Chapter 1 & 2

deception

_________ must not influence a subject's decision to take part in the research (if they knew what was really happening)

scientific mentality; Whitehead

"Behavior must follow a natural order; therefore, it can be predicted." -Alfred North _________

confederate

an accomplice in an experiment

process

an activity that includes the systematic ways in which we go about gathering data, noting relationships, and offering explanations (of science)

within-subjects design

an experimental design in which all treatments are presented to each subject; the effect of each treatment after it is presented is measured; allows us to ascertain whether different treatments produced different effects; often problematic

between-subjects design

an experimental design in which subjects receive only one kid of treatment

theory

an interim (serving during an intermediate interval of time) explanation that is devised and tested; they pull together or unify diverse sets of scientific facts into an organizing scheme, such as a general principle or set of rules, that can be used to predict new examples of behavior

beneficence

an obligation to minimize risk of harm and maximize possible benefits to individuals (as well as society); the Stanford Prison experiment illustrated this principle

weight-of-evidence

approach that says that the more evidence that accumulates to support a particular explanation or theory, the more confidence we have that the theory is correct

equivalent

as similar as possible

peer review

assessing the merit of an article submission

random assignment

assigning subjects to different treatment conditions to avoid the possibility that subjects in one condition may be systematically different from subjects in another even before the treatments are presented

good thinking

being open to new ideas even when they contradict our prior beliefs or attitudes

control

the application of what has been learned about behavior. once a behavior has been explained through experimentation, it may be possible to use that knowledge to effect change or improve behavior; rarely the intent of experimentation

phrenology

the assessment of traits and dispositions by measuring the size and location of bumps on the skull

measurement

the assignment of numerical values to objects o events or their characteristics according to conventional rules

mesmerism

the belief that fluids in the body ebbed (receded) and flowed by magnetic principles and that both physical and mental illness could be cured by realigning these fluids using magnets, electrodes, or hands passed across the patients body.

determinism

the belief that there are specifiable (although not necessarily simple or obvious) causes for the way people behave and that these causes can be discovered through research

prediction

the capacity for knowing in advance when certain behaviors would be expected to occur because we have identified other conditions with which the behaviors are linked or associated

sufficient

the cause-and-effect relationships established through scientific research commonly involve identifying __________ conditions.

antecedents

the circumstances that come before the event or behavior that we want to explain

data

the facts and figures gathered in research studies

animal welfare

the human care and treatment of animals

animal rights

the idea that all sensate species, particularly those that feel pain, are of equal value and have equal rights

observed

the key to studying internal processes is defining them as events that can be ___________

commonsense psychology

the kind of everyday, nonscientific data gathering that shapes our expectations and beliefs and directs our behavior toward others

fear of Friday the 13th

the only superstition that has produced any supportive scientific documentation

methodology

the scientific techniques used to collect and evaluate psychological data

mental philosophy

the study of consciousness and mental processes; based on the premise that the human mind begins as a blank slate, gaining knowledge of the world through sensory experiences; people who studied this did not use the scientific method

observation

the systematic noting and recording of events

physiognomy

the use of facial features, particularly the appearance of the eyes, nose, chin, and forehead, to evaluate traits, mental capacity, and skills.

knowledge

the word science comes from the word "scientia", which simply means ________

plagiarism

to represent someone else's ideas, words, or written work as your own

explanation

understanding what causes something to occur; includes knowledge of the conditions that reliably reproduce the occurrence of a behavior

Association for Psychological Science

what APS stands for

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

what HIPAA stands for

content

what we know, such as what learn in our courses (of science)

risk/benefit analyis

when IRB determines whether any risks to a subject are outweighed by potential benefits or the importance of the knowledge to be gained

laws

when principles have generality to apply to all situations

fraud

when researchers publish false data

rape myth

women really want to be raped and men would still do it if they knew they could get away with it

ethics; Nuremberg

After WWII, _______ came to the forefront after discoveries of brutal experiments conducted on Jewish concentration camp prisoners by about 200 Nazi doctors. After this, a code of ethical standards for scientific research was created, called ________War Crimes Trials

sources; inferential

As commonsense psychologists, we find that our ability to gather data in a systematic and impartial way is constrained by two very important facts: the _______ of our psychological information and our _______ strategies.

paralysis; breathing

Campbell, Sanderson, and Laverty used a drug (scoline) to induce temporary _________ and cessation of ________ in their subjects.

nonverbal behavior

Even though people tend to be more accurate about the traits of others they know well, perceivers can be remarkably accurate about the personality of strangers when they are able to observe even thin slices of _______________.

traits; situations

For decades, psychologists have debated whether _____ or _______ are better predictors of behavior.

Belmont; persons; beneficence; justice

In 1979, the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare issued the ________ Report, a statement of government policy on research involving human subjects. This contains 3 basic ethical principles: respect for _______, _______, and _______.

traits

One of the first and most important kinds of data we collect about others comes in the form of _____ we assign to them.

probabilities; certainties

Our inferences about cause-and-effect relationships are stated in the form of ___________, never _____________.

Rosenthal; time; inaccurate; finite

Psychologist Robert ____________ has given 3 important reasons why poorly designed research can be unethical: 1) Students', teachers', and administrators' ______ will be taken from potentially more beneficial education experiences. 2) Poorly designed research can lead to unwarranted and ___________ conclusions that may be damaging to the society that directly or indirectly pays for the research. 3) Allocating time and money to poor-quality science will keep those _________ resources from better-quality science.

1800; William Wundt

Psychology as an experimental science did not emerge until the late ____'s. _______________ is generally depicted with being the first experimental psychologist.

Aristotle

Whitehead traced the beginnings of modern science to the works of the Greek philosopher, ________.

G. Stanley Hall

William Wundt's student that went on to open the first psychology laboratory in the U.S. in 1883 in John Hopkins University

institutional review board (IRB)

a committee that evaluates proposed studies before they are conducted.

psychology experiment

a controlled procedure in which at least TWO different treatment conditions are applied to subjects

risk

a subject who is at ______ is one who is more likely to be harmed in some by by participating in the research

description

a systematic and unbiased account of the observed characteristics or behaviors; the initial step towards understanding any phenomenon

hypothesis

a testable prediction

temporal

a type of a cause-and-effect relationship established through experiments (time difference occurs); most looked for in cause-and-effect relationships

logical

a type of cause-and-effect relationship based on reasoning

spatial

a type of cause-and-effect relationship specified how some object is located in relation to some reference object

pseudoscience

characterizes any field of study that gives the appearance of being scientific but has no true scientific basis and has not been confirmed using the scientific method (e.g., phrenology, physiognomy, mesmerism, spiritualism)

assent

consent obtained from those cognitively impaired or minor children ages 7 and above

empirical

data that is observable or experienced

online

deception experiments probably should not be conducted _______

correlational

design where researchers look for a statistical relationship between different events, behaviors, or experiences

quasi-experimental

design where researchers look for systematic differences among groups of people and use results to make predictions

parsimony

entities should not be multiplied without necessity; based on simplicity, precision, and clarity of thought; avoiding to make unnecessary assumptions to support an argument or explanation; when 2 explanations are equally defensible, the simplest explanation is preferred until it is ruled out by conflicting data (aka Occam's razor)

debriefing

explaining the true nature and purpose of the study

justice

fairness in both the burdens and benefits of research

amoral

from a scientific viewpoint, neither moral nor moral; they just happen to exist

respect for persons

maintains that every human being is an autonomous person with the right to make his or own decisions about research

informed consent

notion that the subject agrees to participate after having been fully informed about the nature of the study (must give this freely; can drop out of experiment at any time; and must be given full explanation of procedures; risks and benefits must be made known; confidentiality; researchers are always liable); this should be obtained in writing and subjects should be given a copy

confirmation bias

once we believe we know something, we tend to overlook instances that might disconfirm our beliefs, and we seek, instead confirmatory instances on behavior

overconfidence bias

our predictions, guesses, and explanations tend to feel much more correct than they actually are. the more data we have available (accurate or not), the more confidence we have in our judgements about behavior. compounding inferential shortcomings

testable

predictions must be this in order to do an experiment. 1) must have procedures for manipulating setting 2) predicted outcome must be observable 3) must be able to measure outcome

experimentation

process undertaken to test a hypothesis that particular behavioral events will occur reliably in certain, specificable situations; must have testable predictions; must be objective

behavior

psychology is the science of _______

spiritualism

purported (intended) contact with ghosts and spirits of the dead

replication

repeating procedures and getting the same results, that is, if data is gathered objectively and good thinking was followed; this is more common in the physical, rather than behavioral sciences

phenomenology

reporting our own thoughts and feelings

subjects

research participants

applied research

research that is designed to solve real-world problems

basic research

research that is designed to test theories or to explain psychological phenomena in humans and animals

institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)

review board that evaluates animal research before it can be conducted; must include a veterinarian

minimal risk

risk that is no greater in probability and severity than that ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of the routine physical or psychological examinations or tests (observations not under a lab setting fall under this)

content; process

science has two meanings: _______ & _______

treatments

specific sets of antecedent conditions; does not mean we actively have to do something to subject; viewing subjects differently when exposed to difference sets of antecedents