddenly, she notices shadows moving behind her on the other side of the street. Skye's sympathetic nervous system is likely to cause her:

pupils to dilate.

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans highlight brain areas that are more active because:

radioactive glucose emits detectable positrons when it is metabolized.

Joseph LeDoux (1996, 2000) found that emotions like fear can be generated almost instantaneously, while guilt or love take longer to generate. This makes sense because:

rapid generation of fear and other basic emotions promotes the organism's survival, while rapid generation of complex emotions does not

Most developmental psychologists who study language learning:

recognize the importance of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural factors in language learning.

In a survey, questionnaires and interviews are used to gather information from a representative _____ of the relevant _____.

sample; population

Jacqueline visits her doctor and he tests her patellar reflex by striking the front of her knee with a small rubber hammer. The MOST likely neural pathway responsible for her slight leg-twitch is:

sensory neuron→motor neuron

Carla has a stroke that severely damages both Broca's and Wernicke's areas in her left hemisphere. Nevertheless, it is MOST likely that Carla will still be able to:

sing and play music.

Transmission of an impulse down a myelinated axon is MOST like:

skipping a stone across a pond

Broca's area is to _____ as Wernicke's area is to _____.

speech production; speech comprehension

When investigating memory, a researcher using the cognitive perspective is likely to study _____, while a researcher using the biological perspective is likely to study _____.

techniques that enhance memory; chemicals in the nervous system that are released when memory is successful compared to when memory fails

Unlike the behavioral perspective, the sociocultural perspective emphasizes:

the impact of other people and culture as the major determiners of behavior and mental processes.

If a student scores in the 97th percentile of a normally distributed set of scores, this means that the student's score was approximately _____ the mean.

two standard deviations above

Which is NOT a reason for researchers to use a double-blind procedure when an experiment includes a placebo group?

The double-blind procedure assures that participants do not know which group they are assigned to.

If a town with 100 residents has a mean annual income of $20,000 per person, which will change the MOST if a person who earns $200 million per year moves to town?

The mean will change the most.

_____ the nervous system, the endocrine glandular system primarily uses _____ to affect target sites.

Unlike; hormones

Which relationship between variables is described by a negative correlation?

When a bank's interest rates go down, the amount of money borrowed goes up.

Which statement is FALSE concerning the relationship between the brain and the spinal reflex?

While the brain orders the muscle movement, the movement is preprogrammed by the spinal cord so that it happens very quickly.

An eminent psychologist wrote that "we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, [and] afraid because we tremble." Based on the text's discussion, this psychologist is MOST likely:

William James.

Which statement is NOT proposed as a reason for the necessity of sleep?

Without sleep, the amygdala will become overly aroused and we will lose our ability to control riotous impulses.

The study of H. M., whose hippocampus was surgically removed at a young age, revealed his inability to form new memories. This research is BEST classified as

a case study.

A biological explanation for why a depressed mother killed her children would focus on:

a deficiency in the activity of certain chemicals in the brain.

In addressing the causes of depression, a biological psychologist is MOST likely to focus on the causes associated with:

a deficiency in the activity of certain chemicals in the nervous system.

Klüver and Bucy (1939) showed that the _____ was involved in the regulation of emotion. After surgically removing this structure, wild rhesus monkeys' behavior became _____.

amygdala; calm

Emotion is to memory as the _____ is to the _____.

amygdala; hippocampus

Which distribution is MOST likely to be right-skewed?

annual income

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of _____ that act _____.

antidepressants; agonistically on serotonin

One of the advantages of case studies as a research method is that they:

are a source of inspiration for the development of hypotheses.

Why does the normal distribution have a bell shape?

because scores near the mean are most frequent and extreme scores are rare

One who believes that environmental events condition observable conduct is taking the _____ perspective.

behavioral

If one plotted the height of every adult male in the United States on a piece of paper, one would end up with a:

bell-shaped line.

Dr. Klein studies genetic factors that influence behavior. Dr. Klein's research illustrates the _____ perspective.

biological

Dr. Simon studies how the activity of neural chemicals influences our moods. Dr. Simon's work MOST directly illustrates psychology's _____ perspective.

biological

With respect to the four major perspectives reviewed in the textbook, internal influences on behavior are to external influences on behavior as the _____ perspective is to the _____ perspective.

biological; behavioral

Which correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship between two variables?

-0.83

If a set of scores are normally distributed with a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 5, 68% of the scores will fall between:

15 and 25

If 10 job candidates take a job qualification exam and their scores are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, the mean would be _____ and the median score would be _____.

5.5; 5.5

The mean score on an intelligence test is 100, and the standard deviation is 115. The percentile rank of a score of 115 is _____ percent.

84

Which example BEST reflects the behavioral component of emotion?

After a long, hard day at school, a young child smiles when her father comes to pick her up.

Why are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists sometimes useful for treating anxiety disorders as well as epilepsy?

Both anxiety disorders and epilepsy are associated with uncontrolled brain activity. GABA helps to inhibit that activity.

Which of the following is NOT true of the primary motor and somatosensory areas?

Parts of the motor cortex are clearly associated with specific body regions while the somatosensory cortex does not have region-specific relationships.

Which statement is true of visual processing following split-brain surgery?

Pictures shown in the right visual field are processed only by the left hemisphere.

Which perspective is a clinical rather than a research perspective in psychology?

Psychoanalytic

Randy has been asleep for several hours. He has entered a sleep stage in which his breathing and heart rate speed up, his eyes move back and forth under closed eyelids, his genitals become aroused, and his brain is highly active. He has MOST likely entered _____ sleep. Stage 4Stage 2REMStage 1

REM

What is true of the mode of the following set of scores: 60, 65, 65, 80, 85, 85, and 90?

This set of scores has two modes.

Consider this set of scores: {3, 4, 4, 6, 7}. Which choice pairs a measure of central tendency with the correct value?

median - 4

When the distribution is skewed, the _____ may be a better measure of central tendency than the _____.

median; mean

If the mode in a normal distribution is 50, it is true that the median and the mean:

must also be 50.

A study in which a researcher goes into a mall to identify and record shoppers' altruistic behaviors without their knowledge is BEST classified as a(n):

naturalistic observation

Kwame is a split-brain patient. A picture of a dog is briefly shown in his left visual field. He will _____ to verbally identify the dog and he will _____ to verbally identify the dog by touch with his right hand

not be able; be able