Chapter 1

8 bits =

1 byte

1 Kilobit =

1,000 (1 thousand) bits

1 Kilobyte (K) =

1,000 (1 thousand) bytes

1 Megabit =

1,000,000 (1 million) bits

1 Megabyte (M) =

1,000,000 (1 million) bytes

1 Gigabyte (G) =

1,000,000,000 (1 billion) bytes

1 Terabyte (T) =

1,000,000,000,000 (1 trillion) bytes

1 Petabyte (P) =

1,000,000,000,000,000 (1 quadrillion) bytes

Humans count using ____________________________________________________________________.

10 digits (i.e. the base 10 number system)

Client

A computer (or device) that requests services from a server

Server

A computer that provides services to and/or share resources with client computers over a network

Computer

A programmable (usually electronic) machine that converts raw data into useful information.

Embedded Computer

A specialized computer that is part of another device; Gasoline pumps, microwave ovens, traffic lights, etc.

binary number system

A system with two numeric values of 0 and 1, which are also referred to as off or on.

Grace Hopper

Accidentally coined the term "computer bug"; Created first compilers

What is a compact desktop computer with an integrated monitor and system unit?

All-in-one

Virtual Reality (VR)

An artificial world that consists of images and sounds created by a computer and that is affected by the actions of a person who is experiencing it

Augmented Reality

An overlay of virtual content on the physical world; The virtual content does not interact with the physical world

__________________ is an overlay of virtual content on the physical world.

Augmented reality

Fourth Generation (1970s)

Basically an extension to the third generation; Microprocessor: a complex integrated circuit that contains processing circuitry; First microprocessors developed were as powerful as the ENIAC; Central Processing Unit (CPU): The main microprocessor in a computer; Faster, smaller, more reliable, and cheaper than Third Generation computers

Midrange Computers / Minicomputers

Computers that are larger, more powerful, and more expensive than desktop computers but smaller, less powerful, and less expensive than mainframe computers; Can have dozens or hundreds of concurrent users; Primarily used by medium-sized companies; As high-end desktops have become more powerful, fewer companies are using midrange computers

Ada Lovelace

Created programs (on punched cards for Analytical Engine); Considered to be the first programmer

Charles Babbage

Designed the Analytical Engine, a mechanical computer; Had all the basic components of modern day computers; Never completed... technology of the time was too limited

ASCII / Extended ASCII

Developed for English, later expanded for similar "Romance" languages; Uses 8 bits (1 byte) for each character; Cannot be used to represent characters from other languages

Unicode

Developed in early 1990's to handle other languages; Uses 16 bits (2 bytes) for each character (instead of 8 bits / 1 byte); Can be used to represent characters from (almost) all languages; Has been universally adopted

Distributed Computing

Distributes the processing of a task across a group of computers; With distributing computing, a group of less powerful computers can often perform same tasks as more powerful (and more expensive) computers

___________ is the study of the relationship between workers and their workspaces.

Ergonomics

ASCII contains codes for most of the languages in use today.

False

Bioinformatics allows you to design a workspace for your comfort and health.

False

Moore's Law states that the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit will doubly roughly every 18 years.

False

The idea that computers are all around us is called convergence.

False

Third-generation computers used transistors.

False

Supercomputers

Fastest, most expensive computers in the world; Can be a single computer or a group of computers that work together; Perform complex mathematical calculations, such as those used in weather forecasting and medical research; Usually found in major universities and research institutes; Speeds normally measured in petaflops - 1 petaflop = one thousand million million (1015) floating-point operations per second

Alan Turing

Father of AI (Artificial Intelligence); Turing Test; Helped break Nazi communication codes during World War 2

Desktop Computers

Fits into a workspace, such as a desk; Not portable; Offer most speed, power, and upgradability for lowest cost; All-In-One: integrated monitor and system unit

Volunteer Computing

Form of distributed computing that uses computers from around the world

Grid Computing

Form of distributed computing using a group of computers in one location

Client / Server Computing

Forms the basis of how networking and the Internet works

Steve Jobs

Founded Apple

Bill Gates

Founded Microsoft

________________ consists of 24 satellites that transmit signals to determine the receiver's current location, time, and velocity through triangulation of the signals.

GPS

Mixed Reality

Holograms you can interact with in the real world

Netbook Computers

Inexpensive notebook computer; Not very powerful; Mainly used for Internet access; Have largely been replaced by tablets

Joseph Marie Jacquard

Jacquard Loom; Punched cards; One of the first programmable machines

Mainframe Computers / Enterprise Servers

Large, very fast computers primarily used by large organizations for critical applications and bulk data processing; Can have thousands of concurrent users

Personal Computer Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows; Mac OSX; Linux (Chromebooks)

Mobile Devices

Portable, handheld computers used for business and entertainment; Fastest growing segment of computers (in terms of sales); Smartphones; Wearables (Apple Watch); Tablets

Notebook (Laptop) Computers

Portable; Can be as powerful as desktop computers, but will be more expensive; Convertible notebook; Two-in-one notebook

Moore's Law

Prediction made in 1965 by Gordon Moore (co-founded Intel); Said that the number of transistors that could be placed on a computer chip would double every 2 years for at least a decade; Actual pace was closer to every 18 months; Pace actually held up until roughly 2016 (about 50 years), not just a decade; More transistors on a chip --> faster and more powerful the chip is

Information Processing Cycle

Process that converts data into information

Subnotebook Computers

Smaller and lighter than notebook computers; As powerful as desktop and notebook computers, but even more expensive

Bit (binary digit)

Smallest unit of digital data; Basically equates to a single transistor on a computer chip; Can have only 2 values (1 or 0)

Ergonomics

Study of the relationship between workers and their workspaces

______________ perform complex mathematical calculations, such as those used in weather forecasting and medical research.

Supercomputers

Multiuser Computers

Systems that allow multiple simultaneous users to connect to them; Advantages include centralized resources and security; Much more powerful than personal computers

Ubiquitous Computing

Technology that recedes into the background and becomes part of the environment; Also known as invisible computing; Is all around us but has become so commonplace we do not notice

Internet of Things (IoT)

The connection of the physical world to the Internet; Devices located, monitored, and controlled by embedded computers; Example: Smart homes

Convergence

The integration of different technologies onto multifunction devices; One device can replace multiple devices; Most common example: smartphones

Inside a computer, a transistor can either hold ________________________________.

electricity (1) or not (0)

UNIVAC

first commercially available computer, famously predicted outcome of 1952 presidential election

ENIAC

first working digital, general-purpose electronic computer

Unlike other machines, most computers are ____________________________________ machines, meaning they can be programmed to do different things.

general-purpose

Storage Capacities

how much disk space one or more storage devices provides. It measures how much data a computer system may contain

Output

information returned to the user

Storage

information stored for later retrieval

If one computer sends data to another computer using a different binary code, it will not be understood unless _________________________________.

it is translated

A ______________ is a complex integrated circuit that contains processing circuitry.

microprocessor

All data entered into a computer must be converted into bits (binary digits), some examples of bits include ___________________________________________.

numbers (integers and floating point), characters, images, audio, and video

Input

raw data entered

Processing

raw data manipulated to create useful information

A(n) _______________________ is an example of convergence.

smartphone

Single bit not very useful (only 2 values), but can use a _____________________ to represent more values.

string of bits

Bits used to measure ___________________________________________________________________.

transfer rates (such as an Internet connection)

Second-generation computers used _____________ to process data.

transistors

Computers use _______________________________________, which allow for only ______ possible values (i.e. digits)

transistors and switches; 2

To represent characters, each symbol (letter, digit, punctuation mark, etc.) needs to be given a _________________ sequence of bits

unique

Byte

unit of measurement that equals 8 bits

Using a standard ____________________ code like Unicode is critical for communication

binary

All-in-one is a type of desktop computer.

True

Computers convert data into information using the information processing cycle.

True

Today's computers use microprocessors.

True

Users connect to servers via clients.

True

Volunteer computing projects harness the idle processing power of hundreds or thousands of personal computers.

True

The _____________ is a measure of a computer's ability to display intelligent behavior.

Turing test

What is the binary code that can represent most currently used language characters and is the standard used on the Internet?

Unicode

Third Generation (1960s)

Used integrated circuits (computer chips) that contain large numbers of transistors to process data; Faster, smaller, more reliable, and cheaper than Second Generation computers

Second Generation (1950s)

Used transistors to process data; Faster, smaller, more reliable, and cheaper than First Generation computers

First Generation (1940s)

Used vacuum tubes to store and process data; Were massive in size; Not reliable; Programming done by manipulating switches (took days)