Chapter 1 ,2,3,5, Q's:

The term Homo Sapiens, the name of our species, comes from Latin meaning:

"thinking person"

The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was:

Emile Durkheim

The language spoken by people in more nations of the world than any other is:

English

"An unverified statement of a relationship between variables" is the definition of which term?

Hypothesis

Today, most immigrants to the United States arrive from:

Latin America and Asia

The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be value free was:

Max Weber

Which of the following most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis?

People perceive the world through the cultural lens of language

Which of the following is a way in which people can mislead others with statistics?

People use graphs to "spin" the truth; People select the data they present; People interpret the data to lead their readers to a desired conclusion

Which of the following is NOT found within the American Sociological Association's guidelines for ethical research?

Researchers must always perform their research several times in order to ensure its accuracy

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called:

Values

The dominant values of U.S culture share which of the following?

a belief individuality

Imagine that you were going to measure the age of a number of respondents taking part in a survey. As you record the data, you are using the concept "age" as:

a variable

In a questionnaire the question, "Please express your opinions about the threat of terrorist attacks at home," is an example of which of the following?

an open-ended format

Sociologists define a symbol as:

anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture

Which perspective developed by the psychologists John B. Watson claims human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?

behaviorism

Making use of the sociological perspective encourages:

challenging commonly held beliefs

Jean Piaget's focus was on:

cognition: how people think and understand

Sociologists claim the main reason that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion is:

cultural inconsistency in defining this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike

Counterculture refers to:

cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together constitute a people's way of life?

culture

The practice of persons from one culture judging any other culture by its own standards is called:

ethnocentrism

Family is important to the socialization process because:

families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion; parents greatly affect a child's self-concept

To evaluate a theory, sociologists:

gather data or facts

Peter Berger described using the sociological perspective as seeing the __ in the __.

general; particular

Carol Gilligan's work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that:

girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, but it gradually decreases as they go through adolescence.

Sociology differs from earlier philosophy by focusing on:

how society actually operates

While most of today's sociologists agree with Auguste Comte that science is a crucial part of sociology, we also recognize that:

human being are partly creative and spontaneous; human behavior is often more complex than natural phenomena; no rigid "laws of society" hold everywhere and at all times

In terms of human freedom, the chapter on socialization lads to the conclusion that:

human beings can never be free of society

Sociologists cannot precisely predict any person's behavior because

humans may respond to the presence of an observer in unexpected ways; human behavior is highly complex and has many causes; social patterns that are found in one time and place may not be found in other

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of:

id

The United States is multicultural because:

in this country many ways of life can be found

C. Wright Mills pointed out that sociological awareness tends to be more widespread:

in times of crisis

According to Comte, people begin to see society as a natural--rather than a supernatural-- phenomenon as their society enters which state of development?

metaphysical stage

The largest number of nations in the world (about 90 of a total of 192) falls into which category?

middle-income nations

The sociological perspective reveals that:

much of what passes for "common sense" in the United States turns out to be at least partly wrong.

The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as":

nonmaterial culture

The social sciences, including sociology, developed based on the idea that:

nurture is human nature

Patterns of socialization vary by class; in child-rearing, lower-class parents stress__, while well to-do- parents stress__

obedience; creativity

Drawing conclusions about all of humanity based on information drawn only from males describes the problem called:

overgeneralization

When Cooley used the term "looking-glass self," he was referring to the fact that:

people see themselves as they think others see them

What is the term for a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

personality

Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individuals first use language and other cultural symbols the __ stage.

preoperational

The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of __ culture, while the fact that most adults acknowledge the importance of sexual fidelity is an example of __culture.

real; ideal

A smaller number of people used to represent an entire population is called a:

sample

Which sociological research method saves the time and expense of data gathering, but the researcher has to control over possible data bias?

secondary analysis

Mead placed the origin of the self in:

social experience

Taken together, the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie provide strong evidence that:

social experience has a crucial role in forming human personality; both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development; the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time

The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is the:

social-conflict paradigm

The theoretical paradigm in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the:

structural-functional paradigm

Which theoretical paradigm is closest to the work of early sociologist Auguste Comte and Emile Durkeim?

structural-functional paradigm

Campus poets, computer nerds, and jazz musicians all display __patterns.

subcultural

The Statement that the social world guides our actions and life choices just as the seasons influence activities and clothing describes:

the essential wisdom of the discipline of sociology

Herbert Spencer described human society as having much in common with:

the human body

What term refers to the arithmetic average of a series of numbers?

the mean

Two variables are said to display correlation if:

they vary together

A Marxist analysis of U.S culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect:

this nation's capitalist economy

According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is:

to radically alter a person's personality or behavior

Inductive logical thought involves:

transforming specific observations into general theory

In the process of measurement, reliability refers to:

whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results

In the United States today, the suicide rate is highest for which category of people noted below?

white males