Chapter 1, Chapter 3 cells, Chapter 4 tissues, Chapter 5 integument, Chapter 2, AP 5 Integumentary System Part 3- Accessory Structures, Anatomy and Physiology I- Chapter 5 learnsmart, 3.2b Classification of Chemical Reactions, Chapter 3 Energy, Chemi...
For a chemical reaction that involves simple chemical structures bonded together into a more complex molecule, choose the more accurate term in each pair that best describes this type of chemical reaction: (a) Synthesis or decomposition reaction; (b) Exergonic or endergonic reaction; (C) collective term for this type of reaction (catabolism or anabolism).
(a) synthesis, (B) endergonic, (c) anabolism.
which of the following statements is correct
*the Krebs *during the Krebs *the energy ALL ARE CORRECT*************
changes in chemical structure & energy, reversibilty or irreversibility
...
An atom with a valence of three may have a total of blank electrons
13
And Adam with a balance of three may have a total of
13 electrons
glycolysis
2 ATP, 2 NADH
citric acid cycle
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
intermediate stage
2 NADH
The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom
2,8,1
Average body temperature is-?- degrees centigrade
37
What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol and neutral fats
3:1
A Mistry Adam has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell
7
A mystery Adam has the atomic number of 74 which means it would have which of the following
74 protons
The composition of eccrine glands secretions is
99% water, NaCl, trace amounts of Waste and vitamin C
The composition of Eccrine glands secretions is
99% water, and NaCl, trace amounts of waste and vitamin C
Which of these describes the plasma membrane
A complex phospholipid Byler containing cholesterol and proteins that surrounds the cell
In general, the lipids that we referred to as oil's have
A high degree of saturation
Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens
A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material
What is a dipole
A polar molecule
What is the Dipole
A polar molecule
What is a chain of more than 50 amino acids called
A polypeptide
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains
A relatively stable internal environment, within certain limits
A gene can best be defined as
A segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide
Choose the answer that best describes fibrous proteins
A very stable and insoluble in water
What molecule is formed from exergonic reactions and used as the energy currency for endergonic reactions and other energy-requiring processes in the cell?
ATP
Melanocytes in keratinocytes work together to protect the body from UV damage. The keratinocytes
Accumulate melanin granules produced by melanocytes and the granules remain in the keratinocytes after they die, providing UV protection
Which of the following is NOT A roll of molecular chaperonins
Act as a platform for assembling primary protein structure
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Active at puberty - composed of coiled tubular glands, usually open into hair follicles superficial to opening of sebaceous gland found in axilla, genitalia (external labia, scrotum), around anus and poss produce pheromones
Which of the following disorders may cause the skin to appear tanned, not yellow
Addison's disease
If mature Adiopocytes rarely divide, how do adults become obese
Adiopocytes contain a vacuole that can dramatically fill with lipid making the cells increase in size. It can also shrink
Synthesis reaction (example)
Amino acids -> Dipeptide
Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane
Any cut along a sagittal plane that is not the midline cut
Because the lipid Byler is very Impermeable to water, the membrane has transmembrane proteins called...blank...to allow water to enter or exit the cell
Aquaporins
The tissue that forms the framework from the lamina propria of mucous membranes is
Areolar connective tissue
Hair Muscles
Arrector pili (smooth muscle) contract causing hair to "stand on end". Skin pushed up by movement of hair follicle
The anatomical position is used
As a standard reference point for directional terms, regardless of the actual position of the body
Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin
As the keratinocytes begin to die in the stratum granulosum awesome, they secrete lamellar granules which contain a water resistant glycolipid
Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex
Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs
Exchange reaction (definition)
Atoms, molecule, ions, or electrons are exchanged between two chemical structures; AB + C -> A + BC
Millions of dollars are spent on deodorant and antiperspirant each year. Sweat is mostly water and when secreted is odorless, so what causes body order
Bacteria breakdown lipids and proteins and apocrine secretions
A splinter penetrated into the skin of the soul of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured
Basale
All epithelia rest upon a---blank---produced by cells of the underlying connective tissue and the acts to adhere the epithelia to the connective tissue
Basement membrane
----?----have a bitter taste, feel slippery and are proton acceptors
Basis
Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue
Blast cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells
Which of the following is an example of suspension
Blood
Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is found in bone
Blood vessels
What happens in redox reactions
Both decomposition and electron change occur
The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following
Brain
In the body, HCO3 is a weak base with a very important use in the body, it is used as
Buffer
The secretion of sebum, from sebaceous glands, is stimulated
By hormones, especially androgens
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss
By using the rule of nines
Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule
CH4
Reversible reaction (example)
CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> (H+) + H(CO3)-
Cardiac muscle tissue is Uni nucleated, has intercalated discs, is branched and is---blank---
Capable of auto depolarization
The four elements that make up about 96% of the body matter are
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular physiology
Tissue necrosis factor alpha is a cytokine that activates cysteine-dependent aspartrate-directed proteases, which are also known as executioner proteins for their role in apoptosis. This family of enzymes is known by the acronym
Caspases
Electron microscope has revealed a pinwheel array of nine triplets of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube within cells. The structure is called
Centriole
Which glands produce ear wax
Cerminous glands
Which glands produce your wax
Ceruminous glands
The term that describes the NECK region is
Cervical
What three criteria that classify chemical reactions?
Changes in chemical structure, changes in chemical energy, and whether it is irreversible or reversible.
Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn proteins on or off in response to
Changes in the environment
Stress proteins are a type of protein called
Chaperones
Which statement best describes connective tissue
Characterized by the matrix, which may be extensive
Exergonic reations (definition)
Chemical reaction in which chemical energy is released.
Endergonic reactions (definition)
Chemical reaction that requires the input of energy.
Which of these cell types is not found in areolar connective tissue
Chondrocytes
Which of these cell types is not found in areole or connective tissue
Chondrocytes
The fiber type that gives connected tissue great tensile strength is
Collagen
The single most abundant protein in the body is
Collagen
The reason intervertebral disks exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess
Collagen fibers
You notice that you cannot read your book through a test tube of patient fluid held against the print, making it so blurred as to be unreadable. There is no percipient in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days in a rack. What type of liquid is this
Colloid
Peroxisomes
Contain enzymes capable of detoxifying substances
Mitochondria
Contain some of the DNA and RNA necessary for their own function
ATP Cycling (definition)
Continuous formation and breakdown of ATP
If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the
Control center
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order
Corn rum, granulosum, spinosum and basale
What is the regional term for the hip region
Coxal
Seborrhea in infants is also known as
Cradle cap
Exchange reaction (example)
Creatine phosphate + ADP -> Creatine + ATP
Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as second messengers
Cyclic AMP And calcium maybe second messengers
If mitosis is the division of the nucleus, then--- blank ---is the division of the remaining cytoplasmic mass into two cells
Cytokinesis
Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is NOT correctly matched
Cytology: Study of structures in a particular region
Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, D, G, and C bases
Which of the following would NOT be a functional characteristics of life
Decay
AB --> A+B (type of reaction)
Decomposition reaction
Exergonice reactions (example)
Decomposition reactions; glucose to carbon dioxide and water.
Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched
Dendritic cells-immunity
The absorptive cells of the digestive track are simple columnar epithelium that has which characteristic
Dense microvilli
The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called
Dermal papillae
Which type of so Junction asked anchor cells and distribute tension to reduce the chance of tearing when a group of cells are subjected to shear forces, mechanical stress
Desmosomes
An oblique cut through a specimen is a cut that runs
Diagonally between vertical and horizontal planes
Sucrose is a
Disaccharide
Which term means toward, or at the back of the body, as in, behind
Dorsal
The body cavities that protect the nervous system are located in the
Dorsal cavity
Which of the following is not a contrasting feature between epithelial tissue and connected tissue? That is, these tissues her office in many ways, but which choice is untrue
ET consists of loosely spaced cells, while CT cells are tightly packed
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are those two types
Eccrine and appocrine
The shape of the external ear is maintained by
Elastic cartilage
Which type of energy is represented by the flow of charged particles along the conductor and by the flow of ions across the membrane
Electrical
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ---blank--- connective tissue
Embryonic
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducks, are classified as
Endictrine
Which of the following organelles plays a role in steroid based hormone and protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum
Arteries, veins, and then FedEx keep clots from sticking as long as their ----blank--- is intact and healthy
Endothelium
Which of the following is true about epithelia
Endothelium provide to slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs
Which of the following is true about epithelia
Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs
---?---- can only be measured by its effects on matter
Energy
Caveolae are closely associated with all of the following except
Enzymes involved in cell metabolism
Which statement about enzymes is FALSE
Enzymes must contact their substrate to be activated
Which statement about enzymes is false
Enzymes must contact their substrate to be activated
Which of the following does NOTdescribe enzymes
Enzymes work by raising the energy of activation
Most human cancers are carcinoma or adenocarcinomas. Which of the four basic tissues is involved if "adeno" is a prefix meaning gland
Epithelial
Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers
Epithelial tissues
Which of the following me occur when a person is embarrassed, or has a fever, hypertension or allergies
Erythemea
Which of the following may occur when a person is embarrassed, or has a fever, hypertension, or allergies
Erythmea
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (definition)
Exchange reaction involving transfer of electrons from one chemical to another.
An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood stream would be best described as an example of
Excretion (of metabolic waste)
----Blank---are amino acid coding sequences of DNA, while ----blank ---are non-coding segments that provide a reservoir of ready to use DNA segments for evolutionary changes
Exons/introns
Blank are amino acid coding sequences of DNA while blank are non-coding segments that provide a reservoir of ready to use DNA segments for evolutionary changes
Exons/introns
The major regions of the hair shaft include all the following except
External root shaft
Hair Growth Cycle Lenghts
Eyelashes - grow 30 days, rest 105 Scalp - grow 3 yrs, rest 1-2 yrs - approx 90% scalp hair in growing stage, loss of approx 100 hairs per day is normal
Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use only, never for use by the cell. This statement is
False; integral cell membrane protiens are synthesized this way
Connective tissue matrix is composed of
Fibers and ground substance
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis
Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis
Fibroblasts, microphages, and mast cells
Sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that are functionally holocrine which means the cells producing sebum
Fill up until they explode
What is the most important role of the arrector Pili muscles in humans
Force sebum out of the hair follicle to the surface of the skin
Antebrachial
Forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the
brachial
Forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the
Which of the following is not a function of lysosomes
Forming acid hydrolysis that are necessary to help form cell membranes
Which of the following is not a function of lysosomes
Forming acid hydrolysis that are necessary to help form so membranes
What is a vertical section through the body called that divides it into anterior and posterior regions
Frontal
GER
Gains Electrons is Reduced
Select which reactions will usually be irreversible regarding chemical equilibrium and human bodies
Glucose to CO2 and H2O
The ---blank---is the sticky, carbohydrate rich area on the cell surface. It helps bind cells together and provides a highly specific biological marker by which cells can recognize each other
Glycocalyx
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of
Glycogen
Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together
Glycolipids in the glycocalax
Which specialized epithelial cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells
Goblet cells
Which of the following would be most important to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium
Golgi bodies
The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, is called
Gross anatomy
What are the three main component of connective tissue's
Ground substance, fibers and cells
Hair Growth
Growth - cells added at base and hair elongates (avg 0.3 mm/day) Rest - follicle shortens and holds hair in place. Rest, then hair falls out of follicle. New hair begins
Hair Structures
Growth, Color, Muscles
Which of the following is a neutralization reaction
HCI + NaOH---NaCl + H2O
False
Heat energy is usually available to do work.
The blast cell for blood production is the
Hemocytoblast
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat
High heat of vaporization
Which is true concerning muscle tissue
Highly cellular and well vascularized
Proteins called ---blank---act as spools around which DNA is rep to protect it
Histones
Although the integument is a covering, it is not by means simple, and some of the functions include
Hosting resident macrophages whose roles include consuming pathogens and presenting antigens to other white blood cells
Which bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific 3-D shape
Hydrogen
A type of bond that is important for tying together different parts of the same molecule into a three-dimensional structure is called a
Hydrogen bond
---blank---is the pressure of water exerted on a cell
Hydrostatic
Crenation (shrinking)is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in
Hypertonic solution
The function of the route hair plexus is to
I love the hair to extend the sensory capability of the skin
Which of the following is not a type of mixture
Ice
Raul has been taking by ambulance to the hospital. The EMT tells the admitting nurse that Raul is, "complaining of pain in his left axilla which radiates medially down his arm." Which of the following best locate this pain
In his left armpit and the inner portion of his arm, extending perhaps into his hand
Apocrine glands which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influences, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body
In the axillary and anogenital region
A nurse charts the following information: "patient has an open wound located at the lateral aspect of the leg, distal to the knee." Where is this wound located?
In the perineal or fibular area on the outside of the leg.
A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be
Increasing frequency of contractions during labor
The first step in tissue repair involves
Inflammation
If a person develops pleurisy, what condition do they have
Inflammation of the Pleura covering the lungs
Adema occurs when
Information results in excess fluid collecting in areolar tissue
Which of the following is not a roll of cell adhesion molecules
Initiators of cell to cell signaling for muscle contraction
Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without
Intercalated discs
Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region
Intestines
A bond in which the electrons are completely lost or gained by the Adams involved is called an
Ionic bond
Salts are always
Ionic compounds
Mitosis
Is the division of the nucleus in a somatic cell
What do Merocrine glands produce?
Isotonic fluid (H20 and NaCl, but also excretory because sweat included ammonia, urea, uric acid and lactic acid). As fluid moves through duct, NaCl is moved by active transport back into body, conserving salts. Final product is hyposmotic (hypertonic) sweat
Select the correct statement about isotopes
Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic masses
The reason of the hypodermis acts as a shock observers is that
It contains a large amount of adipose
Epithelia tissue is a vascular but innervated. What does this mean
It contains nervous but not blood vessels
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin
It converts a cholesterol product made in the epidermis to a precursor of vitamin D which is important for calcium homeostasis
The rule of nines is so named because
It divides the body up into areas, each containing about 9% of the total body area(except the gentitals)
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue
It is a primary site of nutrient storage, and provides insulation and cushioning
Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue
It is the collagen that provides high tensile strength
Which of the following statements is MOST correct regarding homeostatic imbalance
It is the ultimate cause of most disease
Which of the following changes to skin color may indicate liver disease
Jaundice
Cell remnants found in the stratum corneum are
Keratinized keratinocytes
Which of the following is the most abundant cells of the epidermis
Keratinocytes
Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does
Kinky hair is a result of flat, ribbonlike hair shaft
Decomposition reaction (definition)
Large molecule is digested or broken down into smaller structures.
Which of the following statements is FALSE
Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully
In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located
Left upper quadrant
crural
Leg (the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle)
Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium, or ciliated variety
Lines most of the respiratory tract
The partial pleura are serous membranes
Lining that the thoracic cavity
----blank----are assemblies of saturated phospholipids and contain a higher amount of sphingolioidds and cholesterol and other regions of the plasma membrane. This is important for the role and cell signaling
Lipid rafts
If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable what could happen? The cells will
Lose water and shrink
LEO
Loses Electrons is Oxidized
What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn
Lots of body fluids
The proximal portion of the nail that contains a white Crescent is called the
Lunule
Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a persons brain
MRI
The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following are those cells
Macrophages called dendritic cells and langerhans cells
In general, the main purpose of negative feedback is to
Maintain homeostasis
Although I man who weighs 175 pounds on earth would weigh less on the moon and more on Jupiter, his---?-----would not be different
Mass
Anything that occupies space and mass is called
Matter
Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure
Meissner's corpuscles
Which of these is an inclusion and not an organelle
Melanin
The following is true regarding skin cancer
Melanoma is a rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing
2 types of Sweat (sudoriferous) Glands
Merocrine (eccrine) and apocrine
Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane
Messenger RNA
Which of the following cutaneous receptors a specialized for reception of touch or like pressure
Messiners corpuscles
Which of these organelles is composed of hollow cytoskeletal elements
Microtubules
Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the surface area of the cell for absorption
Microvilli
Where in the cell may you find DNA that is not in the nucleus
Mitochondria
Which protein types are vitally important to cell function and all types of stressful Circumstances
Molecular chaperones
Which of the following is a function of plasma membrane protein
Molecular transport through the membrane
Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane protein
Molecular transport through the membrane
Macrophages differentiate from
Monocytes
What move cell organelles from one location to another inside a cell
Motor proteins
Oxidation-reduction reactions (example)
NAD+ (oxidized) encounters (2H+) and (2e-); 1H+ and 1e- combine to form (H); (H) and the remaining e- bind to the NAD+ (at the C-H site and N site respectively). NADH and H+ are left.
Electron transfer occurs when NAD+ becomes NADH. Is the NAD+ oxidized or reduced? Explain.
NAD+ is reduced to become NADH because NAD+ gained electrons (2e- and H+) to become NADH.
two coenzymes in cellular respiration that act as hydrogen atom receivers and transporters are
NAD, FAD
does facilitated diffusion require ATP
NO
Which of the following is necessary for proper conduction of nerve is impulses
Na
Nail Anatomy
Nail Body, Eponychium (cuticle), hyponychium, matrix (nail bed), root
A withdrawal reflex is an example of which type of homeostatic feedback?
Negative
Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms
Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden, severe changes within the body
Which one of the following systems response fastest to environmental stimuli
Nervous
Are Brownian Motion, diffusion and osmosis only seen in living cells
No, they are passive processes and can occur in the absence of cells
A bond in which electrons are equally shared is called a
Nonpolar covalent bond
How was Hyaline Cartlidge different from elastic or fibrocartilage
Normally, the fibers within the matrix are not visible
Which of the following are survival needs of the body
Nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure and oxygen
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth
Nutrition and hormones
Reduction (definition)
Occurs when a chemical gains an electron.
Oxidation (definition)
Occurs when a chemical loses an electron.
The cavities housing the eyes are called the
Orbital cavities
A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is called
Organ
The functions of centrioles include
Organizing them mitiotic spindle during cell division
What tissue has Lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels
Osseous tissue
The single most important risk of skin cancer is
Over exposure to UV radiation
When we breathe, we are both absorbing
Oxygen and Excreting carbon dioxide
Which of the following disorders may cause the skin to appear tanned not yellow
Pallor
Which of the following is a change to the skin that may occur due to fear, anger, anemia or low blood pressure
Pallor
The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except
Palms turned posteriorly
The heart lies in the
Pericardial cavity
Macrophages and macrophage-like cells are found throughout the body in many different tissues. Regardless if they are called dendritic cells, langerhans cells, dust to cells or macrophages, they all share a functional characteristic which is that they are all
Phagocytes
Which vascular transport process occurs primarily and some white blood cells including macrophages
Phagocytosis
Which vesicle transport process occurs primarily and some white blood cells, including macrophages
Phagocytosis
Which of the following is a principle of the fluid Mosaic model of cell membrane structure
Phospholipids form a Bilayer that is largely in permeable to water soluale molecules
Which of the following is a principal of the fluid Mosaic model of cell membrane structure
Phospholipids from a Byler that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules
Which of the following does NOT describe USES for ATP molecule
Pigment structure
Which of the following does not describe uses for the ATP molecule
Pigment structure
In which body cavity are the lungs located
Pleural, ventral and thoracic
A bond in which electrons are unequally shared is called a
Polar covalent bond
The posterior knee area, that is the area behind the knee, it's called
Popliteal
Blank is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway, it leaves the skins guard and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires
Porphyria
Which statement best describes the difference between potential and kinetic energy
Potential energy may be stored in ATP, while kinetic Energy may be the result of using ATP to drive cilia.
Which of the following is not a roll of macrophages during wound healing
Production of collagen fibers to pull the edges of the wound together
Which of the following statements describes the mechanism by which we are protected from the damaging effects of UV radiation
Prolonged exposure to sunlight induces melanin synthesis and secretion. Melanin acts as a natural sunscreen by absorbing UV energy
Which of the following is not typically associated with hair loss
Protein rich diet
Which of the following is not a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes
The basic structural material of the body consists of
Proteins
---Blank---epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane
Pseudostratified columnar
Reversible reaction (definition)
Reactants become products at a rate equal to products becoming reactants; no net change in concentration.
Irreversible reaction (definition)
Reactants converted to product at a rate that yields a net loss of reactants and a net gain in products.
Some hormones enter cells via
Receptor mediated Endocytosis
Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Which of the following is not a step and tissue repair
Regeneration of new stem cells
Which of the following are subdivisions of anatomy
Regional, systemic and surface
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the
Removal of a water molecule between pairs
Which of the following does not serve as a signal for cell division
Repressor jeans
A patient has a respiratory disease that has literally paralyzed cilia. Which of the following diseases or disorders would be most likely the risk factor for this
Respiratory infections
In skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in
Sacroplasmic reticulum
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called
Sagittal
2 Types of Glands
Sebaceous and Sweat
Acme is a disorder associated with
Sebaceous glands
What level of protein synthesis is represented by the coiling of the protein chain into an alpha helix
Secondary structure
One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability, or, responsiveness. This refers to
Sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
The genetic information is coded in DNA by the
Sequence of nucleotides
A Mistry Adam has 17 protons. How many electrons are in the valance shell
Seven
Hair
Shaft protrudes above skin surface, root located below surface; base of root is the hair bulb
Hair Structure
Shaft, root (follicle) and hair bulb.
And inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus in the G.I. T might indicate a disorder in which tissue
Simple columnar epithelium
Can you tubules are composed of
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Kidney tubules are composed of
Simple cuboidal epithelium
The following is a single -celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes
Simple squamous
The blank muscle cells are multinucleated due to the fusion of myoblast. This form is a true
Skeletal/syncytium
The sacroplasmic reticulum is an elaborate and specialized ---blank---found in muscle cells
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The sacroplasmic reticulum is an elaborate blank and specialized bling found in muscle cells
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells
Sodium
Which type of cancer appears as a scaly reddend papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize
Squamous cell carcinoma
Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly red papules and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize
Squamous cell carcinoma
Select the correct statement regarding epithelia
Stratified epithelium are found in areas of the body where abrasion is possible
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as
Stratified squamous
Nail Body
Stratum Corneum - thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells that contain very hard type of keratin. Is what you see of nail.
Epidermis consist of five layers of cells, each letter with the distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement
Stratum basale
Alopechia
Stress hair loss, can have bald spots size of nickle up to dollar size. Not specific for male or female
Decomposition reaction (example)
Sucrose (dissaccharide) -> glucose
The red cell placed in distilled water would
Swell and burst
-----?----cavities are the spaces found within joints
Synovial
Amino acids joined together to make a peptide is a good example of a
Synthesis
Endergonic reactions (examples)
Synthesis reactions; formation of a dipeptide from two amino aciids.
Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch
Tactile corpuscle
Proteins called ubiquitins are responsible for
Tagging proteins for destruction
End cap Regions of the chromosomes contain nonsense code called---blank---thought to be important to protect the ends of the chromosomes from damage. Since they decrease in length with each cell division, they are thought to be critical timer for aging
Telomeres
In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form
Telophase
The chemical symbol O=O means
The Atoms are double bonded
Why are the organs in the abdominal cavity vulnerable to blunt trauma in an auto accident if a person is only wearing the lap belt
The abdominal cavity walls are not reinforced with bones
Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to Terry. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and war-torn
The appearance of visible, silvery white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis
Choose the answer that best describes HCO3
The bicarbonate ion found in blood
Eyebrow and eyelash hairs are always much shorter than hairs on your head because
The folicles are only active for a few months
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the fusion
The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate
Select the MOST correct statement
The lymphatic system and immune system's are closely associated
Passive membrane transport processes include
The movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
ase
The names of most enzymes end with the suffix - ___
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair
The process of information includes capillary dilation and increased permeability
Explain what occurs when the equilibrium is disturbed in reversible reactions by changes in reactants and products.
The rate of reaction either goes up or down, depending on what is disturbed. Equilibrium will be out of balance, and there will be more or less of the product or reactant depending on which is the limiting agent.
A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with
The release of energy
Which of the following is false regarding the membrane potential
The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by passive transport process
The dermis has two major layers. Which alert constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin
The reticular layer
Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion or exocrine glands
The secretary process does not alter merocrine glands
Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands
The secretory process does not allow Merocrine glands
The following events referred to tissue repair put them in order starting with the initial event, injury, which is number one
The skin is cut and begins to bleed Blood clotting occurs in the bleeding stops Granulation tissue is formed Fibroblasts elaborate connective tissue fibers to span the break Macrophanges and golf and clean away cellular debris The wound retracts Epithelial regeneration is nearly complete
Why is it so difficult to repair a torn tendon
The tissue is very poorly vascularized
What does CH4 mean
There are one carbon and for hydrogens bound together
Which of the following is NOT true of proteins
They appear to be the molecular carriers of coated hereditary information
The design of a persons epidermal Ridge is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges. This produces the distinctive patterns known as fingerprints, handprints, and footprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints of ridges
They are unique to each person because they are genetically determined and environmentally modified
What does the formula C6H12O6 mean
This molecule has six carbon, 12 hydrogen and six oxygen atoms
Which of these is not part of, or in, the dorsal cavity
Thoracic cavity
The term"pollex" refers to the
Thumb
Which of the following helps prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells
Tight junctions
Which of the following is not considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate
Time
Groups of cells that are similar instruction and perform a common or related function form
Tissue
Histology is best defined as the study of?
Tissues
Similar cells with the common function are called
Tissues
In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves
To hold the molecular backbone together along with the adjacent sugar
In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves
To hold the moleculer backbone together along with the adjacent sugar
Identify important functions of the golgi apparatus
To modify, sort and package proteins
Which of these is not a function of plasma membrane
To prevent potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from entering the cell
Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane
To prevent potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from entering the cell
One strategy in the body to allow an organ to greatly expand and contract and size is to use a ---blank---epithelium composed of 3 to 6 layers of cells that can themselves change shape and slide somewhat pass each other to allow the organ to expand or contract
Transitional
Synthesis reaction (definition)
Two or more atoms, ions, or molecules are combined
If a tRNA had a AGC anticodon, it could attach to a ---blank---mRNA condon
UCG
If the nucleotide, or base, sequence of a DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA transcription is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA
UGCAA
if the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT
UGCAA
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is most commonly found in the
Uppermost layer of skin
Choose the following statement that is not correct regarding Serous membranes
Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart and Parietal paraCardium lines the internal walls of the chambers (of the heart)
Choose the following statement that is NOT correct regarding Serous membranes
Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the chambers (of the heart).
Which of the following is fat-soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function
Vitamin D
The main component of the cytosol is
Water
The single most abundant chemical substance in the body, accounting for 60 to 80% of body weight, is
Water
What is a function of, and varies with, gravity
Weight
Which of the following statements is FALSE
When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases
A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized
White blood cell
Vernix caseosa is a
Whitish secretion produced by fetal sebaceous glands
Chondroblasts
Within the Cartlidge divide and secrete matrix
Chondroblasts---blank---
Within the Cartlidge divide and secrete new matrix
Can Merocrine sweat glands be used for polygraph?
Yes. Sweat can be released in palms, soles and axillae as a result of emotional stress and can be used in polygraph because sweating can increase when a person tells a lie. Polygraph can detect small amounts of sweat because salt solution conducts elect. and lowers electrical resistance of skin.
potential, kinetic
____ energy is the energy of position or stored energy. ____ energy is the energy of motion.
subcutaneous layer
a continuous sheet of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue between the dermis of the skin and the deep fascia of the muscles
internal root sheath
a covering of epithelium produced by the matrix that surrounds the root of the hair
external root sheath
a downward continuation of the epidermis that surrounds the root of the hair
dermal papillae
a fingerlike projection of the dermis that may contain blood capillaries or Meissner corpuscles (of touch)
dermis
a layer of dense irregular connective tissue lying deep to the epidermis
stratum lucidum
a layer of the epidermis found only in the thick skin of the fingers, palms, and soles
stratum granulosum
a layer of the epidermis that marks the transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata
stratum spinosum
a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin
cofactor
a molecule or ion that aides an enzyme to ensure a reaction occurs is known as a _____.
Hair Papilla
a nipple-shaped indentation which contains areolar connective tissue and many blood vessels that nourish the growing hair follicle
metabolic
a reaction that involves both decompostion and synthesis is called a _____ reaction
arrector pili
a smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that causes "goose bumps" to appear on the skin when contracted
hair follicle
a structure composed of epithelium that surrounds the root of a hair
Tactile Meissner corpuscle
a tactile nerve ending receptor in the dermal papillae that is sensitive to touch
Lamellated pacinian corpuscle
a type of nerve ending located in the subcutaneous layer that is sensitive to pressure; also described as "lamellated"
sacs that produce secretions of multicellular exocrine glands are
acini
which is a function of adipose tissue?
acts as an insulator to slow heat loss, provides padding, cushions shock
where might you typically find simple squamous epithelium?
air sac (alveoli) of lung lumen of blood vessels (endothelium)
allosteric inhibitor
an ___ _____ binds to a site apart from the active site to prevent an enzyme from catalyzing a reaction
oxidation - reduction
an ____ _____ reaction occurs when electrons are transferred from one chemical structure to another.
sebaceous gland
an exocrine gland in the dermis associated with a hair follicle that secretes oil
coenzyme
an organic cofactor is known as a ____.
tarsal
ankle, root of the foot
palmer
anterior surface of the hand
citrate
as the citric acid cycle enters a new "lap" oxaloacetic acid is combined with acetyl CoA to produce
keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue is located
as the epidermis of the skin
which of the following options best explains why nutrients for epithelial cells are obtained by diffusion from the underlying connective tissue
avasularity
the long nerve cell process that extends from the cell which carries outgoing signals to other cells is called a(n) ______
axon
dorsal
back
Hair Bulb
base of root expanded to form bulb; Internal matrix (undifferentiated epitherlial cells) is source of hair; Dermis projects into bulb and is blood supply
a thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests is called a(n) ______ ______
basement membrane
which structure binds epithelial tissue to connective tissue?
basement membrane
which are considered the functions of connective tissue?
binding and support of structures, storage and transport, physical protection
______ is a fluid connective tissue composed of formed elements and matrix
blood
which of the following types of muscle often bifurcates (branches) and its cells are connected by intercalated discs?
cardiac
tRNA
carries amino acids to the site of protein synthesis for incorporation into developing protein
which is an example of supporting connective tissue?
cartilage
intermediate stage
catalyzed by a multienzyme comlplex
gap junctions
cells are connected by connexons
in gap 1 of the cell cycle
cells grow rapidly
which of the following is an example of catabolism
cellular respiration
Medulla
central axis of hair - consists of 2 or 3 layers of cells containing soft karatin
buccal
cheek
which type of protein fiber, in connective tissue, is the most abundant type of protein in the body and appears pink under the microscope when stained with hemotoxylin and eosin?
collagen
20
complete oxidation of glucose involves at least ____ enzymes
3 Concentric Layers of Hair
composed of dead, keratinized epithelial cells arranged in layers Medulla (central axis) Cortex (Forms bulk of Hair) Cuticle (Forms hair surface)
mitochondria
contain some of the code necessary for their own duplication
Cuticle
cortex is covered by - single layer of cells that contain hard keratin - edges of cells overlap like shingles on roof
which statement describe the locations of epithelial tissue?
covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, lines many organs, covers many organs
the ______ membrane is commonly called skin
cutaneous
in ______ ______ connective tissue, collagen fibers are packed tightly and aligned parallel to an applied force
dense regular
tendons and ligaments are made of _____ ______ connective tissue
dense regular
the two categories of connective tissue proper are ______ connective tissue and ______ connective tissue
dense, loose
scanning electron microscope
detailed three-dimensional study of a specimen's surface; electron beam is moved across the surface of the specimen, and reflected electrons generate a surface-topography image captured on a television screen.
transmission electron microscope
directs an electron beam through a thin-cut section of the specimen. The resultant two-dimensional image is focused onto a screen for viewing or onto photographic film to record the image
which of the following would you expect to find in the walls of the large arteries?
elastic connective tissue
posterior aspect
encased in bone: dorsal; cranial and vertebral
ATP formation (type)
endergonic reaction.
which type of glands lack ducts and can secrete their products directly into the blood stream?
endocrine
the simple squamous epithelium that lines blood and lymphaic vessels is called a(n) ______
endothelium
______ tissue act as 'gatekeepers' in that they regulate the movement of materials in and out of certain body regions
epithelial
Nail Matrix (nail bed)
epithelial tissue (S. Basale) that give rise to nail - thicker than nail bed and produces nearly all of nail - Nail bed is visible through clear nail and appears pink because of blood vessles in dermis - luluna (whitish, cresent at base of nail)
red blood cells are called
erythrocytes
vitamin b12, zinc, NAD
examples of cofactors
ATP splitting (type)
exergonic reaction.
these glands have ducts and excrete their products onto the surface of the skin or into the lumen
exocrine
this type of gland has a duct and carries its secretions to the surface of the body or the lumen of an organ
exocrine
Nail Root
extends distally from nail matrix
True
extracting energy from fatty acids to make ATP always requires oxygen
true or false: collagen fibers form a structural connective tissue framework which help them to support organs and resists external forces
false
true or false: epithelial tissue protects, binds together and support organs
false
true or false: epithelial tissue protects, binds together and supports organs
false
true or false: mucous connective tissue is the first type to emerge in the developing embryo
false
phalangeal
fingers and toes
pes
foot
frontal
forehead
Cortex
forms bulk of hair - consits of cells containing hard keratin
Where is Hair found?
found everywhere except palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of external genitalia and distal segments of fingers
glycolysis, intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, electron transport system
four basic stages of glucise oxidation in order
substrate concentration
given the y-axis in the pictured graph is rate of reaciton, and looking at the shape of the graph, what should the x-axis be titled?
which of the following nervous tissue cell types support and protect?
glial cells
FALSE
glucose is preferentially oxidized during times of fasting or starvation
which of the following secretes mucin?
goblet cells
hallux
great toe
Nail Growth
grows continuously unlike hair - Fingernails - 0.5-1.2 mm/day; faster than toenails
Accessory Skin Structures
hair, sebaceous and sweat glands, nails
manus
hand
cephalic
head
calcaneal
heel
many areas of spongy bone contain ______ cells, which are responsible for producing blood cells.
hematopoietic
which of the following options best explains the ability of epithelial tissues to repair themselves?
high regenerative capacity
the study of tissues and their relationship within organs is called ______
histology
negative feed
how are metabolic pathways usually regulated?
which is the most common type of cartilage and also the weakest?
hyaline
which type of cartilage is surrounded by a perichondrium and names for its clear, glassy appearance?
hyaline cartilage
______ is when there is an increase in the number of cells due to mitosis
hyperplasia
second
if 100% of the energy was to be transferred from one from to another with no generation of heat, the ____ law of thermodynamics would be violated.
saturated
if further increases in substrate concentration do not result in further increased in reaction rate, then an enzyme is likely ____ .
multienzyme complex
if multiple enzymes in a metabolic pathway are physically attached to each other, they form a ____ _____
lactate
if oxygen is not present , then pyruvate is converted to ____.
irreversible
if the rate of a reaction leads to a net loss of reactants, then the reaction is considered _____.
oxidative phosphorylation
in aerobic respiration, the ATP production method requiring oxygen is known as ____ .
exergonic
in an ____ reaction, the amount of energy in the products is less than the amount of energy in the reactants.
ATP
in cellular respiration, the energy in glucose ultimately resides in ____.
6
in complete oxidation of glucose, a total of _ molecules of water are produced.
which of the following is mismatched
intermediate filaments-determine cell shape
Epithelial root sheath
internal part - contains stratum basale that may remain after injury and supply a new source of new epidermis when injured. When hair is pulled out, internal part comes out and is visible as white bulb
Nail Eponychium (cuticle)
is S. Corneum of nail fold that grows onto nail body - superficial to nail body
glycolysis
is anaerobic
the cutaneous membrane
is relatively dry compared to other membranes of the body, contains keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue
which statements correctly describe epithelial tissue?
it has a high regeneration capacity, it is richly innervated, it lacks blood vessels
which statements characterize skeletal muscle tissue?
it is multinucleated, it is voluntary, it is striated
which are characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?
it is striated, the presence of intercalated disc, cells often bifurcate
______ stratified squamous epithelial tissue forms the epidermis of skin
keratinized
simple cuboidal epithelium can be found in the following part of the body
kidney tubules, ducts of most glands
diffusion
kinetic energy
fibular
lateral aspect of the leg
synovial membranes are found
lining joints of the skeletal system
transitional epithelial tissue is located
lining the urinary bladder
What sebaceous glands DON'T empty into follicle?
lips, eyelids (meibomian glands), genitalia
Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA i'll play a role in protein synthesis
which connective tissue cells are derived from monocytes in the blood and reside in the extracellular matrix after leaving the blood?
macrophages
ulnar
medial aspect of the forearm
tibial
medial aspect of the leg
Hair color
melanocytes w/in hair bulb matrix produce melanin and pass it to keratinocytes in hair cortex and medulla. Varying amounts of melanin cause different shades
this type of tissue transformation occurs in mature epithelium due to environmental stress which requires adaptation to another form of mature epithelium
metaplasia
fingerlike projections
microvilli
Mammary Glands
modified apocrine sweat glands that produce milk.
Ceruminous Glands
modified merocrine sweat glands in ear, external auditory meatus - makes earwax (cerumen) composed of combo sebum and secretion from ceruminous - function, in combo w/hairs, prents dirt and insects from entry, keeps eardrum supple
endergonic
most anabolic reactions are also____.
Merocrine (eccrine) Sweat Glands
most common - Simple coild tubular gland that opens directly onto surface of skin from sweat pores. Coiled part in dermis, duct exiting through epi.
one
most enzymes are capable of catalyzing ___ reaction.
glucose
most of the carbon in the carbon dioxide we exhale comes from the molecule called
receptor mediated endocytosis involves
moving insulin and other hormones
______ connective tissue is located in the umbilical cord only
mucous
______ membranes line body compartments that eventually open to the external environment
mucous
what type of membrane lines body passageways that eventually open to the external environment?
mucous
an extracellular matrix is virtually nonexistent in which tissue types?
nervous, muscle, epithelial
______ are cell types responsible for control and information processing
neurons
these epithelial cells form a single layer of tall, narrow cells whose apical membranes may have microvilli for increased absorption and secretion
nonciliated simple columnar
this type of epithelium has live cells all the way to its apical surface as evidenced by the nuclei that are present in their flattened cells
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
6-8
optimal range for most human enzymes
What do Apocrine Glands Secrete?
organic compounds that are oderless but, when acted upon by bacteria, may become odiferous
the pick up molecule for the Krebs cycle is
oxaloacetic
which of the following is correct
oxidation of FADH2 yields 4 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
Dermal Root Sheath
part of dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath
Pattern Baldness
permanent hair loss - follicles shrink and revert to producing vellus hair which is very short, transparent and almost invisible
which of the following is a principal of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure
phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules
succinyl CoA synthetase, succinic dehydrogenase, fumerase, malate dehydrogenase
place the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in order
`substrate binds to active site, change in enzyme structure leads to induced fit, the change in enzyme stucture stresses bonds in the substrate, substrates bonds are broken, new bonds are formed, the product is released from the enzyme
place the steps in enqyme action in proper order:
olcraneal
posterior aspect of elbow
sural
posterior part of the leg
the energy required to break existing bonds, the activation energy
primary factors that determine the rate of a reaction involving an enzyme are ____
citric acid cycle
produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2
light microscope
produces a two-dimensional image by passing visible light through the specimen. Glass lenses focus and magnify the image as it is projected toward the eye
Hair Shaft
protrudes above surface of skin
which type of epithelium is composed of a single layer of cells that are attached to a basement membrane but all the cells reach the apical surface of the epithelium?
pseudostratified
which type of epithelium is composed of a single layer of cells that are attached to a basement membrane but not all the cells reach the apical surface of the epithelium
pseudostratified
the lining of the larynx consist of what type of epithelial tissue?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
gamma rays
radiant energy could penetrate the body and mutate DNA
citric acid cycle
reduces FAD to FADH2
which substance below forms part of the protein synthesis site in the cytoplasm
ribosomal RNA
Sebaceous Glands
simple or compound alveolar glands that produce sebum (oil) - is a Holocrine gland (death of secretory cells) which release sebum into hair follicle. Prevents drying and protects agains bacteria
which type of epithelium is in the lining of the lung air sacs
simple squamous
this type of muscle is striated and voluntary
skeletal
the three types of muscle tissue are
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
this type of muscle lacks striations and is found in the walls of most viscera such as the stomach and blood vessels.
smooth
an epithelial cell is classified as ______ if it is thin and flat
squamous
which of the following are the functions of bone?
stores calcium and phosphorus, provides levers from movement, protection of vital organs, carries out hemopoiesis
a ______ epithelium contains two or more layers of epithelial cells
stratified
a ______ epithelium is found in areas likely to be subjected to abrasive activities and mechanical stress
stratified
glycolysis
substrate is glucose
intermediate stage
substrate is pyruvate
connective tissue is designed to ______, ______, and ______ organs
support, connect, protect
which is a location of areolar connective tissue?
surrounding nerves, surrounding blood vessels, subcutaneous layer of skin
The RNA responsible for bringing that amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis is called the
tRNA
DNA replication
takes place during interphase
the function of a ______ is attached to a muscle to a bone
tendon
active site
the ___ ____ is the location on an enzyme where the substrate binds.
first
the ____ law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
Hair bulb
the base of a hair follicle and its surrounding dermal root sheath, containing the papilla of the hair and matrix
energy
the capacity to do work is known as ____.
which characteristics describe epithelial tissue
the cells are bound closely together, the basal surface is bound to a basement membrane, it is composed almost entirely of cells
which statements characterize nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue?
the cells remain moist, keratin is not present within the cells, it lines part of the anus, the cells remain alive all the way to its apical surface
metabolism
the combination of all catabolic and anabolic chemical reactions is referred to as ___.
inner membrane
the cristae of a mitochondrion are formed from folds in the _____ _____
stratum basale
the deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of stem cells capable of undergoing cell division to form new cells
heat
the energy associated with random motion of ions and not available to do work is ___ heat.
matrix of the mitochondrion, inner membrane of the mitochondrion
the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the ____.
pyruvate
the final product of glycolysis is two molecules of ____.
temperature
the following is a significant factor affecting enzyme reaction rates
citrate synthetase
the key enzyme in the regulation of the citric acid cycle is ____ _____
phosphofructokinase
the main enzyme involved in the overall regulation of glycolysis is
temperature
the measurement of heat
stratum corneum
the most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells
2,2
the net energy output of glycolysis is _ molecules of ATP and _ molecules of NADH.
which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translationwhich
the nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine
dephosphorylation
the process of removing a phosphate is ____
beta-oxidation
the process used to convert fatty acids to acetyl coA
electrical
the propagation of an impulse in a neuron is an example of ___ energy.
pyruvate dehydrogenase
the reaction between pyruvate and coenzyme A is catalyzed by ____ ____
hydrolysis, catabolic, decomposition
the reaction pictrured is a _____ reaction
decomposition
the reaction pictured is a ____ reaction AB ----> A+B
the citric acid cycle
the series of reactions following the intermediate stage of aerobic cellular respiration is ____.
electron transport system
the set of proteins in the cristae of the mitochondrion which collectively extract the energy from reduced coenzymes to form ATP are called the ____ _____ ____
thermodynamics
the study of energy transformations is refered to as ____
Hair shaft
the superficial portion of the hair
epidermis
the superficial, thinner layer of skin, composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
optimal
the temperature at which an enzyme functions most efficiently is the ____ temp.
deaminated
the type of amino acids that may enter glycolysis, the intermediate stage, and the citric acid cycle at different points are ____ amino acids.
synthesis reaction
the type of chemical reaction that occurs when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form a larger chemical stucture is called a ____ reaction
sound
the vibrating string on a violin imparts ____ energy to the air around it.
which statements characterize serous membranes?
they contain a parietal and visceral layer, the pericardium is an example.
which are characteristics of collagen fibers?
they resist stretching, they appear white in fresh tissues, they are strong and flexible
Nail Hyponychium
thickened region of S. Corneum beneath free edge
femoral
thigh
which substance below carries amino acids to the site of protein synthesis for incorporation into developing protein
transfer RNA
true or false: an organ is a structure composed of multiple types of tissues that must work together to accomplish a complex task
true
true or false: areolar connective tissue is found nearly everywhere in the body
true
true or false: epithelium acts as "gatekeepers" to control the movement of substances into the body.
true
true or false: ground substance is produced by connective tissue cells
true
true or false: most connective tissue cells are not in direct contact with each other
true
true or false: tissue are groups of similar cell that carry out a common function
true
Hair Follicle (root)
tubelike invagination of epidermis that extends below surface to dermis where hair develops; contains Dermal root sheath and epithelial root sheath
a gland with a secretory portion that is uniform in diameter to its duct is called
tubular
criteria used to classify multicellular exocrine glands include
type of secretion, morphology, method of secretion
electron microscope (EM
uses a beam of electrons to "illuminate" the specimen. improve the resolution by more than a thousand-fold over the light microscope
functions of muscle tissue include
voluntary movements of body parts, propulsion of materials through digestive tract, involuntary movements of body organs
which is a location of smooth muscle tissue?
wall of the stomach, walls of blood vessels, wall of the urinary bladder
violet
which color of visible light has the shortest wavelength?
triglycerides, glucose, ATP
which funtions primarily as energy storage in the human body?
aerobic respiration
which makes the most efficient use of the energy in glucose?
h pumps, ATP synthetase, elecron carriers
which of the following are considered part of the eletron transport system?
three NADH, one ATP
which of the following are formed during one "turn" of the citric acid cycle.
radiant, sound & mechanical energy
which of the following are forms of kinetic energy?
radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves
which of the following are forms of radiant energy?
the cytosol, the mitochondria
which of the following are locations of enzymes involved in glucose oxidation?
it is usually a protein, it decreases activation energy, it is a catalyst
which of the following are true of an enzyme?
chemical energy is used for synthesis of molecules, chemical energy is used to establish concentration gradients, chemical energy is a form of potential energy
which of the following are true of chemical energy?
pigment
which of the following is NOT a major factor affecting enzyme activity?
formation of chemical bonds, breaking of chemical bonds
which of the following is involved in a chemical reaction?
glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
which of the following organic molecules may be oxided to generate ATP
exergonic, catabolic
which of the following terms can be applied to most decomposition reactions in the body?
exergonic, endergonic
which of the following terms can be used to classify reactions based on the relative amounts of energy in reactants and products
endergonic, anabolic
which terms can be applied to most synthesis reactions in the body?
a ______ is formed when a sperm fertilizes an oocyte and forms a diploid cell
zygote