ISAT 100 - exam 2

commercial energy sources

An energy source that is bought and sold. Examples of this include: - nuclear - hydraulic - renewables - electricity - energy storage - smart energy management - fossil fuels

U-238

An isotope of Uranium used in nuclear power plants. The 238 is the mass number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The 92 is the atomic number of protons in the nucleus. The U is the chemical symbol for the element.

electric resistance

a measure of how difficult it is for an electric current to flow in a material. - can also describe the LOSS of electron's current energy. - It can come from two sources including collisions with other electrons in current and collisions with other charges in material. - also depends on different aspects such as type of material, length, cross sectional area, temperature, and super conductors. - is measured in Ohm's.

direct current

an electric current that flows in one direction steadily. electrons drift slow in only one direction.

static electricity

an imbalance of electric charges, within or on the surface of a material. It doesn't move until it is acted upon by an electric current.

nuclear fission energy

comes from changes to the atom's nucleus: when the nucleus of an atom divides. This causes an explosion! (Induced fission of U235)

smart energy management

consists of..... - supply side management, smart grids, micro grids, and improving over all energy use efficiency.

amperes

electric current is measured in ____________.

volts

electric potential is measured in ________________.

insulators

examples of _____________: glass wood diamond

conductors

examples of _______________: metals graphite (carbon)

oil refineries

factories that clean oil after it is taken out of the earth. A very complex process.

3

how many AC interconnected power grids exist in the US?

energy

in order to make a phase of matter change to another (solid-----liquid or liquid----gas) you have to add __________________ to it.

electrical power

is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. It is all about the rate of doing work.

petroleum

liquid fossil fuel; oil. When it is produced it is put into barrels. it takes a lot of barrels to export it to other countries. The US is producing roughly 10 millions barrels of this a day!

alternating

our electric systems today are _____________________ current.

natural gas advantages

-ample supplies -high net energy yield -emits less CO2 and other pollutants than other fossil fuels

natural gas disadvantages

-low net energy yield for LNG -releases CO2 and other air pollutants when burned -difficult and costly to transport from one country to another

Calorie

- a measure of the energy released by the oxidation of food. - equivalent to 1000 calories - has the same value as a kilocalorie

Kinetic Molecular Theory

- based on the idea that molecules of matter are always in motion. There is a relationship between heat, temperature, and the motion and position of all molecules. - this is how we visualize internal energy within a substance

fossil fuels

- coal - petroleum - natural gas These are all examples of what commercial energy source?

electric field

- is a vector quantity that exists at every point in space. - explains how forces are acted upon in space.

electromagnetic induction

- is the production of a current, otherwise known as a voltage. - It is measured across an electrical conductor and happens in a changing magnetic field. - can be used in many applications such as in transformers, electric motors, and even generators.

electric transformer

- s a device that steps up or steps down the ac voltage, or boost/lower AC currents and voltages. - it has two parts- a primary or input coil and a secondary or output coil. Both coils are often wound on a single iron core but are always fully insulated from each other.

uranium

- this is a naturally occurring radioactive metal. - it is used almost exclusively for commercial electric power production. - it is NOT a renewable energy source. - it is an ALTERNATIVE energy source. There is a finite amount of this on our plant... once we use it all, its gone.

global electrification

- this will reduce the environmental impact of energy production - it will allow for increased use of renewable energy - it will facilitate affordable energy for more people.

parallel circuit

- All negative terminals connected; all positive terminals connected - Resultant voltage determined by the largest cell voltage

Energy Form Conversions

- Energy may be converted from one form to another. - transfer of heat by doing work. - Conversion is inefficient because some energy is "lost" as heat

international energy agency

- IEA - tries to look into the future to see what is going on with energy efficiency - says that global energy demands are growing - we are getting more clean energy options - we must do more to save energy!

series circuit

- Negative terminal of one cell connected to the positive terminal of another cell - Total voltage is the sum of single cell voltages - Single current pathway

electric potential difference

- The change in potential energy per unit charge in an electric field. - it is related to work involved in positioning charges. - it is important in producing forces and moving charges - to measure this, we use volts (v)

smart grid

- Two way communication going on all the time that balances the use of electricity. - You can control the production and consumption and allows for us to have a greater reliability and efficiency

Nikola Tesla

- Worked in Edison's lab - Disagreed with Edison on the approach - Left the lab and partnered - with westing house - They established first large alternating current grid

radiation

Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves (the sun) or particles. -The vacuum (space) eliminates the conduction and convection. - it is usually associated with electromagnetic waves. - think of a thermos

liquid

A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume. It has constituent molecules

alternating current

A flow of electric charge that regularly reverses its direction. electrons are drifting back and forth with no net change in position.

Solid

A form of matter that has a definite shape and volume. It has a rigid 3D structure. Atoms and molecules are bonded in one place, which only allow the molecules to vibrate in ONE place.

Gas

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume. The molecules are mostly NOT in contact, they are allowed to vibrate, rotate and transition on mostly free random paths.

semiconductor

A substance that can conduct electricity under some conditions. A chip, an LED, and a transistor are all made from this material.

watt

A measure of power equal to one joule of work per second.

renewable energy

A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans. examples include: - biomass - biofuels - wind - solar - geothermal

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

first law of thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. - it can change form, but the total amount of energy always stays the same. - shows us how heat engines work.

Liquified Natural Gas

this is a treated natural gas that is turned into a liquid, making it easier to transport. It can be used in the power sector. It s also used in large industries for heat generation.

geothermal energy

Energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth. - this is becoming more widely used.

Biofuels

Fuels, such as ethanol or methanol, that are created from the fermentation of plants or plant products.

65%

How much of the primary energy used to produce electricity in the US in 2016 was wasted?

electricity

this is sometimes considered a commercial energy source; however it is really NOT! it is actually an ENERGY TRANSPORT MECHANISM.

Coulomb's Law

this is the law that said there is a relationship giving force between two charges.

cooling

this is the process of decreasing internal energy

heating

this is the process of increasing internal energy

demand-side management

Managing how and when consumers use electricity. It could take electricity from peak load and move it to areas where you aren't using it as much.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles

Biomass

total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level. Examples of this include wood, grass, animal waste. It can be burned to yield energy.

Protons

Positively charged particles

thermal energy

The total energy of motion in the molecules of a substance. ex: think about the spoon example in class (with the plastic handle and the metal spoon part)

Convection

The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid or gas (when molecules are free to move, the hot molecules are being displaced.)

Kelvin

The SI base unit of temperature. It is based on an absolute scale, 0 kelvin is as cold as something can possibly get.

electric current

The continuous flow of electric charges through a material. It can take form of a sudden discharge of static electricity. - an example of this is a lightning bolt. - it can also be a more controlled form of electricity and can come from generators, batteries, and solar cells. - it is measured in amperes.

Conduction

The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching. This usually occurs with solids (when molecules are fixed in place.)

Magnetism

The force of attraction or repulsion of magnetic materials. - in this case, it is one aspect of the combined electromagnetic force. - refers to the physical phenomena arising from the force caused by magnets. - electric currents and the magnetic moments of particles gives rise to a magnetic field.

Thermodynamics

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. The relationship between heat and kinetic energy (work).

Celsius

The temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees. It is what the rest of the world uses to measure temperature (a relative scale)

BTU

This stands for British thermal unit. It measures the energy that is needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water to 1 degree Fahrenheit.

Ohm's Law

V=IR - this law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across two points. - This introduces the constant of proportionality, otherwise known as resistance. - the I is the current that goes through the conductor and the V is the voltage measured across the conductor. - this law describes the relation between conductivity and the variety of conductive materials over many magnitudes of current.

heat pump

a device that uses work to transfer thermal energy from a colder area to a warmer area.

evaporating

a heat pump and a refrigerator are able to move heat from a cooler region to a warmer region by _______________________ a refrigerant to cool an area and then condensing the refrigerant elsewhere.

work

a kWh is a unit of.....

heat

______________ is a measure of internal energy that has been transferred from one body to another

electric

_________________ and magnetic fields interact and and produce forces. This creates electricity

latent

_________________ heat is released by molecules of water during the vapor to liquid (condensation) phase change. - it doesn't change the temperature. - it changes the substance, without changing the temperature.

temperature

___________________ is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance. ex: if you are heating water, the kinetic energy is going up.

LEED

this acronym stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. - This system helps buildings and its entities become greener and more sustainable and promotes a better environment all around. I

ions

positively and negatively charged atoms. it is an a tom with an unbalanced electrical charge

hydraulic energy

related to the movement and force of liquid. It can be used traditionally and in many new technologies. It can also be used for hydro- kinetic purposes, such as hydropower.

syngas

synthetic gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, obtained by coal gasification. This can be reacted and burn like a jet fuel to turn a gas through the turbine. The heat coming off from gasification can be used to make steam.

Farenheit

temperature scale on which water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees. it is part of the British imperial system (which is what we use). (a relative scale)

kilocalorie (kcal)

the energy needed to raise the temper of 1 kg of water, 1 degree celsius.

calorie (cal)

the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water, 1 degree celsius.

nuclear energy

the energy stored in atomic nuclei. It can be large scale, small scale modular, and generation IV.

specific heat

the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one degree). Keep in mind that different materials require different amounts of heat to the produce temperature change.

internal energy

the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all molecules in the object. It is the measure of energy that has been absorbed by or transferred from an object.

radiation

the vacuum in a double walled vacuum bottle allows heat only by........

electrical work

the work done on a charged particle by an electric field.

heat pump

there are 3 forms of geothermal use: 1. natural steam 2. recycled water 3. _____________ _____________

Calorie

used by nutritionists to describe the energy content of food.

clean coal technology

using high power generation efficiency through the gasification of coal.

magnetic

what causes an electron to move toward one end of a wire when the wire is moved across a magnetic field? - electrons have ______________ fields that interact with an external magnetic field.

back and forth

what is the difference between AC and DC current? Electrons in DC move in one direction, but in AC the electrons move ___________ _________ __________.

Little Boy

what is the name of the nuclear bomb that was dropped in Hiroshima? hint: it was a nuclear bomb with uranium

Radiation

what is the only form of heat transfer that occur in a heat vacuum?

Fat Boy

what nuclear bomb was dropped in Nagasaki? hint: it was a nuclear bomb with plutonium

middle east

what parts of the world will experience the greatest energy consumption increases over the next 20 years? Asia, Europe and Eurasia, and the __________ __________.

liquid and gas

what phases of matter allow molecules to move?

convection

what type of energy transfer can happen in both the liquid and gas phase?

OECD

where is growth in commercial energy occurring? in countries that are not part of the _______________.

US green building council

who runs the LEED program?

Tesla

who's design won for commercial electrical grids?

reduced

why do electricity companies increase the voltage for long distance electric transmission? - energy loss is reduced since the current is lower - energy loss during transmission is ____________________ by stepping up the voltage