Chapter 1 Health Psychology:, Chapter 2 Health Psychology, Chapter 3 Health Psych, Chapter 4 Health Psychology, Chapter 5 Health Psychology, Chapter 6 Health Psychology Multiple Choice, Chapter 7 Health Psychology Multiple Choice, Chapter 8 Health Ps...

Edward has smoked for over 15 years. He has recently joined a basketball league and his smoking has caused him to have breathing problems when he runs. Edward has determined that the reinforcement of playing basketball with his friends outweighs the reinforcement of smoking. According to the _____, Edward will choose the alternate behavior of playing basketball. a. Expectancy Value Theory with Matching Law b. Planned Theory of Behavior c. Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change d. Social Cognitive Theory

Expectancy Value Theory with Matching Law

The 106th session of the U.S. Congress passed a resolution stating that the period of time from 2001-2010 would be called the a. "Decade of Pain Control and Research." b. "Decade of Arthritis Research." c. "Decade of Chronic Illness Treatment and Research." d. "Decade of Arthritis and Cancer Research."

a. "Decade of Pain Control and Research."

_____ is a "recurring communicable disease." a. "Guinea worm" b. "Avian bird flu" c. "Athenian Plague" d. "Swine flu"

a. "Guinea worm"

A correlation coefficient is a number between _____ and _____. a. +1.00; -1.00. b. +1.50; -1.50. c. +2.00; -2.00. d. +2.50; -2.50.

a. +1.00; -1.00.

Approximately _____ of HIV positive people are asymptomatic. a. 15% b. 18% c. 20% d. 22%

a. 15%

What year was Médecins sans Frontières founded? a. 1971 b. 1983 c. 2000 d. 2001

a. 1971

Cardiovascular disease is the _____ leading cause of death for women nationally and globally. a. 1st b. 2nd c. 3rd d. 4th

a. 1st

According to the Expectancy Value Theory (EVT), _____ forces motivate behavior. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

a. 2

The ecological model identifies _____ types of environmental determinants on health. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

a. 2

The nervous system is comprised of _____ principal parts. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

a. 2

The peripheral nervous system contains _____ substructures. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

a. 2

Worldwide, cancer accounts for approximately _____ of deaths. a. 2% b. 10% c. 15% d. 20%

a. 2%

The National Center for Health Statistics estimated that in 2006, approximately _____ of all adults in the U.S. smoked. a. 20% b. 40% c. 50% d. 60%

a. 20%

Approximately _____ of men die within one year of having an initial and identified heart attack. a. 25% b. 30% c. 35% d. 40%

a. 25%

The Public Access to Defibrillation (PAD) Trials Study found that residents called the on-site trained volunteers for _____ of the cardiac arrest incidences. a. 25% b. 30% c. 48% d. 78%

a. 25%

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that approximately _____ of people 65 years of age or older report frequent back pain. a. 30% b. 40% c. 50% d. 60%

a. 30%

Many health providers recommend a follow-up test in _____ months if an initial test is negative. a. 4-6 b. 6-8 c. 8-10 d. 10-12

a. 4-6

Dietary habits of children as young as _____ years old can predispose individuals to cardiovascular disease in adulthood. a. 5 b. 8 c. 9 d. 12

a. 5

More than _____ of individuals in need of bone marrow transplants are unable to find a suitable donor with compatible bone marrow. a. 70% b. 75% c. 80% d. 85%

a. 70%

Most traditional medicines share the principle of a. A belief in a connection between the individual, earth, and a life or energy force. b. A belief in the biomedical model of health. c. A belief in the importance of having children to carry on one's genetic forces. d. A belief in the afterlife.

a. A belief in a connection between the individual, earth, and a life or energy force.

One of the proximal causes of gout is a. A buildup of uric acid that becomes lodged in the joints. b. A genetic predisposition. c. Bone spurs. d. None of the above

a. A buildup of uric acid that becomes lodged in the joints.

Studies conducted by Adler et al. (1994), Kelley et al. (2005) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) have concluded that an individual's health outcomes will be affected, in part, by a. A country's economic status (developed or developing). b. The population of a country. c. The ratio of males to females for a given area. d. Epidemiological data.

a. A country's economic status (developed or developing).

Rita missed a class lecture on morbidity. What type of information would the lecture certainly have included? a. A discussion of the types of diseases that may eventually lead to death. b. A discussion of various medical treatments. c. A discussion of pediatric milestones. d. A discussion of death rates in underdeveloped countries.

a. A discussion of the types of diseases that may eventually lead to death.

The New York City Department of Education's 1992 attempt to educate students about HIV is an example of a. A flawed health policy delivery system. b. A successful health policy delivery system. c. How ethnic barriers related to HIV can be successfully overcome. d. How to implement a school-wide health care policy.

a. A flawed health policy delivery system.

Which of the following would be a good example of a tangible symbol used in social marketing? a. A poster with a logo representing a health care campaign b. A token of appreciation for participating in a research study c. A pat on the back for work well done d. A voice mail message reminding participants about an upcoming health care campaign

a. A poster with a logo representing a health care campaign

The 1997 repeal of the "helmet law" in Arkansas led to a. A significant increase in the number of motorcycle fatalities. b. A slight increase in the number of motorcycle fatalities. c. A significant decrease in the number of motorcycle fatalities. d. No change in the number of motorcycle fatalities.

a. A significant increase in the number of motorcycle fatalities.

Health scientists determined that the proximal cause of a gastrointestinal illness suffered by some who had eaten at various Taco Bell restaurants in December 2006 was due to a. A type of e. coli bacteria. b. Congenital defects. c. A type of staph infection. d. Symptoms of high blood pressure.

a. A type of e. coli bacteria.

Which of the following would NOT be considered a proximal cause of death for a person with HIV? a. AIDS b. Pneumonia c. The common cold d. Cancer

a. AIDS

Health policies are used to guide a. Access to clean water. b. Family and cultural influences on health. c. Spiritual well-being. d. All of the above

a. Access to clean water.

____ is the adoption of the behaviors and values of a majority group on health behavior. a. Acculturation b. Assimilation c. Adaptation d. Acquisition

a. Acculturation

A study conducted by Lonn et al. (2004) found that individuals who reported heavy cell phone use were almost 4 times more likely to be diagnosed with an increased risk of developing _____ than were infrequent cell phone users. a. Acoustic neuroma b. Karposi sarcoma c. Basal cell carcinoma d. Hodgkin's disease

a. Acoustic neuroma

Which stage requires constant monitoring and attention to the new behavior? a. Action b. Preparation for action c. Maintenance d. Contemplative

a. Action

A sudden and intense response to a stressful stimuli is called a. Acute stress. b. Chronic stress. c. Primary stress. d. Unanticipated stress.

a. Acute stress.

Acquired immunity is to _____ as natural immunity is to _____. a. Adaptive immunity; innate immunity b. Innate immunity; antigenic immunity c. Enhanced immunity; adaptive immunity d. Lymphoid immunity; innate immunity

a. Adaptive immunity; innate immunity

Where is the pituitary gland located? a. Adjacent to the hypothalamus b. Adjacent to the thyroid gland c. Adjacent to the thalamus d. Within the autonomic nervous system

a. Adjacent to the hypothalamus

The work of Brendgen and Vitaro (2001) suggests a link between emotional temperament and physical health for a. Adolescent girls. b. Adolescent boys. c. Both adolescent girls and boys. d. Adult males.

a. Adolescent girls.

Research conducted by Kropp and Halpern-Felsher (2004) found that a. Adolescents believed it would be easier to quit smoking when using "light" versus regular cigarettes. b. Adolescents understood that "light" cigarettes weren't any better than regular ones. c. Adolescents reported fewer respiratory problems when smoking "light" cigarettes. d. Adolescents reported a decrease in smoking after they learned about the harmful effects of "light" cigarettes.

a. Adolescents believed it would be easier to quit smoking when using "light" versus regular cigarettes.

_____ emphasized spiritual intervention and mediation of priests. a. Aesculapian theory b. Cnidian theory c. Holistic theory d. Humoral theory

a. Aesculapian theory

Which of the following is identified as a main reason for patients seeking emergency medical treatment? a. Affordability b. Dislike of their primary care physician c. Inability to obtain a same-day appointment with their primary care physician d. None of the above

a. Affordability

Scientists have discovered that the drug BiDil works effectively at treating _____ patients with diagnosed cases of heart failure. a. African American b. Caucasian c. Hispanics d. Asian

a. African American

Research conducted by Faucett, Gordon and Levine (1994) suggested that _____ and _____ reported greater post-operative pain than did Caucasians. a. African Americans; Latinos b. African Americans; Native Americans c. Latinos; Native Americans d. Asian; Latinos

a. African Americans; Latinos

Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 elements of Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM)? a. Air b. Metal c. Earth d. Fire

a. Air

Proponents of traditional medicines believe that _____ are preferable to western medicines when addressing long-term or chronic illnesses. a. Alternative medicines b. Complementary medicines c. Psychotherapy techniques d. Conventional therapies

a. Alternative medicines

The word "consumer" indicates that the individual is a. An active participant in the health care process. b. A buyer of goods. c. Susceptible to managed care influences. d. Free to choose any provider.

a. An active participant in the health care process.

Physiological state refers to a. An individual's ability to physically perform daily functions without limitations or restrictions. b. An individual's ability to mentally perform daily functions without limitations or restrictions. c. An individual's degree of spiritual beliefs necessary for health and well-being. d. An individual's degree of psychological health and well-being.

a. An individual's ability to physically perform daily functions without limitations or restrictions.

According to the cognitive-affective theories, which of the following is a factor that influences the likelihood of a person using a substance? a. An individual's decision that the benefits of substance use outweigh the costs b. An individual's negative attitudes about substance use c. An individual's belief that the costs of using a substance exceed the benefits d. An individual's religious views about substance use

a. An individual's decision that the benefits of substance use outweigh the costs

Williams et al. (2000) found that _____ can dislodge atherosclerosis plaque built up in the linings of the arteries. a. Anger b. Impatience c. Aggressiveness d. Stress

a. Anger

_____ is one of the more prevalent disorders in Western countries. a. Anorexia b. Binging disorder c. Binge-eating disorder d. Purging disorder

a. Anorexia

What are plant phenolics? a. Antioxidants that protect against some forms of cardiovascular disease and cancer b. Roots of certain plants used to curb nicotine cravings c. Types of plants that contain medicinal properties d. None of the above

a. Antioxidants that protect against some forms of cardiovascular disease and cancer

_____ may be the best available approach to limit the spread of HIV to a new generation. a. Antiretroviral drugs b. Condom distribution c. Safe sex education d. HIV vaccinations

a. Antiretroviral drugs

Medical treatments for arthritis include all BUT the following: a. Antiretroviral medications b. NSAIDS c. Opioid analgesics d. TNF drugs

a. Antiretroviral medications

Research studies (Green et. al, 2003) have demonstrated that minority patients a. Are more likely to be undertreated for pain. b. Are more likely to be treated quickly for pain. c. Are more likely to receive a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment for the complaints of pain. d. Are more likely to be misdiagnosed

a. Are more likely to be undertreated for pain.

Research demonstrates that driver's age and experience are negatively correlated. What does this mean? a. As age increases, driving inexperience decreases. b. As age increases, driving inexperience increases. c. As age increases, driving experience decreases. d. None of the above—driver's age and experience are positively correlated.

a. As age increases, driving inexperience decreases.

The ethnic group showing the strongest association between BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 and breast cancer is a. Ashkenazi Jewish women. b. European women. c. Swedish women. d. Icelandic women.

a. Ashkenazi Jewish women.

In order to reinforce positive behavior, social marketing must a. Associate an intangible concept with a tangible symbol that represents the concept. b. Associate a tangible symbol with one's socioeconomic status. c. Use a large target audience. d. Provide tangible rewards as reinforcement for positive behavior.

a. Associate an intangible concept with a tangible symbol that represents the concept.

_____ is an example of a chronic respiratory disease. a. Asthma b. Diabetes mellitus c. Poliomyelitis d. HIV/AIDS

a. Asthma

The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) identify _____ and _____ as two constructs that contribute to the explanation of behavior. a. Attitude; subjective norms b. Attitude; peer influences c. Perceived behavioral control; attitude d. Subjective norms; perceived behavioral control

a. Attitude; subjective norms

Which part of the body controls the automatic and involuntary functions essential for living? a. Autonomic nervous system b. Parasympathetic nervous system c. Neurotransmitter sites d. Receptor sites

a. Autonomic nervous system

Polly is very optimistic. According to the definition of "optimism," she a. Believes situations and events will work out for the best. b. Understands that life cannot be controlled, and therefore, she must be adaptable to change. c. Focuses on negative events in her life. d. Is a visual learner.

a. Believes situations and events will work out for the best.

Research conducted by Folkman and Moskowitz (2000) revealed that caregivers who used positive reappraisal strategies showed _____ psychological health and adjustment after the death of an AIDS patient than those caregivers who did not use this strategy. a. Better b. Worse c. The same d. None of the above

a. Better

The sphygmomanometer is used to measure a. Blood pressure. b. Blood flow to the brain. c. The level of oxygen in the blood. d. Electrical impulses in the heart.

a. Blood pressure.

The use of unsanitary needles is one example of _____ transmission. a. Blood-borne b. Antigen c. Perinatal d. Substance

a. Blood-borne

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is likely triggered by the a. Body's immune system. b. Peripheral nervous system. c. Endocrine system. d. Autonomic nervous system.

a. Body's immune system.

Chronic pain is defined as long-term pain that can be controlled a. But not eliminated entirely. b. And eventually eliminated completely. c. And cured with 3-6 months. d. Treated with medication to make the symptoms disappear.

a. But not eliminated entirely.

_____ is the independent variable in a study on the effects of caffeine on memory. a. Caffeine b. Memory c. The memory test d. The type of memory

a. Caffeine

Asbestos and cell phones are considered environmental a. Carcinogens. b. Carcinomas. c. Sarcomas. d. Pollutants.

a. Carcinogens.

_____ is a condition that renders a person unconscious and is fatal unless the heart is jolted back to its normal rhythm. a. Cardiac arrest b. Hemorrhagic stroke c. Myocardial infarction d. Ventricular fibrillation

a. Cardiac arrest

Studies overwhelmingly suggest that nutritional programs should include _____ as a primary target audience. a. Children and adolescents b. Teenagers c. Middle-aged females d. The elderly

a. Children and adolescents

The leading causes of death worldwide are a. Chronic diseases. b. Infectious diseases. c. Parasitic diseases. d. Childhood diseases.

a. Chronic diseases.

The _____ is unique to the Native American healing practices. a. Circle of life b. Belief in susto c. Concept of spirituality d. Forgiveness doctrine

a. Circle of life

Joel was recently diagnosed with _____, which prevents his liver from properly removing wastes from his body. a. Cirrhosis b. Lymphoma c. Chron's disease d. Gastrointestinal disease

a. Cirrhosis

Dixon et al. (2007) found _____ to be the most frequently used and most successful psychological technique in addressing arthritic pain. a. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) b. Biofeedback c. Stress management d. Emotional disclosure

a. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

The Theory of Reasoned Action and the Health Belief Model are both included in the _____ theories of substance use. a. Cognitive-affective b. Integrationist c. Ecological d. Conventional commitment

a. Cognitive-affective

Variables that do not directly cause a health problem but may exacerbate it are called a. Confounding factors. b. Adverse effects. c. Principal factors. d. Morbidity factors.

a. Confounding factors.

The transactional model of stress involves a person's a. Continuous interactions and adjustments to the stressful event. b. Physiological responses to an identified stressor. c. Hormonal responses to a stressor. d. Responses to any type of noxious stimulus.

a. Continuous interactions and adjustments to the stressful event.

Which type of study is NOT considered "qualitative"? a. Correlational study b. Case study c. Focus group d. None of the above

a. Correlational study

The principal reason for the lack of support for the HPV vaccine is most likely due to a. Cultural and social norms. b. Fear of the vaccine's side effects. c. Uncertainty of its success. d. Failure to achieve long-term results.

a. Cultural and social norms.

With reference to Alaskan Natives and Native Americans, which of the following societal reasons is cited for an increased suicide rate? a. Cultural marginalization b. Too many employment options are causing extreme stress c. They live in areas which are too densely populated d. All of the above

a. Cultural marginalization

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used antiretroviral drug? a. Cytokine b. Zidovudine c. Nevirapine d. Efavirenz

a. Cytokine

___ measures the extent to which the body's cells are able to kill foreign organisms. a. Cytotoxicity b. Cell proliferation c. Cell differentiation d. Seroconversion

a. Cytotoxicity

A longitudinal study (Caban et al., 2005) investigating the relationship between adult workers and obesity concluded that all of the following factors contributed to obesity EXCEPT: a. Daytime work hours. b. Job position. c. Stress. d. Extended work hours.

a. Daytime work hours.

The Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) campaign has been most effective in a. Decreasing the incidences of, and mortality rates due to, HIV/AIDS. b. Educating gay men about the risks of certain sexual behaviors. c. Raising finances to assist with treatment and research for HIV/AIDS. d. Reaching out to young homosexual males and females.

a. Decreasing the incidences of, and mortality rates due to, HIV/AIDS.

_____ is a coping strategy that keeps disappointments and expectations in check. a. Defensive pessimism b. Pessimism c. Optimism d. Structural optimism

a. Defensive pessimism

Approximately 20-30% of cancer patients suffer from a. Depression. b. Anxiety. c. Substance abuse problems. d. Pain medication addiction

a. Depression.

Germs that are not repelled by the first layer of skin will move on to the second layer of skin called the a. Dermis. b. Epidermis. c. Keratin. d. Epithelial.

a. Dermis.

One of the problems associated with studies on racism and blood pressure is the a. Difficulty in precisely measuring an individual's reaction to a perceived racist event. b. Length of time it takes to conduct this type of study. c. Ethical dilemma of subjecting research participants to racism. d. All of the above

a. Difficulty in precisely measuring an individual's reaction to a perceived racist event.

Individuals who are unable to understand the research design and to give consent responsibly are considered to have a. Diminished mental capacity. b. A mental illness. c. A physical disability. d. Reduced consciousness.

a. Diminished mental capacity.

Tamika touched a hot stove and quickly withdrew her hand in pain. According to the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), the consequences of touching the hot stove were conveyed through _____ experience. a. Direct b. Vicarious c. Persuasory d. Inferred

a. Direct

Why is it difficult to obtain statistics on the number of people abusing prescription drugs? a. Doctors may be unaware that prescriptions are being used for non-medicinal purposes. b. The number of people abusing prescription drugs is too small to measure. c. The number of people abusing prescription drugs is too large to measure. d. None of the above

a. Doctors may be unaware that prescriptions are being used for non-medicinal purposes.

How does the endocrine system send messages to the body? a. Ductless glands b. Neurotransmitters c. Allostasis d. Through the somatic nervous system

a. Ductless glands

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the psychological process involved in cancer diagnoses? a. Early acceptance of a diagnosis is an indicator of repressed emotions and the need for therapeutic intervention. b. Early acceptance of a diagnosis improves the chances for recovery. c. How a person responds to their diagnosis may have a long-term impact on their psychological and physiological health. d. Individuals are likely to experience a range of emotions after a cancer diagnosis, which include anger and despair.

a. Early acceptance of a diagnosis is an indicator of repressed emotions and the need for therapeutic intervention.

The _____ approach to understanding health behaviors includes individual, cultural and social networks, and environmental contributions. a. Ecological b. Psychological c. Sociological d. Biological

a. Ecological

The ability to receive timely medical care best fits with the _____ model of health. a. Ecological b. Biomedical c. Wellness d. Biopsychosocial

a. Ecological

____ is one of the 5 most commonly used illegal drugs in the U.S. a. Ecstasy (MDMA) b. LSD c. Nicotine d. Oxycodone

a. Ecstasy (MDMA)

According to research by France et al. (2004), individuals who used ____ coping strategies were more likely to report more arthritic pain and a lower pain tolerance than were individuals who used another strategy. a. Emotion-focused b. Engagement c. Disengagement d. Problem-focused

a. Emotion-focused

_____ proposed the biopsychosocial model of health in 1972. a. Engel b. Freud c. Galen d. Lazarus

a. Engel

Adrenaline is also called a. Epinephrine. b. Dopamine. c. Catecholamine. d. Estrogen.

a. Epinephrine.

Studies show that psychological and emotional support is essential for a. Establishing trust in one's provider. b. Choosing a health care provider. c. Quality of care. d. Effective physician communication

a. Establishing trust in one's provider.

_____ is a protective factor that helps minimize the risk of cardiovascular disease (CAD) in women who are premenopausal. a. Estrogen b. Dopamine c. Serotonin d. Epidermis

a. Estrogen

_____ refers to the cause of an illness. a. Etiology b. Ethnopharmacology c. Quality-of-life d. Botany

a. Etiology

_____ are a type of behavioral intervention that may be designed and administered by physical therapists. a. Exercise therapies b. Psychotherapies c. Cognitive therapies d. Talk therapies

a. Exercise therapies

Christy wants to explore whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables, therefore she would want to design a(n) a. Experimental research study. b. Correlational study. c. Case study. d. Focus group study.

a. Experimental research study.

Indemnity health insurance is also called a a. Fee-for-service plan. b. Preferred provider plan. c. Public health plan. d. Variable rate plan.

a. Fee-for-service plan.

The _____ theory was the first to fully describe the body's biological response to stress. a. Fight-or-flight b. General Adaptation Syndrome c. Transactional d. Biopsychosocial

a. Fight-or-flight

Research conducted by Sadovnick, Baird, and Ward (1988) has established a strong link between multiple sclerosis (MS) and a. First-degree relatives. b. Second-degree relatives. c. Uncles and nephews. d. Aunts and nieces.

a. First-degree relatives.

The preapproval process led managed care plans to be called a. Gatekeepers. b. Controllers. c. Rulers. d. Managers.

a. Gatekeepers.

Which of the following is NOT a confounding factor contributing to chronic illness? a. Genetics b. Socioeconomic class c. Race d. Ethnicity

a. Genetics

The Chapter 3 example of Mr. Speaker's travels illustrates one of the primary reasons health is considered a _____ issue a. Global b. Contained c. Detrimental d. Systematic

a. Global

Which of the following is NOT a theoretical model used by health psychologists to explain or predict health behaviors? a. Global Health Care Theory b. Theory of Planned Behavior c. Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change d. Expectancy Value Theory

a. Global Health Care Theory

Gwendolyn is studying the history of communicable diseases. Based on her reading, she has learned that the first documented communicable disease occurred in a. Greece. b. England. c. Spain. d. Ireland.

a. Greece.

The World Health Organization has expressed concerns about _____ becoming a 21st century pandemic. a. H1N1 flu b. Anthrax c. Pneumonia d. Mad cow disease

a. H1N1 flu

The most recent addition to the list of deadly pandemics is the a. HIV/AIDS virus. b. Choleric plague. c. Justinian plague. d. Tuberculosis virus.

a. HIV/AIDS virus.

Lazarus' study of stressors found that the _____ was predictive of psychological health. a. Hassles scale b. Uplift scale c. Subjective hassles scale d. Student stressor scale

a. Hassles scale

Rolando works for the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP). What type of work does Rolando do? a. He monitors research involving human subjects. b. He monitors research involving human and animal subjects. c. He approves the sale and distribution of drugs for humans. d. He supervises individuals working for the Food and Drug Administration

a. He monitors research involving human subjects.

According to the opening story in chapter 9, Tim Russert's heart attack was a shock to many people because a. He was taking medication for heart disease and had passed a stress test. b. He was in excellent shape and had recently run a marathon. c. He had only recently been diagnosed with coronary artery disease. d. He had no prior knowledge that he even had coronary artery disease.

a. He was taking medication for heart disease and had passed a stress test.

The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resource Emergency Act (RARE) provides financial support for a. Health care and resources for people with HIV/AIDS. b. Family members whose loved ones die of AIDS. c. School systems to educate students about HIV/AIDS. d. All of the above

a. Health care and resources for people with HIV/AIDS.

An important discovery of the Banks et al. (2006) study was that a. Health outcomes can be and are influenced by factors external to the individual. b. There were no significant differences in heart health between different countries. c. Drinking in moderation may actually lower a person's risk for heart disease. d. Risk of heart attack also predicts risk of stroke.

a. Health outcomes can be and are influenced by factors external to the individual.

The director of a hospital has followed appropriate guidelines and issued a quarantine due to a possible viral contaminant. This is an example of a a. Health policy. b. Cultural policy. c. Biological policy. d. Physiological policy

a. Health policy.

Larry has taken action to obtain guidance about smoking-cessation programs. This is considered a a. Health-seeking behavior. b. Health care solution. c. Health influence. d. None of the above

a. Health-seeking behavior.

Which of the following is NOT a food group category of the nutrition pyramid? a. Healthy fats b. Meats and beans c. Grains d. Milk

a. Healthy fats

The same nutrition guidelines that minimize the risk of _____ also minimize the risks of developing colon cancers. a. Heart disease b. Lung cancer c. Obesity d. Stroke

a. Heart disease

The purpose of the Framingham Heart Study (1949) was to a. Help identify the personal habits and traits that contributed to the development of coronary heart disease. b. Determine whether a correlation existed between age and one's risk of developing coronary heart disease. c. Measure the effectiveness of new heart medications designed to control coronary heart disease. d. Provide researchers with guidelines for diagnosing coronary heart disease.

a. Help identify the personal habits and traits that contributed to the development of coronary heart disease.

One of the goals of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa was to a. Help victims learn the truth about the murders of their loved ones. b. Help educate South Africans about the HIV/AIDS virus. c. Provide assistance with nutrition. d. Assist with the relocation of apartheid victims.

a. Help victims learn the truth about the murders of their loved ones.

Which of the following groups currently reports a decrease in HIV prevalence? a. Hemophiliacs b. Intravenous drug users c. Heterosexual males d. Homosexual females

a. Hemophiliacs

Which type of stroke involves a rupture of blood vessels in the brain? a. Hemorrhagic b. Ischemic c. Cerebrovascular d. Vascular

a. Hemorrhagic

Mikayla is a yerbero in the curanderismo healing practice. She would most likely treat her patients with a. Herbal remedies. b. Massages. c. Faith. d. Qi

a. Herbal remedies.

In reference to medical care, individuals ages 21-29 are considered to be a(n) a. High risk group. b. Low risk group. c. Neglected group. d. Overinsured group

a. High risk group.

Cheyenne believes she will do very well on her biology test. Cheyenne most likely has a. High self-efficacy b. Low self-efficacy c. No self-efficacy d. Varied self-efficacy

a. High self-efficacy

A study conducted by James et al. (1984) concluded that men with greater success in their jobs who reported perceived racism were significantly more likely to have _____ than men who reported no workplace racism. a. Higher diastolic blood pressure b. Higher systolic blood pressure c. Higher risk factors for heart attack d. Higher risk factors for cerebrovascular disease

a. Higher diastolic blood pressure

____ is credited with being the first person to recognize the effect of emotions on one's health. a. Hippocrates b. Descartes c. Socrates d. Aristotle

a. Hippocrates

The biopsychosocial model of health is also referred to as the a. Holistic model of health. b. Biological model of health. c. Spiritual model of health. d. Wellness model of health.

a. Holistic model of health.

Which of the following was NOT one of the groups initially associated with the HIV/AIDS virus? a. Homosexual women b. Homosexual men c. Intravenous drug users d. Haitians

a. Homosexual women

Nate's physician has ordered a pulmonary function test, which will measure a. How well Nate's lungs take in and expel air. b. Whether or not Nate has the H1N1 virus. c. Nate's level of physical activity. d. The risks of Nate developing asthma.

a. How well Nate's lungs take in and expel air.

Which of the following is NOT one of the main principles of the Belmont Report? a. Human welfare b. Respect for persons c. Beneficence d. Justice

a. Human welfare

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding universal care? a. In England, the process of deciding and delivering medical care is made at the federal government level. b. There are many different variations of universal care. c. Canada and England both use single-payer health care systems. d. The administration of the universal health care system differs among countries.

a. In England, the process of deciding and delivering medical care is made at the federal government level.

In reference to the caregiver role, women are more likely than men to develop stress a. In anticipation of the caregiving role. b. When the caregiving responsibilities begin. c. When they have to find a qualified caregiver. d. After 6 months of caregiving.

a. In anticipation of the caregiving role.

The consequences of behavior and the value assigned to the behavior are based on _____ experiences with the behavior and its outcome. a. Individual b. Family c. Cultural d. Ethnic

a. Individual

_____ is the body's normal response to injury. a. Inflammation b. Autoimmunity c. Numbing d. Stiffness

a. Inflammation

The goal of educational therapeutic techniques for individuals with cancer is to a. Inform the individual and prepare them for potential problems and difficulties. b. Provide guidance on health care options. c. Teach individuals about patient's rights. d. Help families understand the grief process.

a. Inform the individual and prepare them for potential problems and difficulties.

Petraitis coined the term _____ to include components of the 4 main theoretical categories of substance use. a. Integrationists b. Conventionalists c. Interactionists d. Behaviorists

a. Integrationists

The Stanford Prison Experiment was initially designed to examine a. Interpersonal dynamics. b. The effects of physical harm among prison guards and prison inmates. c. The effects of psychological harm among prison guards and prison inmates. d. The role of one's education level on interpersonal relations.

a. Interpersonal dynamics.

The practice of _____ raises concerns about human rights. a. Isolation b. Health education c. National health care d. Managed health care

a. Isolation

58. Gene's nutritionist encourages him to limit his intake of trans fat because a. It raises the levels of low-density lipoproteins in the body. b. It contributes to the loss of muscle and tissue in the body. c. It is expensive and unnecessary for the body. d. It has been linked to depression.

a. It raises the levels of low-density lipoproteins in the body.

How does the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) work? a. It suppresses the HIV virus' ability to replicate itself. b. It vaccinates high risk individuals from the HIV virus. c. It slows the production of CD4 cells. d. All of the above

a. It suppresses the HIV virus' ability to replicate itself.

According to the 2006 United Nations statistics on life expectancy, _____ had the highest overall longevity (life expectancy). a. Japan b. Iceland c. Portugal d. Singapore

a. Japan

The polio vaccine was developed by a. Jonas Salk. b. Marie Curie. c. Hippocrates. d. None of the above

a. Jonas Salk.

Single-payer systems show _____ turnover in membership in relation to multipayer systems. a. Less b. More c. Significantly more d. About the same

a. Less

Cohen et al. (1991) concluded that participants with a positive affect were _____ to develop a severe illness than participants with a negative outlook. a. Less likely b. More likely c. Equally likely d. None of the above

a. Less likely

Many cancers in developed countries are linked to _____ factors. a. Lifestyle b. Demographic c. Ethnic d. None of the above

a. Lifestyle

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Low levels of "good" carbohydrates can help protect heart health. b. Low fat, high carbohydrate diets are best for weight loss. c. Women who consume large amounts of "good" carbohydrates daily are at lower risk for cardiovascular disease. d. None of the above

a. Low levels of "good" carbohydrates can help protect heart health.

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the leading cause of deaths from cancer, for both genders, is a. Lung and bronchial cancer. b. Prostate and breast cancer. c. Lung and colorectal. d. Pancreatic and colorectal.

a. Lung and bronchial cancer.

Airborne asbestos can become trapped in the _____, causing complications with breathing. a. Lung tissues b. Esophageal airways c. Brain tissue d. Parietal lobe

a. Lung tissues

What part of the body reoxygenates blood from the heart? a. Lungs b. Brain c. Endocrine system d. Liver

a. Lungs

Gladys frequents a nightclub where the "Club Drug" is commonly used. Which type of recreational drug is being used? a. MDMA b. Cocaine c. Methamphetamines d. Heroin

a. MDMA

Which of the following is a possible dual infection linked to HIV? a. Malaria b. Cholera c. Pneumonia d. Karposi's Sarcoma

a. Malaria

Hans was infected by the plasmodium parasite. He has therefore, most likely contracted a. Malaria. b. A tapeworm. c. Cholera. d. Measles.

a. Malaria.

The CDC Youth Risk Study determined that a. Males were more likely to carry guns to school than females. b. Females were more likely to carry weapons to school, other than guns, than males. c. Both males and females carried the same amount of weapons to school, although males were more likely to carry a gun. d. It was too difficult to determine the percentage of weapons carried to school because students were afraid or reluctant to disclose this information.

a. Males were more likely to carry guns to school than females.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is more prevalent in a. Males. b. Females. c. Children. d. Elderly females.

a. Males.

One of the problems with the early nutrition pyramid was that a. Many people did not understand what was meant by a "serving." b. The pyramid was difficult to remember. c. Most people were unaware that the pyramid existed. d. All of the above

a. Many people did not understand what was meant by a "serving."

_____ is considered the most serious of the preventable childhood infections. a. Measles b. Chicken pox c. Tuberculosis d. Polio

a. Measles

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding Native American health practices? a. Medicines exist only within external agents (those outside the body). b. Medicine can be the peacefulness of a moment. c. Herbs, teas, and pastes are used as medicinal agents. d. A smile can be considered a form of medicine.

a. Medicines exist only within external agents (those outside the body).

Approximately 80% of _____ individuals carry the gene linked to ankylosing spondylitis (AS). a. Mediterranean b. South African c. Swedish d. Australian

a. Mediterranean

_____ describes a health care provider's use of medical terminology when speaking with consumers. a. Medspeak b. Medcomm c. Medical talk d. Medical articulation

a. Medspeak

Religious beliefs shaped health concepts in some European cultures, most notably during the a. Middle or "Dark" Ages. b. Renaissance period. c. Rise of the Roman Empire. d. British Invasion.

a. Middle or "Dark" Ages.

A suppressed immune system means the body is a. More likely to contract a disease. b. Less likely to contract a disease. c. Less susceptible to stress. d. In a healthy state.

a. More likely to contract a disease.

Research scientists accurately compare mortality statistics across two or more countries by using a. Mortality rates. b. Raw data. c. Epidemiological statistics. d. Cross-comparisons.

a. Mortality rates.

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary routes through which HIV is transmitted? a. Mosquitos b. Sexual intercourse c. Parenteral transmission d. Perinatal transmission

a. Mosquitos

A heart attack is also called a. Myocardial infarction. b. Angina. c. Hypertension. d. Ventricular fibrillation.

a. Myocardial infarction.

According to the opening story in Chapter 6, Angelita a. Needed to reconnect spiritually with her home and culture. b. Was diagnosed with clinical depression. c. Suffered from a chronic illness. d. Should have been prescribed an antidepressant medication to help alleviate her symptoms.

a. Needed to reconnect spiritually with her home and culture.

According to research conducted by Rabin, Cohen, Ganguli, Lyle and Cunnick (1989), one way that emotions affect our immune systems is through the _____ in our bodies. a. Nerve fibers b. Chemical receptors c. Hormones d. Muscles

a. Nerve fibers

Physiological responses to stress are initiated by a complex communication process that takes place in the a. Nervous system. b. Pancreas. c. Adrenal glands. d. Pituitary gland.

a. Nervous system.

_____ was initially considered an epicenter of the HIV disease. a. New York City b. Los Angeles c. Seattle d. Miami

a. New York City

The changes in school lunch menus and vending machines in New York City public schools were the result of a study conducted on a. Obesity and diabetes. b. Nutritional guidelines in schools. c. Exercise and nutrition. d. Nutritional choices of school-aged children.

a. Obesity and diabetes.

A study by Fried et al. (2003) found that providers and consumers a. Often disagreed over whether a discussion about diagnosis ever occurred. b. Generally agree on diagnosis. c. Often have different viewpoints about symptoms and treatment outcomes. d. Are most likely to communicate effectively the higher the level of education of the consumer.

a. Often disagreed over whether a discussion about diagnosis ever occurred.

Arnold was recently infected with tuberculosis (TB). Arnold's physician informs him that he can become sick with active TB bacteria within _____ year(s). a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four

a. One

Mel is conducting a cross-sectional study on the health behaviors of teenagers. He will inform the research subjects that their health behaviors will be measured _____ during the study. a. One time b. Two times c. Three times d. None of the above

a. One time

Health providers are often an individual's _____ with the health care system. a. Only point of contact b. Second point of contact c. Required point of contact d. None of the above

a. Only point of contact

_____ questions allow respondents to construct and deliver their own answers without regard to the length of their response. a. Open-ended b. Closed-ended c. Structured d. Simplified

a. Open-ended

___ are believed to be more effective than NSAIDS in alleviating pain related to arthritis a. Opioid analgesics b. COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors c. Naproxen and Ketoprofen d. Aspirin-related treatments

a. Opioid analgesics

_____ are diseases that invade a weakened or defenseless body. a. Opportunistic infections b. AIDS infections c. Adaptive viruses d. Infectious agents

a. Opportunistic infections

The majority of research on pain management focuses on the two main processes: a. Pain management or pain elimination. b. Pain thresholds or pain management. c. Pain elimination or pain thresholds. d. Pain treatments or pain management outcomes.

a. Pain management or pain elimination.

An individual's lifetime risk of colorectal cancer is increased when _____ have been diagnosed with the disease. a. Parents or siblings b. Grandparents c. Aunts and uncles d. All of the above

a. Parents or siblings

Which of the following is NOT a marketing principle used with social marketing? a. Perception b. Promotion c. Place d. Price

a. Perception

Motor and sensory nerves comprise the a. Peripheral nervous system (PNS). b. Autonomic nervous system. c. Parasympathetic nervous system. d. Central nervous system (CNS).

a. Peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Which of the following factors is unique to the social ecological model of health? a. Physical environment b. Spiritual beliefs c. Quality-of-life d. Socioeconomic status

a. Physical environment

Which of the following is NOT an example of body language that individuals attend to when rating a physician's interest in them and their health issues? a. Physician crossing his arms as if to appear standoffish b. Fully facing the consumer when talking c. Use of facilitative nodding by the physician d. Looking at the consumer when listening

a. Physician crossing his arms as if to appear standoffish

Which of the following statements is FALSE about cardiovascular disease? a. Plaque buildup is unpreventable. b. A reduction in blood flow may cause damage to the heart. c. Plaque hardens the vessels, thereby impeding blood flow to the heart. d. Healthy eating habits can help prevent cardiovascular disease.

a. Plaque buildup is unpreventable.

Which of the following types of managed care organizations is considered a "hybrid HMO"? a. Point of Service (POS) b. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) c. Medicaid d. Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO)

a. Point of Service (POS)

Health psychologists are best able to control for physical environmental determinants of health by implementing a. Policy initiatives aimed at large populations. b. Universal health care. c. Strict guidelines for health care system delivery. d. Treatment guidelines for primary care physicians.

a. Policy initiatives aimed at large populations.

Research by Adewuya et al. (2010) concluded that one of the strongest predictors of poor adherence to an HIV-medical regimen was a. Poor social support. b. Substance abuse problems. c. Lack of formal education. d. Financial difficulties.

a. Poor social support.

When both variables of a correlational study decrease, the relationship involves a a. Positive correlation. b. Negative correlation. c. Weak correlation. d. Strong correlation.

a. Positive correlation.

A distal cause of illness is also called a(n) a. Predisposing factor. b. Adverse effect. c. Proximal cause. d. Immediate cause.

a. Predisposing factor.

_____ refers to the total number of cases (old and new) of a specific disease in a given population. a. Prevalence b. Incidence c. Relative risk d. Morbidity

a. Prevalence

The _____ model is a more modern approach than the biomedical model of health care a. Preventive b. Socioecological c. Ecological d. Demographic

a. Preventive

Who was responsible for healing the spiritual afflictions believed to be the cause of disease during the Roman Empire? a. Priests b. Pharmacists c. Philosophers d. Chemists

a. Priests

The _____ coping style tends to be the most effective method of dealing with stressors. a. Problem-focused b. Emotion-focused c. Wellness d. Engagement

a. Problem-focused

The Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM) explains behavioral change as a(n) ____ rather than a(n) _____. a. Process; event b. Event; process c. Benefit; barrier d. Barrier; benefit

a. Process; event

The function of the United Nations Joint Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) is to a. Promote a global agenda to address individual, community, and health policy factors that contribute to the spread of HIV. b. Create health policies for developing countries to curtail the spread of HIV. c. Market HIV medications. d. Disperse HIV medications to developing countries.

a. Promote a global agenda to address individual, community, and health policy factors that contribute to the spread of HIV.

Gathering information about eating behaviors to determine the cause of a food-borne illness is an example of a. Qualitative data. b. Quantitative data. c. Incidental data. d. Experimental data.

a. Qualitative data.

_____ refers to the number of years of good, fully functioning ability. a. Quality of life b. Demographics c. Level of living d. Life expectancy

a. Quality of life

The Johns Hopkins study of asthma in the opening story of Chapter 2 is an example of a(n) a. Randomized clinical trial. b. Intervention study. c. Community-based study. d. Prospective study.

a. Randomized clinical trial.

The development of the field of "psychosomatic medicine" was a result of a. Research on the mind-body connection. b. Guidelines established by the American Medical Association. c. An accumulation of years of psychological research. d. Clergy seeking alternatives to medicine.

a. Research on the mind-body connection.

A disadvantage of the quasi-experimental design is that a. Researchers are unable to demonstrate a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. b. The study has strict controls for variables such as age and ethnicity. c. It contains 2 control groups rather than 1. d. All of the above are disadvantages of the quasi-experimental design.

a. Researchers are unable to demonstrate a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Social marketing campaigns emphasize a. Results. b. Treatment options. c. Socioeconomic factors. d. Choices.

a. Results.

Mike has been diagnosed with inflammation of the joints, most commonly called a. Rheumatoid arthritis. b. Osteoarthritis. c. Inflammatory arthritis. d. Autoimmune arthritis.

a. Rheumatoid arthritis.

_____ identified the microorganisms that cause anthrax and tuberculosis. a. Robert Koch b. Louis Pasteur c. Marie Curie d. John Guthrie

a. Robert Koch

Which of the following is considered to be a cognitive approach to problem solving? a. Searching for information about a health concern on the internet b. Aromatherapy c. Musical relaxation d. Dancing

a. Searching for information about a health concern on the internet

Which of the following variables is NOT a factor of reciprocal determinism? a. Self-efficacy b. Environmental events c. Behaviors d. Personal factors

a. Self-efficacy

Jody believes her actions of dieting will produce her expected outcomes of losing weight. This belief is related to the concept of a. Self-efficacy. b. Persuasory learning. c. Reciprocal determinism. d. Influential behaviors.

a. Self-efficacy.

Research conducted by Cohen and Wills (1985) concluded that social support a. Serves as a buffer from the potentially negative influences of stress. b. Is mildly useful when using the problem-focused coping style. c. Is most helpful when it comes from a family member. d. Is most effective for adolescents who are learning problem-solving techniques.

a. Serves as a buffer from the potentially negative influences of stress.

Folkman and Moskowitz (2000) found that AIDS caregivers were more likely to feel a sense of accomplishment and better manage their day when they a. Set and completed a specific goal each day. b. Used a support network. c. Consulted with peers who were employed in the same line of work. d. Worked no more than 8 hours per day.

a. Set and completed a specific goal each day.

Research conducted by Folkman & Moskowitz (2000) concluded that when a caregiver was able to _____, they were more likely to report better overall psychological health in the short-term and the longer term. a. Set small, goal-specific daily tasks b. Exercise daily c. Work on a hobby each day d. Enlist the help of others

a. Set small, goal-specific daily tasks

Research by Bielak et al. (2007) concluded that the Amish had significantly higher levels of coronary artery calcification than the Rochester group, partly because a. Several individuals in the Rochester group used prescription medicine for lowering cholesterol and blood pressure. b. The Amish are missing a special type of antigen in their blood. c. Of genetic factors. d. All of the above

a. Several individuals in the Rochester group used prescription medicine for lowering cholesterol and blood pressure.

Publicly-sponsored health plans are also called a. Single-payer plans. b. Traditional care plans. c. Medicare plans. d. Multiple-payer plans.

a. Single-payer plans.

Luke was recently diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma. This type of cancer is commonly called a. Skin cancer. b. Leukemia. c. Prostate cancer. d. Lymphoma.

a. Skin cancer.

Using smoke from lit herbs to cleanse negative energies around a person is called a. Smudging. b. Purging. c. Lighting. d. Balancing.

a. Smudging.

Positive psychology is important to the field of health psychology because it facilitates a transition from the biopsychosocial model to the _____ model. a. Social ecological b. Wellness c. Integrationist d. Conventional

a. Social ecological

According to the study conducted by Kawano (2008), nurses working in _____ units experienced higher levels of emotional distress than other nurses. a. Specialty b. Non-specialty c. Pediatric d. None of the above

a. Specialty

The findings of Wachholtz's and Pargament's (2008) research on migraines concluded that _____ meditation techniques were much better than any other treatment approaches used in the study. a. Spiritual b. Internally-focused c. Externally-focused d. Muscle relaxation

a. Spiritual

Which of the following is NOT a focus of psychoeducational interventions? a. Spiritual education b. Health education c. Stress management awareness d. Coping skills training

a. Spiritual education

Which of the following is NOT a virtue of positive psychology? a. Spirituality b. Courage c. Humanity d. Temperance

a. Spirituality

_____ is a central component of curanderismo. a. Spirituality b. Qi c. Socioeconomic status d. Ecology

a. Spirituality

Developing countries report a higher prevalence for _____ cancer for men. a. Stomach and liver b. Prostate c. Prostate and lung d. Pancreatic

a. Stomach and liver

In an experimental design that investigates the effects of stress on mental illness, the independent variable would be a. Stress. b. Mental illness. c. Age. d. Gender.

a. Stress.

Research on the relationship between _____ and _____ has provided the clearest evidence of the association between emotional factors and negative physiological effects. a. Stress; illness b. Stress; socioeconomic status c. Spiritual beliefs; stress d. Environmental factors; stress

a. Stress; illness

A _____ is an event external to the human body that provokes a response. a. Stressful stimulus b. Stressful response c. Stressful activator d. Stress mechanism

a. Stressful stimulus

Janz and Becker (1984) conducted a review to test the explanatory power of the Health Belief Model (HBM) and found a. Strong evidence to support 3 of the 4 constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM). b. Strong evidence to support all 4 of the constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM). c. No evidence to support any of the 4 constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM). d. Mild evidence to support 1 of the 4 constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM).

a. Strong evidence to support 3 of the 4 constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM).

Perceived severity is a(n) _____ value. a. Subjective b. Objective c. Scientific d. Ecological

a. Subjective

According to the gateway theory of substance use, adolescent substance use begins with a. Substances legal for adults. b. Substances illegal for adults. c. Older siblings pressuring the adolescent to use substances. d. Non-prescription medications.

a. Substances legal for adults.

Which of the following statements is FALSE with reference to suicide in the U.S.? a. Suicide is more prevalent in females than males. b. Suicide rates are higher for older adults than younger adults. c. Native Americans have one of the highest suicide rates in the U.S. d. Individuals 65 years of age and older commit 1 suicide for every 4 attempts.

a. Suicide is more prevalent in females than males.

Ivan's curandero believes he is suffering from _____, which is a type of fright due to a traumatic experience. a. Susto b. Espanto c. Biento d. Qi

a. Susto

Physiological changes are triggered in the body by the _____ system when a situation is cognitively appraised as threatening. a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic c. Somatic d. Pancreatic

a. Sympathetic

Melanie is frightened while walking home from work late in the evening. According to the flight-or-fight theory, which systems would be activated in her body? a. Sympathetic and endocrine systems b. Parasympathetic and endocrine systems c. Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system d. None of the above

a. Sympathetic and endocrine systems

Emotional disclosure is a process whereby individuals a. Talk or write about their traumatic experiences and resulting emotions. b. Are taught effective pain management/coping strategies. c. Are urged to deal with present-life issues that are possibly affecting their level of pain. d. Are encouraged to get "in touch" with underlying emotions that may be unknown

a. Talk or write about their traumatic experiences and resulting emotions.

Men tend to cite _____ as a primary cause of tension and stress when choosing a nursing facility for a family member. a. The absence of socioemotional support b. Conflicts at work c. Family conflicts d. Physiological problems

a. The absence of socioemotional support

Which factor contributed to the loss of support for the mind-body connection? a. The belief that psychosomatic illnesses were contrived or made up. b. The notion that psychosomatic illnesses could not be treated with medication. c. The deaths of the primary supporters of this theory. d. The development of new medications designed to treat physical ailments.

a. The belief that psychosomatic illnesses were contrived or made up.

The study by Kriss et al. (2008) found that 66% of young adults who do not have health insurance cited _____ as the principal reason. a. The cost of insurance b. No need for insurance c. Inability to locate an insurance company d. Their place of work did not offer it

a. The cost of insurance

The "macroeconomic impact of ill health" refers to a. The effects of ill health on a country's economy. b. The effects of ill health on an individual and his/her family. c. The effects large-scale health care policy development. d. The effects of economics on one's health.

a. The effects of ill health on a country's economy.

Juanita is part of an experimental study where she receives a special treatment or condition. Which type of group is she a part of? a. The experimental group b. The control group c. The case study group d. The epidemiological group

a. The experimental group

Gwendolyn is interested in the antecedents of cigarette smoking, thus she is interested in knowing about a. The factors that influence cigarette smoking. b. The factors that are the direct causes of cigarette smoking. c. The outcomes of cigarette smoking. d. The treatments for quitting smoking.

a. The factors that influence cigarette smoking.

Under which conditions do cues to action prompt an individual to act? a. The individual perceives they are susceptible to disease. b. The individual negatively views the benefits of action. c. The individual views the disease as short-term. d. The individual identifies many barriers to action.

a. The individual perceives they are susceptible to disease.

Materia medica refers to a. The medicinal properties of plants. b. The medical aspects of health and well-being. c. The importance of medicine in treating mental health conditions. d. The medical terminology associated with holistic care

a. The medicinal properties of plants.

Which stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change is characterized as the "not ready for change" stage? a. The precontemplative stage b. The contemplative stage c. The action stage d. The preparation for action stage

a. The precontemplative stage

_____ and _____ were two discoveries that led to the development of the biomedical model of health. a. The relationship between microorganisms and disease; vaccines to protect against disease b. Vaccines to protect against disease; the study of the relationships between bodily fluids and humors c. The importance of spirituality; vaccines to protect against disease d. None of the above

a. The relationship between microorganisms and disease; vaccines to protect against disease

Research on Haitians as a high-risk HIV group concluded that a. The research was inaccurate and that Haitians were not a high-risk group. b. Haitian males were most likely to contract the virus based on years of prevalence data. c. Haitian females are most at risk of developing HIV. d. None of the above

a. The research was inaccurate and that Haitians were not a high-risk group.

Private, managed care plans were introduced as an alternative to a. The rising cost of health care. b. Government health care. c. The rise in public health care. d. Emergency medical care.

a. The rising cost of health care.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the research findings on adolescent social role models and smoking? a. The smoking rates of teens increases when the on-screen smoking is done by the teen's favorite movie star. b. Adolescent smoking behavior is not influenced by observing on-screen smoking. c. There are no signs of gender effects of smoking models on later smoking behaviors. d. Teens exposed to smoking by actors are not more likely to associate with other teens who smoke.

a. The smoking rates of teens increases when the on-screen smoking is done by the teen's favorite movie star.

Criticisms of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) include the fact that a. The theory cannot explain addictive behaviors. b. The theory identifies subjective norms as factors influencing behaviors. c. The theory does not consider the effects of attitudes on behaviors. d. The theory does not address group influences.

a. The theory cannot explain addictive behaviors.

How does the wellness model differ from the biopsychosocial model? a. The wellness model includes quality of life and spirituality, whereas the biopsychosocial model does not. b. The wellness model does not include spirituality, whereas the biopsychosocial model does. c. The wellness model does not include social aspects related to health outcomes. d. The wellness model and biopsychosocial model are the same models.

a. The wellness model includes quality of life and spirituality, whereas the biopsychosocial model does not.

Which of the following is a reason given by scientists for their inability to kill the HIV virus? a. They are unable to identify, isolate, and destroy HIV without killing other human cells necessary for survival. b. They are unable to pinpoint the exact location of the T suppressor cells. c. They are unable to destroy viral RNA without impacting the immunity cells. d. All of the above

a. They are unable to identify, isolate, and destroy HIV without killing other human cells necessary for survival.

Why do many people use both Western and traditional types of medicine? a. They believe that each addresses different needs. b. They are often confused about their illness and unsure which type of medicine would work best. c. It is required practice in some countries. d. Both types of medicine are one in the same.

a. They believe that each addresses different needs.

Which of the following statements is TRUE in reference to T helper cytokines? a. They can help activate the B-memory cells. b. They are known as the "killer" cells. c. They help to slow the functions of the immune system. d. They form in the bone marrow until they are mature.

a. They can help activate the B-memory cells.

Why did the U.S. Congress create the Superfund? a. To clean up hazardous waste sites. b. To implement the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts. c. To fund greenhouse emission studies. d. To ensure money was available for research studies on environmental contaminants.

a. To clean up hazardous waste sites.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the WHO's 3-step process for promoting health goals? a. To fund the "Doctors Without Borders" program b. To formulate policy initiatives designed to eliminate health problems c. To implement policy changes at the national, regional and individual level d. To assess the health needs of a population

a. To fund the "Doctors Without Borders" program

Which of the following is the mission of positive psychology? a. To make normal people's lives more fulfilling and productive b. To focus on the positive aspects of a person's life rather than the negative c. To encourage healthy emotional and physical lifestyles d. None of the above

a. To make normal people's lives more fulfilling and productive

Which of the following is a goal of the World Health Organization (WHO)? a. To reduce tobacco use b. To measure life expectancy c. To provide vaccines to children d. To assist physicians with medical diagnoses

a. To reduce tobacco use

Winston has been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Due to this diagnosis, Winston's body has difficulties a. Transmitting neurochemical messages. b. Responding to antibiotics. c. Regulating insulin levels after meals. d. None of the above

a. Transmitting neurochemical messages.

Duberstein et al. (2007) found that physicians who were rated highly on openness to new experiences and conscientiousness were also rated highly on a. Trust. b. Confidence. c. Emotional intelligence. d. Personality.

a. Trust.

Studies conducted on first generation cell phone users showed that a. Tumors usually grew on the side of the head of which there was frequent contact with a cell phone. b. Those who used cell phones frequently did not have a higher rate of brain tumors than those who infrequently used cell phones. c. Tumors were more likely to develop in males. d. There was no evidence of increased risk of brain tumors for frequent cell phone users.

a. Tumors usually grew on the side of the head of which there was frequent contact with a cell phone.

The _____ personality includes high levels of competitiveness, high need for achievement and hostile or aggressive tendencies. a. Type A b. Type B c. Type 1 d. Type 2

a. Type A

The Declaration of Human Rights is a document developed and approved by the original members of the a. United Nations. b. Nuremburg Trials. c. World Medical Society. d. American Psychological Association.

a. United Nations.

Which of the following is NOT considered a "recurring communicable disease"? a. Varicella zoster virus b. Malaria c. Dracunculiasis d. Cholera

a. Varicella zoster virus

Evidence of ancient Egyptian beliefs about the body and circulatory system were demonstrated through a. Various rituals, including the mummification process. b. Meticulously drawn nutrition pyramids. c. The writings of Socrates and Galen. d. "Qi" and similar concepts of balance.

a. Various rituals, including the mummification process.

Scott and Huskisson helped popularize _____ to rate pain severity. a. Visual analogue measures b. Behavioral observations c. Verbal questionnaires d. Written questionnaires

a. Visual analogue measures

Which of the following is NOT considered a common treatment for juvenile arthritis? a. Vitamin supplements b. Exercise therapy c. Drug treatments d. Psychological approaches

a. Vitamin supplements

According to the study on socioeconomic class and health conducted by Sir Edwin Chadwick, the _____ were the group with the highest adult mortality and infant death rates. a. Wage/class workers b. Tradesmen/shopkeepers c. Gentry/professional d. White collar workers

a. Wage/class workers

Which of the following is NOT a model used in research and practice in the field of health psychology? a. Well-being model b. Wellness model c. Ecological model d. Biomedical model

a. Well-being model

Which of the following is an example of a "preventative health service"? a. Well-care medical visits b. Seeking dental care for a toothache c. Making an appointment with the physician to determine the cause of a long-term respiratory problem d. None of the above

a. Well-care medical visits

Danette considers her views about the meaning of life as being influential to her overall health. This idea is most closely related to the _____ model of health. a. Wellness b. Biopsychosocial c. Biomedical d. Spiritual

a. Wellness

Research results of a study conducted by Grunbaum et al. (2002) concluded that African American adolescents a. Were less likely to receive information about safer sexual practices than other ethnic groups. b. Had the lowest rates of HIV infections than any other group. c. Were more open to HIV education than any other group. d. Were least likely to contract the HIV virus.

a. Were less likely to receive information about safer sexual practices than other ethnic groups.

Rosenstock introduced the Health Behavior Model (HBM) to understand a. Why and under what conditions a person uses preventative health services. b. Why an individual engages in addictive behaviors and how preventative health services assist with addiction treatment. c. How spontaneous or habitual behaviors affect one's use of health services. d. How subjective norms play a role in health behaviors.

a. Why and under what conditions a person uses preventative health services.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding gender differences and cancer patients? a. Women are more likely to attend cancer support groups. b. There is more information on the psychosocial support needs for men with cancer than for women. c. Elderly males are more likely to openly discuss their cancer diagnosis and treatment than elderly females. d. Husbands generally prefer not to offer tangible support if their wife is diagnosed with cancer.

a. Women are more likely to attend cancer support groups.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding HIV? a. Women in heterosexual relationships are at greater risk of infection than men in heterosexual relationships. b. Men in heterosexual relationships are at greater risk of infection than women in heterosexual relationships. c. Men and women in heterosexual relationships are equally likely to be infected. d. Men and women in heterosexual relationships are not at risk of HIV infection.

a. Women in heterosexual relationships are at greater risk of infection than men in heterosexual relationships.

Research (Sclavo et al., 2001) indicates that 3-5 years after smoking, former female smokers have a risk profile for heart disease comparable to a. Women who have never smoked. b. Men who have quit smoking for the same length of time. c. Male smokers who have not quit smoking. d. None of the above

a. Women who have never smoked.

The McGill Pain Questionnaire is an example of a(n) a. Written questionnaire. b. Verbal questionnaire. c. Analogue test. d. Behavioral observation test.

a. Written questionnaire.

The term _____ refers to the death of a study participant or any injury or illness to a participant as a result of their involvement in an approved research study. a. "Toxicity" b. "Adverse event" c. "Hexamethonium" d. "Critical issue"

b. "Adverse event"

Of the conditions necessary for emergency medical research without informed consent, _____ is the most difficult concept to demonstrate. a. "Life-threatening condition" b. "Community consultation" c. "Diminished mental capacity" d. "Beneficence"

b. "Community consultation"

Which of the following questions serves as an example of an open-ended question? a. "Is your birthday in April?" b. "What brings you to the doctor's office today?" c. "Do you have children?" d. "Do you work outside of the home?"

b. "What brings you to the doctor's office today?"

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) define a "standard drink" of alcohol as one that contains about _____ of pure alcohol. a. 0.25 ounces b. 0.5 ounces c. 0.6 ounces d. 0.65 ounces

b. 0.5 ounces

Research studies (Klein et al., 1999; Ziv et al., 1999) indicate that less than _____ of adolescents discussed mental health issues at their last physical health visit. a. 1/2 b. 1/3 c. 1/4 d. 1/5

b. 1/3

Heavy cell phone use is characterized by _____ or more years of use. a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20

b. 10

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) usually first appears in individuals ages a. 10-14. b. 15-24. c. 18-30. d. 30-45.

b. 15-24.

Initial studies (Spiegel et al., 1981, 1989) found that women with cancer who participated in support groups for 1 year had a(n) _____-month survival advantage. a. 12 b. 18 c. 24 d. 36

b. 18

Public health policies were developed by the early _____ in the United States of America. a. 1700s b. 1800s c. 1900s d. 2000s

b. 1800s

Public service advertisements designed to educate the public about cancer were started as early as a. 1893. b. 1913. c. 1958. d. 1980.

b. 1913.

The first private, managed care plans were introduced in the a. 1960s. b. 1970s. c. 1980s. d. 1990s.

b. 1970s.

The Health Belief Model (HBM) was introduced in a. 1970. b. 1974. c. 1982. d. 1990.

b. 1974.

A person being tested with the ELISA test will have to wait approximately _____ for the results. a. 1 week b. 2 weeks c. 3 weeks d. 1 month

b. 2 weeks

The newly revised nutrition pyramid suggests a person needs _____ cups of vegetables per day. a. 2 b. 2.5 c. 3 d. 3.5

b. 2.5

Catherine has just been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on the most common age of diagnosis for this disease, there is a high probability she is a. Under 20 years of age. b. 20-40 years of age. c. 40-60 years of age. d. 60-80 years of age.

b. 20-40 years of age.

The newly revised food pyramid is based on a _____ calorie diet. a. 1500 b. 2000 c. 2200 d. 2500

b. 2000

Approximately _____ of all modern medicines are made from plants first used by traditional healers. a. 18% b. 25% c. 35% d. 54%

b. 25%

Research conducted by Shultz et al. (2000) concluded that individuals with depressive symptoms were _____ more likely to die within 6 years than individuals with less depressive symptoms. a. 15% b. 25% c. 28% d. 32%

b. 25%

Research suggests that approximately _____ of adults in the U.S. are obese. a. 15% b. 27% c. 32% d. 44%

b. 27%

Cognitive-affective theories propose that _____ factors influence the likelihood of substance use. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b. 3

Reciprocal determinism involves _____ variables. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b. 3

Researchers and physicians have discovered that _____ or more antiretroviral drugs combined can improve the health outcomes of HIV positive individuals. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b. 3

There are _____ different types of T cells. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b. 3

The International Association on the Study of Obesity recommends at least _____ of daily exercise. a. 15 minutes b. 30 minutes c. 45 minutes d. 60 minutes

b. 30 minutes

Statistics show that the prevalence rates for cardiovascular disease increase approximately ____ from ages 40-59 to ages 60-79. a. 20% b. 30% c. 40% d. 50%

b. 30%

McGraw et al. (2008) and Gutmann et al. (2002) found that between 1996-1999, approximately _____ of exercise related deaths were attributed to coronary artery disease (CAD). a. 20% b. 40% c. 60% d. 80%

b. 40%

How many determinants are involved in the ecological model of health? a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7

b. 5

On average, African Americans are more likely to die _____ years or less after a diagnosis of cancer of any type than are Caucasian Americans. a. 3 b. 5 c. 8 d. 9

b. 5

Binge drinking involves a. 3 or more drinks in a single setting or within 2 hours. b. 5 or more drinks in a single setting or within 2 hours. c. 3 or more drinks per day. d. 5 or more drinks per day.

b. 5 or more drinks in a single setting or within 2 hours.

Research by Peto et al. (2000) concluded that the lifespan of former smokers increases by _____ years after they stop smoking. a. 3-5 b. 5-10 c. 10-15 d. 15-18

b. 5-10

There are _____ principal risk factors for cardiovascular disease. a. 4 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10

b. 6

The desirable HDL cholesterol level is over a. 50. b. 60. c. 70. d. 80.

b. 60.

The chance of surviving a cardiac arrest after _____ is poor. a. 6 minutes b. 8 minutes c. 15 minutes d. 30 minutes

b. 8 minutes

There are currently over _____ pain assessment measures currently in use in the medical field. a. 70 b. 80 c. 90 d. 100

b. 80

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis? a. A male Caucasian child b. A female Caucasian child c. A male Hispanic child d. A female Hispanic child

b. A female Caucasian child

Environmental determinants refer, in part, to a. The number of first-degree biological relatives one has. b. A hostile or friendly environment. c. Genetic abnormalities. d. Biomedical diseases.

b. A hostile or friendly environment.

Focus groups are facilitated by a. A health psychologist. b. A moderator. c. A member of the group. d. A team leader.

b. A moderator.

Research conducted by Tournoud et al. (2008) on South African infants found that a. Infants were most likely to contract HIV if their mothers were under age 30. b. A mother's low CD4 cell count and an infant's low birth weight were more likely predictors of HIV transmission than breastfeeding. c. Complications at birth led to a higher incidence of HIV infection in infants. d. Mother to child breastfeeding was the best indicator of an infant contracting the HIV virus.

b. A mother's low CD4 cell count and an infant's low birth weight were more likely predictors of HIV transmission than breastfeeding.

What are "subjective norms"? a. A person's belief in their abilities to perform a given task b. A person's belief about what others think of his/her own behavior c. A person's belief that learned behavioral consequences guide behavior d. None of the above

b. A person's belief about what others think of his/her own behavior

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis that causes a. Inflammation of the joints. b. A rigid or stiff spine. c. Inability to perform daily hygienic tasks. d. Deformation of the areas surrounding the joints.

b. A rigid or stiff spine.

The World Health Organization defines health as a. The physiological state of one's body. b. A state of complete, physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity. c. The absence of illness and disease. d. The harmonic balance of spirituality and emotional well-being.

b. A state of complete, physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity.

The main component of carbohydrates is a. Fat. b. A sugar molecule. c. Protein. d. B vitamin.

b. A sugar molecule.

Studies (Ragin et al., 2005) indicate that ____ is/are more effective and work more quickly than _____ in restoring the heart's normal rhythm. a. CPR; AEDs b. AEDs; CPR c. CCs; CPR d. AEDs; CCs

b. AEDs; CPR

Bethel and Schenker (2005) reported that the _____ process influences the rates with which Hispanic women use cigarettes. a. Demographic b. Acculturation c. Socioeconomic d. Gender socialization

b. Acculturation

Past research has _____ captured the incidences of heart disease among men, but _____ the incidences of heart disease among women. a. Overestimated; underestimated b. Accurately; underestimated c. Underestimated; accurately d. Underestimated; overestimated

b. Accurately; underestimated

Matching Law was created to a. Address one of the limitations of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). b. Address one of the limitations of the Expectancy Value Theory (EVT). c. Measure the effects of peer group influences on health outcomes. d. Measure the effects of individual influences on health outcomes.

b. Address one of the limitations of the Expectancy Value Theory (EVT).

One of the primary roles of health psychologists during the initial discovery of HIV/AIDS was to a. Educate the public about the various causes of the virus. b. Address the emotional and psychological health needs of those with the virus as well as those in their social networks. c. Examine the best treatment methods for the virus. d. Locate financial resources for building special hospitals for those with the virus.

b. Address the emotional and psychological health needs of those with the virus as well as those in their social networks.

Research on immigrants' risk profiles for colon cancer (Flood et al., 2000) concluded that immigrants a. Are at lower risk for colon cancer if they relocate to a developed country. b. Adopt behaviors of their new country that increase their risk for colon cancer. c. Lower their risk of colon cancer and all other types of cancer when they relocate to a developed country. d. None of the above

b. Adopt behaviors of their new country that increase their risk for colon cancer.

Which type of nerve fiber is activated immediately after Bob touches a hot stove? a. Efferent b. Afferent c. Neurochemical d. Axon

b. Afferent

Leon's ethnic group reports the largest increase in HIV incidence rates; therefore, it is most likely that Leon is a. Native American. b. African American. c. Hispanic. d. Caucasian.

b. African American.

Research suggests that _____ often rely on support systems and religious coping to manage their pain. a. Caucasians b. African Americans c. Asians d. Native Americans

b. African Americans

Which of the 2 following demographic factors appear to influence consumer satisfaction with their health care provider? a. Experience and personality b. Age and experience c. Age and personality d. Education and age

b. Age and experience

Who proposed the Theory of Planned Behaviors? a. Fishbein b. Ajzen c. Bandura d. Ling

b. Ajzen

Louis is enrolled in a traditional indemnity plan. He is therefore a. Required to select from a list of approved providers. b. Allowed to select any provider he chooses. c. Allowed a specified number of medical visits per year. d. Enrolled in a public health insurance plan.

b. Allowed to select any provider he chooses.

Researchers have concluded that _____ predict a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than the overall Type-A personality traits. a. Impatience and anger b. Anger and cynicism c. Aggressiveness and impatience d. Aggressiveness and stress

b. Anger and cynicism

Kawano's study (2008) concluded that nurses working in intensive care units had higher levels of _____ than other nurses. a. Depression b. Anxiety c. Fatigue d. Anger

b. Anxiety

Elevated cortisol levels are linked to a. A more resilient immune system. b. Anxiety and depression. c. Lower blood pressure. d. Chronic back pain.

b. Anxiety and depression

Rodney lives in a developed country with one of the highest rates of cannabis use. Which country is Rodney most likely to live in? a. Japan b. Australia c. England d. Spain

b. Australia

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is classified as a(n) _____ disease. a. Joint b. Autoimmune c. Connective tissue d. Immunity

b. Autoimmune

Ramon had the chicken pox vaccine as a child. If exposed to the virus in the future, _____ will ensure that his body "remembers" the virus in order to eliminate it quickly and efficiently and protect Ramon from developing the chicken pox. a. Neurotransmitters b. B cells c. Antigenic specificity d. Antigens

b. B cells

A large scale European study (Pischon, Lehmann & Boeing; 2006) revealed a significant correlation between _____ and colon cancer. a. Cigarette smoking b. BMI c. Socioeconomic factors d. Lack of exercise

b. BMI

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) was developed by a. Fishbein. b. Bandura. c. Sallis. d. Rovniak.

b. Bandura.

_____ is an ethical principle requiring researchers to protect research subjects by maximizing potential benefits and minimizing potential harm. a. Justice b. Beneficence c. Respect for persons d. Informed consent

b. Beneficence

_____ tumors are usually not life-threatening. a. Malignant b. Benign c. Cancerous d. Metastasized

b. Benign

How does binge eating differ from bulimia? a. Binge eating is more dangerous than bulimia. b. Binge eating does not involve purging behaviors. c. Binge eating is more likely to result in cardiac arrest. d. Binge eating and bulimia are the same.

b. Binge eating does not involve purging behaviors.

Excessive alcohol consumption may be categorized as _____ drinking or _____ drinking. a. Addicted; binge b. Binge; heavy c. Moderate; heavy d. Illegal; addicted

b. Binge; heavy

_____ uses stress management techniques to manage pain. a. Exercise therapy b. Biofeedback c. Coping skills training d. None of the above

b. Biofeedback

The _____ model proposes that health is the absence of disease or dysfunction. a. Wellness b. Biomedical c. Biopsychosocial d. Ecological

b. Biomedical

The _____ model was the first to include psychological and social determinants as influential factors on health. a. Biomedical b. Biopsychosocial c. Wellness d. Social ecological

b. Biopsychosocial

Carlos' doctor suspects he may have diabetes. Which type of test is his doctor most likely to perform to determine whether or not Carlos has diabetes? a. Urine test b. Blood test c. Heart rate/blood pressure test d. Salivary test

b. Blood test

Leukemia is most commonly found in the a. Soft-tissue of the muscles. b. Bone marrow. c. Glands. d. Lungs.

b. Bone marrow.

Native American and southern African cultures have a history of incorporating the use of _____ in their health practices. a. Chemistry b. Botany c. Psychology d. Physiology

b. Botany

A study conducted by Bowie et al. (2004) on racial differences in spirituality among cancer patients found that a. Latino men had the highest rates of spirituality over all other ethnic groups. b. Both African American men and Caucasian men strongly endorsed spirituality as an important factor in coping with cancer. c. Spirituality was not an important component of coping for most Caucasian men. d. Both male and female cancer patients, from all races, recognized the importance of spirituality in healing.

b. Both African American men and Caucasian men strongly endorsed spirituality as an important factor in coping with cancer.

__ proposed the fight-or-flight theory of stress. a. Seyle b. Cannon c. Lazarus d. Folkman

b. Cannon

The West Nile Virus outbreak in the United States provides an example of the use of a(n) _____ approach to investigate the cause of illness. a. Correlational study b. Case study c. Experimental study d. Quantitative study

b. Case study

The adrenal medulla produces a. ACTH. b. Catecholamine. c. Dopamine. d. Serotonin.

b. Catecholamine

Studies on breast cancer conducted in the U.S. show greater incidences of breast cancer among _____ women than African American or Latina women. a. Asian b. Caucasian c. Native American d. European

b. Caucasian

Currently, the only proven method for controlling the spread of HIV/AIDS is by a. Getting a vaccine to prevent susceptibility to the virus. b. Changing high risk behaviors. c. Learning all one can about the virus. d. Avoiding travel to Haiti.

b. Changing high risk behaviors.

Which of the following is NOT a component of traditional medicine? a. Spiritual techniques b. Chemotherapy c. Mineral-based medicines d. Medicines derived from plants

b. Chemotherapy

Leukemia is the most common form of cancer in _____ in the U.S. a. Adults b. Children c. Males d. Females

b. Children

Many scientists contend that HIV was most likely transmitted to humans from a type of a. Bird. b. Chimpanzee. c. Mosquito. d. Rat.

b. Chimpanzee.

Latasha's psychologist diagnosed her with depression, which is considered a(n) _____ disease. a. Short-term b. Chronic c. Untreatable d. Cardiovascular

b. Chronic

_____ diseases result in long-term health problems and limit a person's daily functioning. a. Epidemiological b. Chronic c. Global d. Transmittable

b. Chronic

"Diseases of affluence" was once considered a nickname for a. Diseases related to tapeworm parasites. b. Chronic diseases. c. Cholera. d. Malaria.

b. Chronic diseases.

Prolonged and long-term stress is called a. Acute stress. b. Chronic stress. c. Primary stress. d. Secondary stress.

b. Chronic stress.

The leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. is a. Exposure to asbestos. b. Cigarette smoking. c. Obesity. d. Excessive consumption of alcohol.

b. Cigarette smoking.

The most significant contributor to respiratory diseases is a. Lack of exercise. b. Cigarette smoking. c. Alcohol consumption. d. Unhealthy eating.

b. Cigarette smoking.

The Joe Camel cartoon was created to promote a. Marijuana. b. Cigarettes. c. Alcohol. d. Chewing tobacco

b. Cigarettes.

The heart is the focal point of the body's _____ system. a. Endocrine b. Circulatory c. Central nervous d. Lymphatic

b. Circulatory

Which of the following was NOT a strategy of the World Health Organization's (WHO) "Roll Back Malaria" campaign, designed to combat the spread of malaria? a. Drug treatments b. Clean water treatments c. Education d. Repellent-treated mosquito nets

b. Clean water treatments

Do you exercise on a daily basis?" is an example of a(n) _____ question. a. Open-ended b. Closed-ended c. Unstructured d. In-depth

b. Closed-ended

_____ associated illness with physical disease and denied the influence of spiritual and emotional well-being. a. Daoist philosophy b. Cnidian theory c. Humoral theory d. Holistic theory

b. Cnidian theory

_____ have been linked to high asthma rates. a. Mosquitoes b. Cockroaches c. Ants d. Wasps

b. Cockroaches

The Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) describes a _____ process. a. Genetic b. Cognitive c. Systematic d. Global

b. Cognitive

Which of the following is a reason given for the lower success rate of social marketing when compared to commercial marketing? a. Social marketers have the disadvantage of immediate gratification. b. Commercial marketers have the advantage of impulse. c. Social marketers are generally not as well-trained as commercial marketers. d. Commercial marketers use intangible objects to sell their products.

b. Commercial marketers have the advantage of impulse.

_____ studies measure the impact of an intervention in the subject's natural environment rather than in a laboratory. a. Randomized b. Community-based c. Eligibility-based d. Cohort-based

b. Community-based

Yin and yang are _____ forces according to Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM). a. Opposing b. Complementary c. The same d. Polar

b. Complementary

_____ is an Eastern philosophy where negative emotions are necessary for the full development of the individual. a. Buddhism b. Confucianism c. Christianity d. Hmong

b. Confucianism

Annette is thinking about quitting smoking; however, she hasn't taken any formal action to do so. Based on the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM), Annette is in the _____ stage. a. Precontemplative b. Contemplative c. Action d. Maintenance

b. Contemplative

Renee enjoys smoking and assigns her smoking behavior a "positive" value based on the fact that she engages in this behavior whenever she is with her friends. According to the Expectancy Value Theory (EVT), Renee is most likely to a. Seek professional help to stop smoking. b. Continue smoking. c. Cut back on her smoking due to the risks associated with this behavior. d. None of the above

b. Continue smoking.

_____ theorists view an adolescent's level of attachment to social institutions as buffers against substance use. a. Cognitive-affective b. Conventional commitment c. Ecological d. Biopsychosocial

b. Conventional commitment

Robert theorizes that an adolescent's behaviors are not brought on by a desire to rebel against authorities, but rather by an absence of close personal ties to his family. Robert's theoretical position on substance use most closely fits that of the a. Integrationists. b. Conventional commitment theorists. c. Social learning theorists. d. Biopsychosocial theorists.

b. Conventional commitment theorists.

Men's barriers to seeking help to overcome emotional distress can be addressed using a. Psychotherapy. b. Coping skills training. c. Emotional disclosure. d. Holistic approaches.

b. Coping skills training.

A relationship between two variables is called a(n) a. Case study. b. Correlation. c. Focus group. d. Experiment.

b. Correlation.

During the _____, the responses characterized as the fight-or-flight reaction become evident. a. Shock phase b. Countershock phase c. Stage of exhaustion d. Stimulus stage

b. Countershock phase

Which of the following domains is NOT considered a principal component of the American Psychological Association's definition of health psychology? a. Family and community b. Cultural traditions c. Health systems d. The individual

b. Cultural traditions

Which of the following statements is TRUE with reference to heroin in the U.S.? a. Current statistics report an increase in heroin use since the 1990s. b. Current statistics report a decrease in heroin use since the 1990s. c. Current statistics indicate that adolescents are engaging in more heroin use since the 1990s. d. Current statistics indicate that heroin use is increasing more in males than females since the 1990s.

b. Current statistics report a decrease in heroin use since the 1990s.

Anorexic males are in danger of a decreased production of a. Estrogen. b. DHEA. c. Progesterone. d. Dopamine.

b. DHEA.

Roy is learning about the "human blueprint" in his biology class. What subject is his teacher most likely lecturing on? a. CD4 cells b. DNA c. T lymphocytes d. Glycoproteins

b. DNA

Lazarus' theoretical perspective contends that _____ are more likely to cause negative health outcomes than are major events. a. Socioeconomic issues b. Daily life hassles c. Chronic diseases d. Occupational hassles

b. Daily life hassles

John strongly believes that "Qi" is an important component of health. Which theoretical perspective is John likely to follow? a. Humoral theory b. Daoist philosophy c. Aesculapian theory d. Cnidian theory

b. Daoist philosophy

According to the Crandall et al. Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire, which of the following has the highest score? a. Crammed for a test b. Death of a family member or friend c. Roommate conflicts d. Fought with boy/girlfriend

b. Death of a family member or friend

Death rates due to cancer _____ for men from 1992-2000. a. Increased b. Decreased c. Remained the same d. Significantly increased

b. Decreased

Smoking rates in the U.S. have _____ over the past 40 years. a. Increased b. Decreased c. Remained the same d. Not been measured

b. Decreased

Early civilizations believed that plagues were caused by a. Bacteria. b. Demons. c. Weather. d. Locusts.

b. Demons.

The outcome variable of the experimental research design is called the a. Independent variable. b. Dependent variable. c. Retrospective analysis. d. Null hypothesis.

b. Dependent variable

Xanax is considered a a. Stimulant. b. Depressant. c. Narcotic. d. Opioid.

b. Depressant.

The sebaceous glands are part of the a. Epidermis. b. Dermis. c. Epithelial cells. d. Keratin.

b. Dermis.

The heart's resting or relaxation state is called _____ blood pressure. a. Systolic b. Diastolic c. Mitral d. Pulmonary

b. Diastolic

Leslie often turns to alcohol as a means of coping with her stressors. This is a type of _____ coping style. a. Engagement b. Disengagement c. Problem-focused d. Emotion-focused

b. Disengagement

Turning to alcohol or drugs to minimize the pain of arthritis is an example of a(n) _____ coping strategy. a. Engagement b. Disengagement c. Emotion-focused d. Problem-focused

b. Disengagement

The place that distributes a product in social marketing is called the a. Distribution site. b. Distribution channel. c. Acquisition area. d. Product site.

b. Distribution channel.

Miles works for Médecins sans Frontières or a. Physicians with International training. b. Doctors without Borders. c. Doctors who Speak Foreign Languages. d. Doctors who Treat Disasters.

b. Doctors without Borders.

Which neurotransmitter regulates the sensation of pleasure? a. Serotonin b. Dopamine c. Norepineprine d. Estrogen

b. Dopamine

Native American health beliefs most closely resemble the _____ model of health. a. Wellness b. Ecological c. Biopsychosocial d. Biomedical

b. Ecological

Missy frequently uses psychological intimidation to make her children behave. This is considered a type of a. Physical abuse. b. Emotional abuse. c. Elder abuse. d. Parenting style but it is not a form of abuse.

b. Emotional abuse.

Studies show that men married to women with breast cancer have the most difficulty providing: a. Tangible support. b. Emotional support. c. Instrumental support. d. Technical support.

b. Emotional support.

_____ are hormones that enhance positive mood states. a. Catecholamines b. Endorphins c. Glucocorticoids d. Cortisols

b. Endorphins

The _____ style of coping is a hybrid of the problem/emotion-focused coping method. a. Wellness b. Engagement c. Disengagement d. Problematic

b. Engagement

The biopsychosocial model of health was first proposed by a. Koch. b. Engel. c. Jung. d. Lazarus.

b. Engel.

A disease that affects large numbers of a population within a geographic area is called a(n) a. Pandemic. b. Epidemic. c. Global illness. d. Chronic illness.

b. Epidemic.

The epidermis of the skin is comprised of a. Dermis. b. Epithelial cells and keratin. c. Keratin. d. Sebaceous glands.

b. Epithelial cells and keratin.

The most common type of hypertension is called a. Originating hypertension. b. Essential hypertension. c. Secondary hypertension. d. Cerebrovascular hypertension.

b. Essential hypertension.

A scientist is investigating demographic variables related to certain diseases. Which of the following is NOT considered a demographic variable? a. Ethnicity b. Etiology c. Educational level d. Occupation

b. Etiology

Various studies have been conducted on the effects of domestic violence on children. Which of the following is a finding of these studies? a. Children who witness domestic violence are not at any greater risk of becoming violent than children who have not witnessed domestic violence. b. Even when not raised in an abusive environment, a pattern of aggressive behavior in childhood is likely to predict aggressive behavior in adulthood. c. Emotional abuse of children is less likely to have a psychological impact on children than physical abuse. d. Children who have witnessed domestic violence are less likely to be abused in a relationship when they are adults.

b. Even when not raised in an abusive environment, a pattern of aggressive behavior in childhood is likely to predict aggressive behavior in adulthood.

Which of the following statements is TRUE in reference to Expectancy Value Theory (EVT)? a. Three forces motivate behavior. b. Every behavior has a consequence. c. Only positive values are assigned to behavioral outcomes. d. The EVT was developed by Sigmund Freud.

b. Every behavior has a consequence

The concept of _____ refers to the fact that adolescents may engage in risky behaviors once or very rarely. a. Risk taking b. Experimental risk taking c. Testing the limits d. Unintentional risk taking

b. Experimental risk taking

Conclusive evidence has demonstrated a(n) _____ link with multiple sclerosis (MS). a. Anthropological b. Familial c. Addiction d. Spiritual

b. Familial

When finding alternate care and living arrangements for family members, women tend to cite _____ rather than the absence of socioemotional support as the principal reason for increased stress. a. Physiological problems b. Family conflicts over the decision c. Employment conflict d. Finances

b. Family conflicts over the decision

The advantages of Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM) over Western medicine include a. Containing the spread of disease quicker. b. Fewer side effects. c. Quicker control of symptoms. d. Less time-consuming procedures.

b. Fewer side effects.

_____ had the lowest number of infant deaths in 2008, according to the raw data on infant mortality statistics. a. The United States b. Finland c. France d. Germany

b. Finland

The Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) was developed by a. Hippocrates b. Fishbein c. Palmgreen d. Freud

b. Fishbein

Dietary practices in many east Asian countries include a. Foods high in starch. b. Foods high in fiber and low in fat. c. Processed foods. d. Foods high in saturated fats.

b. Foods high in fiber and low in fat.

The vaccine used to prevent cervical cancer is called a. Keprofen. b. Gardisil. c. Infliximub. d. Enbrel.

b. Gardisil.

Researchers (Penn State, 2008; Kunz, 1982) indicate that one contributing factor to essential hypertension may be a. Smoking. b. Genetics. c. Alcohol consumption. d. Lack of proper nutrition

b. Genetics.

HIV rates are on the rise in a. Namibia. b. Germany. c. Swaziland. d. Denmark.

b. Germany.

Research by Sallfors, Hallberg & Fasth (2003) found that _____ reported more pain and a greater number of affected joints than others in the study. a. Boys b. Girls c. Europeans d. Asians

b. Girls

Which of the following statements is true regarding the story of winston? a. He was distraught and depressed about his recent diagnosis of multiple sclerosis b. He considered himself to be in excellent health despite having multiple sclerosis. c. He was determine to find a cure for his illness d. He considered his live over due to the fact that he had multiple sclerosis

b. He considered himself to be in excellent health despite having multiple sclerosis.

Miguel adheres to the biopsychosocial model of health. In other words, he believes that a. Health is determined by genetic factors. b. Health is the result of multiple factors. c. Health is the direct result of one's environment. d. Health is predetermined at birth.

b. Health is the result of multiple factors.

Madeleine has the same beliefs about health as the World Health Organization (WHO); therefore, she believes that a. Health is simply the result of disease. b. Health is the result of psychological and physiological factors. c. Health is a direct result of one's spiritual beliefs. d. Health is unrelated to social factors.

b. Health is the result of psychological and physiological factors.

One reason given for the low rates of infection of cholera in developed countries is a. Health policies that mandate immunizations for school-aged children. b. Health policies that regulate clean water. c. Health policies designed to control mosquito populations. d. Health policies created to establish immunization programs.

b. Health policies that regulate clean water.

____ describes the system of rules and regulations that apply to managed care organizations. a. Health network b. Health policy c. Health procedure d. Health plan

b. Health policy

The Health Belief Model (HBM) seeks to explain health behaviors of persons who believe they are a. Unhealthy. b. Healthy. c. Disease-stricken. d. Mentally ill.

b. Healthy.

One of the functions of the myelin sheath is to a. Store genetic material. b. Help speed up message transmission. c. Transmit genetic traits. d. Protect the myelin.

b. Help speed up message transmission.

_____ are the "garbage trucks" of the blood system. a. Low-density lipoproteins b. High-density lipoproteins c. Saturated fats d. Monounsaturated fats

b. High-density lipoproteins

Research studies on cardiovascular disease suggest that the risk of heart disease among active duty military personnel may be a. Lower than expected. b. Higher than expected. c. Lower than the general public. d. Higher for males than females.

b. Higher than expected.

Aesculapian theory challenged the beliefs of a. Native Americans. b. Hippocrates. c. Descartes. d. Early Europeans

b. Hippocrates.

Which of the following is NOT carried in the blood? a. Oxygen b. Hormones c. Nutrients d. Carbon dioxide

b. Hormones

Cohen (2005) found that stress may influence the production of a. Receptors. b. Hormones. c. Neurotransmitters. d. None of the above

b. Hormones.

The ELISA test was designed to a. Detect the levels of CD4 cells in the body. b. Identify the presence of HIV antibodies in the body. c. Measure the number of T helper cells in the body. d. Help the body produce T suppressor cells.

b. Identify the presence of HIV antibodies in the body.

Larry has a hearing impairment. According to the biomedical model of health, his hearing loss is considered a(n) a. Minor issue. b. Illness. c. Short-term disability. d. Easily treatable disease.

b. Illness.

One reason for the decline in tuberculosis (TB) rates in the U.S. may be related to a. The decline in HIV/AIDS diagnoses. b. Immigration. c. The H1N1 virus. d. A new type of treatment recently approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA).

b. Immigration.

A primary drawback to managed care plans is that they a. Are expensive. b. Implement a system of tight controls to reduce the cost of health treatments. c. Are not available to individuals working for private companies. d. Allow too many choices for providers.

b. Implement a system of tight controls to reduce the cost of health treatments.

Changing treatments for juvenile arthritis is necessary to a. Ensure a variety of methods are used. b. Improve pain management. c. Minimize costs associated with treatment. d. None of the above

b. Improve pain management.

A universal virtue is one found a. Predominantly in Western cultures. b. In many cultures, religions and philosophical traditions. c. Found in modernized societies. d. In developed countries.

b. In many cultures, religions and philosophical traditions

Isaac wants to know how quickly the HIV/AIDS virus is spreading among teenagers. When conducting his research, he will want to look at the number of new cases, or the _____ of the disease. a. Prevalence b. Incidence c. Relative risk d. Mortality rates

b. Incidence

The variable manipulated or controlled in an experimental study is called the a. Dependent variable. b. Independent variable. c. Correlational variable. d. Null hypothesis.

b. Independent variable.

____ is learning that originated from a person's own knowledge. a. Vicarious learning b. Inferred learning c. Direct learning d. Indirect learning

b. Inferred learning

_____ must clearly explain the activities required of each research participant, as well as the risks and benefits of participating in the study. a. Beneficence b. Informed consent c. A consensual agreement d. The rights and responsibilities agreement

b. Informed consent

Current treatments for arthritis recommend a(n) _____ approach. a. Medical b. Interdisciplinary c. Psychological d. Physiological

b. Interdisciplinary

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of efficacy expectations? a. Magnitude b. Interference c. Generality d. Strength

b. Interference

The recent attention given to _____ skills in medicine is mainly due to a break from the more traditional, paternalistic approach of medicine in the U.S. a. Psychosocial b. Interpersonal c. Holistic d. Sociological

b. Interpersonal

The Stanford Three Community Study utilized a(n) _____ research design. a. Cross-sectional b. Intervention c. Qualitative d. Organizational

b. Intervention

How does crack cocaine create a feeling of euphoria? a. It reabsorbs dopamine, causing an excess in the central nervous system. b. It blocks the reabsorption of dopamine, causing an excess in the central nervous system. c. It blocks the creation of dopamine, causing a shortage in the central nervous system. d. It reabsorbs dopamine, causing the central nervous system to be relaxed.

b. It blocks the reabsorption of dopamine, causing an excess in the central nervous system.

Research conducted by Walter et al. (1993; 1992) on the role of self-efficacy in engaging in preventative HIV/AIDS risk behaviors of teens concluded that self-efficacy is important for performing a behavior; however a. It does not improve help-seeking behaviors. b. It can be undermined by substance use. c. It was an inconclusive finding for females. d. All of the above

b. It can be undermined by substance use.

Which of the following is a criticism of the biomedical model of health? a. It is not focused enough on medicinal treatments for diseases. b. It does not take into account emotional and social factors linked to disease. c. It does not recognize that microorganisms cause disease. d. It does not recognize the influence of physiological factors on disease

b. It does not take into account emotional and social factors linked to disease.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding osteoarthritis (OA)? a. It is the oldest known form of arthritis. b. It is the only type of arthritis that is curable. c. It is associated with "wear and tear" on the body. d. It is caused by an erosion process of the cartilage.

b. It is the only type of arthritis that is curable.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the newly revised nutrition pyramid? a. It explains the role of exercise in preventing weight gain. b. It provides various examples of exercises to lose weight. c. It explains the types of "good" versus "bad" fats. d. It explains the quantity of food to be consumed each day in easy-to-understand measurements.

b. It provides various examples of exercises to lose weight.

A study of 200 French workers (Reid et al, 2005) found that _____ was associated with high levels of hypertension, especially for women. a. Financial strain b. Job strain c. Poor health d. Lack of adequate health care

b. Job strain

_____ was most likely the first to propose that heart ailments could be related to a person's emotional state or personality. a. Hans Selye b. John Hunter c. Sigmund Freud d. Walter Cannon

b. John Hunter

Who proposed the gateway theory of substance use? a. Brewer b. Kandel c. Bandura d. Nelson

b. Kandel

What is the required order in which new drugs/medication must be tested according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration? a. Animal testing, laboratory testing, human testing b. Laboratory testing, animal testing, human testing c. Human testing, laboratory testing, animal testing d. Animal testing, human testing, laboratory testing

b. Laboratory testing, animal testing, human testing

A person with a(n) _____ case of tuberculosis (TB) will test positive for the bacteria but will not show signs of the illness and cannot communicate the disease to others. a. Active b. Latent c. Chronic d. Long-term

b. Latent

Studies (Speigel & Giese-Davis, 2003) indicate that depressed individuals may be a. More likely to turn to alcohol as a means of coping with their cancer diagnosis. b. Less likely to comply with medication regimes. c. Less likely to have health insurance. d. At risk for more complications from cancer.

b. Less likely to comply with medication regimes.

Researchers would conduct a _____ study to investigate the effects of cardiovascular disease over a 10-year period for one group of males ages 40-45. a. Cross-sectional b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Qualitative

b. Longitudinal

The Framingham Heart Study (1949) was an example of the use of a _____ study. a. Qualitative b. Longitudinal c. Cross-sectional d. Correlational

b. Longitudinal

Which of the following is a common symptom of heart disease in women? a. Tightness in the chest b. Lower back pain c. Pain in the left arm d. Pain in the right arm

b. Lower back pain

Studies (Fekete et al., 2009 & Derlega et al., 2003) indicate that individuals who revealed their HIV status to family members or other supportive individuals reported a. An increase in stigmatization. b. Lower psychological distress. c. Higher spirituality. d. Increased levels of support.

b. Lower psychological distress.

June is finishing the action stage of change, which means she will most likely be transitioning into the _____ stage. a. Contemplative b. Maintenance c. Recidivism d. Preparation

b. Maintenance

_____ cancer survivors are less likely to reveal their diagnosis, treatment, or to discuss their symptoms. a. Female b. Male c. Adolescent d. Elderly

b. Male

Which of the following statements is TRUE with reference to spirituality and health outcomes? a. Individuals rarely incorporate spirituality into their healing traditions when using the biomedical model of health. b. Many individuals combine spirituality with medical science to increase their chances of overcoming illness. c. Spirituality is rarely used in Western cultures to overcome illness. d. All of the above are true.

b. Many individuals combine spirituality with medical science to increase their chances of overcoming illness.

A cancer is a collection of cells that reproduce in an uncontrolled manner, forming a a. Large grouping of T cells. b. Mass of cells. c. Variation of white blood cells. d. Glioma.

b. Mass of cells.

A(n) _____ is a medical surgery to remove breasts infected with malignant tumors. a. Appendectomy b. Mastectomy c. Mammogram d. Lymphocyte

b. Mastectomy

Pharmacology is most closely associated with the ancient practice of using _____ to treat illness. a. Spiritual advisors b. Materia medica c. Art and music d. Religious rituals

b. Materia medica

_____ is a government-sponsored health insurance program for low income and disabled individuals. a. Medicare b. Medicaid c. Public health department d. Point of service

b. Medicaid

Epidemiologists are analogous to a. Psychologists. b. Medical detectives. c. Government workers. d. School teachers.

b. Medical detectives.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the use of medical jargon by physicians? a. Some physicians may use medical jargon when they prefer not to explain an illness or procedure that is difficult to understand. b. Medical researchers are encouraged to refrain from using medical jargon with both consumers and other providers. c. Some physicians may use medical jargon when they have limited time for each consumer. d. Some physicians may use medical jargon in order to demonstrate their knowledge.

b. Medical researchers are encouraged to refrain from using medical jargon with both consumers and other providers.

A shaman is a a. Medicine man or woman in curanderismo. b. Medicine man or woman in Native American culture. c. Medical healer in Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM). d. None of the above

b. Medicine man or woman in Native American culture.

In an experimental design that investigates the effects of stress on mental illness, the dependent variable would be a. Stress. b. Mental illness. c. Age. d. Gender.

b. Mental illness.

Curanderismo is commonly practiced in a. The United States. b. Mexico. c. Italy. d. Japan.

b. Mexico.

Western medical approaches are often referred to as a. Curanderismo. b. Modern approaches. c. Holistic approaches. d. Traditional folklore.

b. Modern approaches.

Breast self-examinations were designed to be performed a. Daily. b. Monthly. c. Every 6 weeks. d. Yearly.

b. Monthly.

One of the effects of polio is that it attacks a. The heart. b. Muscle-controlling nerves. c. The flow of blood throughout the body. d. The sensory organs, such as the eyes and ears.

b. Muscle-controlling nerves.

The heart is a a. Part of the central nervous system. b. Muscle. c. Gland. d. Part of the endocrine system.

b. Muscle.

Drugs that reduce the pain and inflammation associated with arthritis are called a. Narcotics. b. NSAIDS. c. Antiretrovirals. d. Analgesics.

b. NSAIDS.

Which of the following is NOT a reason cited for inconclusive findings on cell phones and brain tumors? a. Cell phone technology has changed over the past 30 years. b. Newer cell phones use analog technology, which permits higher-frequency radio signals, posing fewer health risks. c. First generation cell phones emitted low-frequency radio waves that some researchers believe are harmful after prolonged exposure. d. Research is not yet available on the effects of long-term use of digital cell phones.

b. Newer cell phones use analog technology, which permits higher-frequency radio signals, posing fewer health risks.

Renita has a fatal form of lymphoma. She most likely has a diagnosis of a. Hodgkin's lymphoma. b. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. c. Leukemia. d. Basal cell carcinoma.

b. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Hans Selye defined stress as the organism's response to any form of a. Threatening circumstance. b. Noxious stimulus. c. Distraction. d. Psychological stimulus.

b. Noxious stimulus.

A study conducted by Walters et al. (1993) indicated that adolescents a. Are generally accurate about how many friends are engaging in high risk behaviors. b. Often inflate the number of friends involved in high risk behaviors. c. Are at lower risk for developing HIV than was previously thought. d. All of the above

b. Often inflate the number of friends involved in high risk behaviors.

The study by Muscat et al. (2000) showed an increase in cerebral tumors a. For those who used cell phones over 40 hours per week. b. On the same side of the head used for cell phones. c. In males only. d. In females only.

b. On the same side of the head used for cell phones.

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) suggests a relationship between the number of stressful experiences, the perceived severity of the event, and a. Temperament. b. Overall physical health. c. Personality type. d. Mental health issues.

b. Overall physical health.

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of heart disease in men? a. Tightness in the chest b. Pain in the shoulder c. Shortness of breath d. Pain in the left arm

b. Pain in the shoulder

Consumer is to _____ as provider is to a. HMO; physician. b. Patient; HMO. c. Patient; physician. d. Physician; HMO.

b. Patient; HMO.

According to the Health Belief Model (HBM), _____ and _____ affect the likelihood of a person taking action against a disease. a. Perceived susceptibility; perceived severity b. Perceived benefits; perceived barriers c. Perceived behavioral control; perceived severity d. Perceived benefits; perceived behavioral control

b. Perceived benefits; perceived barriers

____ contributes the least to explaining health behaviors (Janz & Becker; 1984). a. Perceived benefits b. Perceived severity c. Perceived treatments d. Perceived susceptibility

b. Perceived severity

Health psychologists are interested in measuring the degree to which Marco feels at risk for catching the H1N1 virus. Health psychologists are therefore interested in Marco's a. Perceived severity. b. Perceived susceptibility. c. Perceived self-efficacy. d. Perceived barriers.

b. Perceived susceptibility.

_____ believe that an individual's characteristics may influence the timing and occurrence of substance use. a. Integrationists b. Personality trait theorists c. Social learning theorists d. Ecological theorists

b. Personality trait theorists

Learning by adhering to another's judgments about specific behaviors is called a. Inferred learning. b. Persuasory learning. c. Vicarious learning. d. Direct learning.

b. Persuasory learning.

The _____ is often the "face" of the health care system for the consumer. a. Emergency department b. Physician c. Managed care network d. Receptionist

b. Physician

Studies examining consumer satisfaction with medical care providers focus mainly on a. Consumers. b. Physicians. c. Managed care companies. d. Medicare recipients.

b. Physicians.

Galen's views of health were more _____-based than those of Hippocrates. a. Psychologically b. Physiologically c. Spiritually d. Emotionally

b. Physiologically

Which two glands in the endocrine system are responsible for releasing hormones in response to stress? a. Pituitary; thyroid b. Pituitary; adrenal c. Adrenal; thyroid d. Thyroid; pancreas

b. Pituitary; adrenal

In social marketing, _____ is a location for accessing the tools needed to perform a new behavior. a. Price b. Place c. Performance d. Product

b. Place

Coronary artery disease is a disease caused by a. Tumors. b. Plaque. c. Immune system failure. d. Deterioration of the central nervous system.

b. Plaque.

Which of the following is considered a "good" fat? a. Low density fat. b. Polyunsaturated fat. c. Trans fatty acid. d. Lipoprotein.

b. Polyunsaturated fat.

According to Seligman, the most effective way to prevent illnesses is to focus on the a. Level of spirituality in one's life. b. Positive goals of building competencies and the reinforcing factors that prevent negative events from occurring. c. Positive and negative outcomes of health behaviors. d. The reinforcing properties of negative and positive behaviors in order to effect change in one's health status.

b. Positive goals of building competencies and the reinforcing factors that prevent negative events from occurring.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa is one example of the concept of a. Quality of life. b. Positive psychology. c. Health outcomes in developed countries. d. The wellness model of health.

b. Positive psychology.

_____ is the use of cognitive strategies to view a situation in a more positive light. a. Problem-focused coping b. Positive reappraisal c. Emotion-focused coping d. Coping

b. Positive reappraisal

Proximal causes of illness involve _____ factors. a. Predisposing b. Precipitating c. Morbidity d. Distant

b. Precipitating

Intervention studies are also called _____ studies. a. Cross-sectional b. Pretest-posttest c. Posttest d. Case

b. Pretest-posttest

Blue Cross/Blue Shield is a _____ insurance company. a. Public b. Private c. Government d. Military

b. Private

Which of the following is NOT considered a determinant of health? a. Social environment b. Procedural guidelines c. Health policies d. Psychological environment

b. Procedural guidelines

Arthritis can be a contributing factor to mortality. Therefore, it would be considered a _____ cause of death. a. Distal b. Proximal c. Direct d. Primary

b. Proximal

Dr. Higgins is interested in the immediate, or _____ cause of a recent outbreak of the flu. a. Distal b. Proximal c. Incidental d. Ecological

b. Proximal

Anorexia is classified as a _____ disorder. a. Physiological b. Psychological c. Biological d. Ecological

b. Psychological

John's physician diagnosed him with a psychosomatic illness, which indicates there may be a(n) _____ link to his illness. a. Chemical b. Psychological c. Spiritual d. Environmental

b. Psychological

Psychoneuroimmunology explores the relationship between a. Biology, psychology, and sociology. b. Psychology, immunology, and neurology. c. Psychology, physiology, and neurology. d. Immunology, neurology, and physiology.

b. Psychology, immunology, and neurology.

Vomiting, fasting, or using laxatives to lose weight is called a. Cleansing. b. Purging. c. Binging. d. Amenorrhea.

b. Purging.

The two types of data used to report morbidity and mortality statistics are a. Raw data and disease susceptibility. b. Raw data and rates. c. Number of subjects studied and number of experiments performed. d. Risk factors and rates.

b. Raw data and rates.

_____ has been successful in treating severely malnourished children. a. The Farming Program b. Ready-to-use therapeutic food c. The "Meals Ready to Eat" program d. Instructions on proper eating guidelines

b. Ready-to-use therapeutic food

Plant phenolics are found in some types of a. White wines. b. Red wines. c. Fermented beers. d. Cigarettes.

b. Red wines.

Which of the following is NOT a component of cognitive appraisal? a. Primary appraisal b. Reevaluation appraisal c. Secondary appraisal d. Cognitive reappraisal

b. Reevaluation appraisal

_____ refers to an action that increases the probability of an adverse outcome. a. Risk b. Risky behavior c. Experimental risk taking d. Antecedent behaviors

b. Risky behavior

Which of the following would be considered a positive correlation? a. David has increased the amount of exercising he's been doing and has noticed a decrease in his weight. b. Sal has decreased the amount of sugar he eats and has experienced a decrease in the number of headaches he typically has. c. Tina has experienced a decrease in grades but the amount of TV she has been watching has increased. d. None of the above

b. Sal has decreased the amount of sugar he eats and has experienced a decrease in the number of headaches he typically has.

A _____ is an indigenous healer used in the South African health care system. a. Curandero b. Sangoma c. Midwife d. Nursing healer

b. Sangoma

Recent U.S. mortality statistics indicate that, as of 2011, cancers were the _____ leading cause of death. a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth

b. Second

_____ hypertension is a result of behavioral factors. a. Primary b. Secondary c. Essential d. Indirect

b. Secondary

The assessment of one's resources and determination of how sufficient the resources are to meet the demands of a stressful event is called a. Primary appraisal. b. Secondary appraisal. c. Cognitive appraisal. d. Reevaluation appraisal.

b. Secondary appraisal.

The notion of _____ was eventually added to the Health Belief Model (HBM) as the 6th concept used to explain health behaviors. a. Reciprocal determinism b. Self-efficacy c. Subjective norm d. Vicarious learning

b. Self-efficacy

The process of a person transitioning from HIV to AIDS is called a. Differentiation. b. Seroconversion. c. Asymptomatic. d. Parenteral.

b. Seroconversion.

The sympathetic nervous system a. Is a substructure of the somatic nervous system. b. Serves as protection from external or internal threats. c. Returns the body to its normal state after a threat. d. Serves the same function as the pituitary gland.

b. Serves as protection from external or internal threats.

According to the opening vignette on distracted teen drivers, one factor that appeared to contribute to Gillian's accident was a. She was talking on her cell phone. b. She was an inexperienced driver. c. She was changing the radio station. d. She had been drinking alcohol.

b. She was an inexperienced driver.

Preventive health care as a concept is consistent with a _____ system. a. Managed care b. Single-payer c. Multipayer d. Biomedical

b. Single-payer

Researchers (Orsal, et al., 2012) have found an association between psychological stress among college students and a. Levels of depression. b. Sleep disturbances. c. Suppressed immune systems. d. Anger outbursts.

b. Sleep disturbances.

Loretta's physician has prescribed her antiretroviral drugs to a. Help promote T cell production. b. Slow the progression of HIV. c. Offset the loss of vitamins and minerals she is missing due to HIV. d. Vaccinate her against HIV.

b. Slow the progression of HIV.

Condom distribution campaigns on college campuses are an example of a(n) a. Government issued policy. b. Social marketing campaign. c. Healthcare policy. d. Educational message system.

b. Social marketing campaign.

According to the report by Taylor et al. (2000), optimistic people have more a. Financial success. b. Social support. c. Children. d. All of the above

b. Social support

Respite care is a type of a. Healthcare policy. b. Social support assistance. c. Arthritis treatment. d. Caregiver support group.

b. Social support assistance.

Which of the following is NOT one of the principal theories used to explain the relationship between stress and illness? a. General Adaptation Syndrome b. Socialecological theory c. Fight-or-flight theory d. Transactional model

b. Socialecological theory

Reed is engaging in a(n) _____ behavior, meaning his behavior is widely accepted by society. a. Public norm b. Socially normative behavior c. Influential behavior d. Adjustable behavior

b. Socially normative behavior

The Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM) is a _____ model. a. Sociological b. Stage c. Systemic d. Varied

b. Stage

The results of a Harvard study on state health policies (Nelson et al., 2005) found that a. State health policies have little effect on moderating drinking behaviors in college students. b. State health policies can moderate drinking in both college students and adults. c. State health policies moderate drinking in college students but not adults. d. State health policies are effective at moderating drinking in adolescents and college students.

b. State health policies can moderate drinking in both college students and adults.

What type of unanticipated barrier did Pendry (2001) discover in the research conducted on South African villagers who were given HIV tests? a. Increased anxiety b. Stigma c. Lowered self-efficacy d. Depression

b. Stigma

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? a. Alarm stage b. Stimulus stage c. Stage of resistance d. Stage of exhaustion

b. Stimulus stage

Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the transactional model of stress? a. Responses to stress are primarily based on physiological reactions. b. Stress is both a stimulus and a response. c. Mood has little to do with the way stress is handled. d. The stage of exhaustion is similar to secondary appraisal.

b. Stress is both a stimulus and a response.

Which type of cells function as warriors? a. B cells b. T cells c. R cells d. L cells

b. T cells

Médecins sans Frontières shares some of the same goals as a. The American Psychological Association. b. The Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. c. The Institute of Medicine. d. The Pediatric Foundation.

b. The Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

A study conducted by Ragin et al. (2005) found that consumers preferred _____ in part because of a perception of better medical care. a. The hospital b. The emergency department c. Government-funded care d. The single-payer system

b. The emergency department

Why was the Stanford Prison Experiment halted earlier than intended? a. All of the mock prison inmates quit the experiment due to stress. b. The emotional impact on the prison guards and inmates was far greater than expected. c. An Institutional Review Board stopped the experiment. d. The mock prison guards quit the experiment due to the living conditions in the study

b. The emotional impact on the prison guards and inmates was far greater than expected.

How do the emotion-focused coping style and engagement coping style differ? a. The engagement coping style is more focused on emotion rather than problem-solving. b. The engagement coping style looks for a sympathetic but helpful audience, whereas the emotion-focused style does not seek a helpful audience. c. The engagement coping style is used more frequently by females than the emotion-focused style. d. The emotion-focused style is a healthier way of problem-solving than the engagement style.

b. The engagement coping style looks for a sympathetic but helpful audience, whereas the emotion-focused style does not seek a helpful audience.

Ragin et al. (2005) reported that for some individuals, _____ was their regular source of care. a. The walk-in clinic b. The hospital c. The health department d. The school nurse

b. The hospital

Osteoarthritis (OA) most commonly affects a. The smaller joints. b. The larger joints. c. Multiple joints simultaneously. d. The ligaments near the bones.

b. The larger joints.

Research studies conclude that adolescents most likely to engage in early sexual behaviors are a. The most well-informed about safer sexual practices. b. The least well-informed about safer sexual practices. c. The most likely to be from supportive homes. d. The most likely to understand the consequences of unprotected sexual activities.

b. The least well-informed about safer sexual practices.

Which of the following statements is TRUE in reference to the biopsychosocial model of health? a. The model is not accepted by most psychologists. b. The model does not include spirituality as a factor influencing health. c. The model is also called the "wellness model." d. The model addresses environmental determinants of health such as air quality and pollutants.

b. The model does not include spirituality as a factor influencing health.

Dr. Marley is studying chronic illnesses. He is currently reading a WHO publication entitled "Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment" because it is considered a. The most comprehensive resource on respiratory illnesses. b. The most authoritative source of information on chronic illnesses worldwide. c. The best resource about infectious diseases. d. The most thorough source for helping diagnose illnesses.

b. The most authoritative source of information on chronic illnesses worldwide.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding communities? a. The number of communities a person associates with is important to positive health outcomes. b. The most important feature of a community is the level of influence it exerts on a person. c. Cybercommunities, such as Facebook or MySpace, are not as effective at providing support as traditional, face-to-face communities. d. Communities do not include "geographic space."

b. The most important feature of a community is the level of influence it exerts on a person.

The results of a study conducted by Finer et al. (1999) found that an important predictor of contracting a sexually transmitted disease is a. The level of education one has. b. The number of sexual partners one has. c. One's socioeconomic status. d. One's ethnic background.

b. The number of sexual partners one has.

Which of the following is NOT considered a limitation of workplace health plans? a. Not all employers offer health insurance plans. b. The plans are not regulated by the federal government and therefore they are susceptible to potential biases and prejudices against some ethnic groups. c. Many employers set eligibility requirements for health plans. d. For some, the cost of the employer-sponsored health plan is too expensive.

b. The plans are not regulated by the federal government and therefore they are susceptible to potential biases and prejudices against some ethnic groups.

What is the synovium? a. The connective tissue of the joints and ligaments b. The thin layer of tissue that covers the joints c. The connection between the bones and joints d. The inflamed part of the joints

b. The thin layer of tissue that covers the joints

A health care system regulates a. The fee schedule for physician services. b. The type and frequency of services available to individuals enrolled in a specific health program. c. The policies and procedures necessary for an accurate referral process. d. The referral and treatment process for individuals in a health maintenance organization (HMO).

b. The type and frequency of services available to individuals enrolled in a specific health program.

The out-of-pocket cost of emergency care is greater for a. Children. b. The uninsured. c. The insured. d. The elderly.

b. The uninsured.

According to research conducted on barriers to health care access for Latinos (Flores & Vega; 1998), which of the following is TRUE? a. Mothers were more likely to seek medical care for their children. b. The use of cultural healers may affect the likelihood of a parent seeking medical care for their child. c. Parents feared the use of modern medicine. d. All of the above

b. The use of cultural healers may affect the likelihood of a parent seeking medical care for their child.

Mel's behaviors tend to be shaped by his parents' thoughts and beliefs. Which theoretical perspective is used to explain this concept? a. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) b. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) c. Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) d. Reciprocal Determinism Theory (RDT)

b. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

The Theory of Planned Behaviors (TPB) is a revision of which theory? a. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) b. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) c. Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TMC) d. Health Belief Model (HBM)

b. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

The _____ states that an individual's behavior is determined by their intentions. a. Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) b. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) c. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) d. Theory of Learned Behaviors (TLB)

b. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

One criticism of national health policies is that a. The policies are generally only applicable in developing countries. b. There are some situations when the policy prioritizes the health of a community rather than that of the individual. c. They do not apply to children under age 10. d. All of the above

b. There are some situations when the policy prioritizes the health of a community rather than that of the individual.

One criticism of national health policies is that a. The policies are generally only applicable in developing countries. b. There are some situations when the policy prioritizes the health of a community rather than the individual. c. They do not apply to children under age 10. d. All of the above

b. There are some situations when the policy prioritizes the health of a community rather than the individual

What were the findings of the health care disparity study conducted by Sonel et al. (2005)? a. There were no significant treatment differences between Caucasians and African Americans. b. There were significant treatment differences between Caucasians and African Americans. c. African Americans were less likely to have a diagnosis of hypertension. d. Caucasians were more likely to have confirmed diagnoses of diabetes.

b. There were significant treatment differences between Caucasians and African Americans.

A primary concern with using opioid medications to treat pain for arthritis is that a. They are extremely costly. b. They have addictive properties. c. They may cause stomach ulcers. d. They are usually not covered by health insurance.

b. They have addictive properties.

Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs are unique because a. They are less expensive than all other doctor-prescribed arthritis medications. b. They significantly reduce pain and stop the progression of arthritis. c. They do not have negative side effects. d. They are the only generic types of medication available for treating arthritis.

b. They significantly reduce pain and stop the progression of arthritis.

According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2005 statistics on chronic illnesses, deaths related to chronic respiratory diseases were _____ times greater than deaths related to diabetes. a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five

b. Three

Which of the following is a role of a health psychologist working with sports-related injuries? a. To help the athlete locate appropriate healthcare. b. To assist the athlete with coping strategies to deal with feelings of loss and depression. c. To ensure the athlete has alternative activities to replace the loss of the sport. d. To help the athlete explore alternative sources of income.

b. To assist the athlete with coping strategies to deal with feelings of loss and depression.

What is the goal of psychoeducational interventions? a. To educate families of cancer patients about the grief process. b. To help patients cope with the stress and emotional strain caused by the cancer diagnosis. c. To teach communication skills for improving patient-provider relations. d. To educate society about the symptoms and treatments for cancer.

b. To help patients cope with the stress and emotional strain caused by the cancer diagnosis.

What is the goal of social marketing? a. To help individuals improve their lives through the use of tangible goods. b. To produce social change by causing outcomes that will benefit the individual and society. c. To prevent recidivism in behaviors. d. To encourage the exploration of various treatment options for illnesses.

b. To produce social change by causing outcomes that will benefit the individual and society.

One of the principal causes of chronic illness is a. Eating raw or undercooked pork. b. Tobacco use. c. Lack of health care for all socioeconomic classes. d. Failure to vaccinate children at an early age.

b. Tobacco use.

Curanderismo is considered a _____ type of medicine. a. Modern b. Traditional c. Physiological d. Ecological

b. Traditional

Mr. Speaker was diagnosed with _____, according to the opening story in Chapter 3 of the textbook. a. Pneumonia b. Tuberculosis c. HIV/AIDS d. Influenza

b. Tuberculosis

Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of arthritis? a. Degeneration of the bones near the joints b. Tumors in the joints c. Erosion of the bones near the joints d. Inflammation of the tissues surrounding bones and joints

b. Tumors in the joints

Lamar has the most common type of diabetes in the world. Which type of diabetes does he have? a. Type 1 b. Type 2 c. Type 3 d. Type 4

b. Type 2

Joseph, Muggli, and Pearson (2005) documented a 10-year campaign by cigarette manufacturers to promote tobacco use among a. Adolescent females. b. U.S. military personnel. c. High-school teachers. d. African-American males.

b. U.S. military personnel.

Between 1997 and 2006, HIV incidence rates were _____ in the U.S. a. Overestimated b. Underestimated c. Accurately assessed d. None of the above

b. Underestimated

_____ are injuries that result from accidents or unplanned events. a. Intentional injuries b. Unintentional injuries c. Calculated injuries d. Deliberate injuries

b. Unintentional injuries

Karen advocates for a system that provides free or subsidized health care called a. Managed care. b. Universal health care. c. Health systems care. d. Health managed care.

b. Universal health care.

Cardiac arrest is caused by a. Angina. b. Ventricular fibrillation. c. Sinus nodes. d. Systolic blood pressure.

b. Ventricular fibrillation.

_____ are used to measure an individual's self-assessment of their pain. a. Behavioral observations b. Verbal and written questionnaires c. Analogue pain ratings d. Visual pain ratings

b. Verbal and written questionnaires

A _____ is an annual physical exam designed to review the health status of an individual and to identify problems or potential problems before they become severe. a. Physiological assessment b. Wellness visit c. Holistic appointment d. Yearly health status check

b. Wellness visit

Which of the following is an example of "teological medicine"? a. How can I conquer this illness? b. What can the disease teach me? c. How can I destroy the disease? d. How many family members have had cancer?

b. What can the disease teach me?

Incidence rates of HIV are increasing at a faster rate for _____ than any other group. a. Men b. Women c. The elderly d. Children under age 10

b. Women

Studies (Hwang et al., 2004) on gender and social support for arthritis indicate that a. Men and women are equally likely to develop depression when diagnosed with arthritis. b. Women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who are from more traditional societies are at greater risk for depression. c. Emotion-focused coping is encouraged by most support networks for both men and women. d. None of the above

b. Women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who are from more traditional societies are at greater risk for depression.

Which of the following would NOT be considered a "health-enhancing behavior"? a. Getting enough sleep each night b. Working in places where there is secondhand smoke c. Walking to school each day d. Taking a daily multivitamin

b. Working in places where there is secondhand smoke

Which of the following is NOT considered a priority health risk by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)? a. Physical inactivity b. Workplace/school violence c. Risky sexual behavior d. Cigarette smoking

b. Workplace/school violence

The _____ is considered one of the leading international health policy organizations. a. Institution of Medicine b. World Health Organization c. United Nations Medical Association d. Physician's Medical Association

b. World Health Organization

Attention to the abuse of human subjects was prompted by discoveries after a. World War I b. World War II c. The Civil War d. The Iraq War

b. World War II

In 2005, the Ukraine reported an HIV prevalence rate of 1.4%, which indicates that a. 1.4% of all children in the Ukraine had HIV. b. 1.4% of all children ages 2-12 had HIV. c. 1.4% of all adults in the Ukraine had HIV. d. None of the above

c. 1.4% of all adults in the Ukraine had HIV.

A study by Merlis et al. (2006) indicated that 13 million U.S. families had an out-of-pocket medical cost that met or exceeded _____ of their annual incomes. a. 6% b. 8% c. 10% d. 12%

c. 10%

Teenagers who are _____ years of age have the highest automobile accident rate of any age group. a. 15-16 b. 15-18 c. 16-19 d. 17-19

c. 16-19

The Nova Scotia Study (2003) on automobile crashes and driving experience determined that after _____ of driving experience, the rate of teen crashes decreases by more than half. a. 6 months b. 12 months c. 18 months d. 24 months

c. 18 months

A health policy regulation issued by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission banned the use of asbestos in a. 1950. b. 1960. c. 1970. d. 1980.

c. 1970.

The peak of the HIV virus occurred in a. 1987. b. 1990. c. 1993. d. 2000.

c. 1993.

The late _____ century marked a shift in ideas from spiritual forces causing disease to the belief that germs caused disease and illness. a. 17th b. 18th c. 19th d. 20th

c. 19th

The American Psychological Association redefined health psychology in the year a. 1999. b. 2000. c. 2002. d. 2008.

c. 2002.

Approximately _____ of people who are tested for HIV with the ELISA test do not return for their results. a. 18% b. 22% c. 25% d. 30%

c. 25%

Body mass index (BMI) should be below a. 20. b. 25. c. 30. d. 35.

c. 30.

Environmental tobacco smoke is the _____ leading cause of preventable deaths due to heart disease in the U.S. a. 1st b. 2nd c. 3rd d. 4th

c. 3rd

How many core beliefs comprise most traditional medicines? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

c. 4

The heart consists of _____ chambers. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6

c. 4

Adolescent drivers 16-17 years of age have a _____ increased risk of automobile accidents when accompanied by at least one other teenage passenger. a. 25% b. 33% c. 40% d. 55%

c. 40%

The highest suicide rate for women in the U.S. occurs among the _____ year old age groups. a. 20-30 b. 30-40 c. 40-50 d. 50-60

c. 40-50

Basal cell carcinoma occurs most frequently in people over age a. 20. b. 30. c. 40. d. 50.

c. 40.

The human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine appears to prevent infection for at least a. 2 years. b. 3 years. c. 5 years. d. 10 years.

c. 5 years.

Marijuana contains _____ more carcinogens than cigarettes. a. 20-30% b. 40-60% c. 50-70% d. 60-80%

c. 50-70%

According to positive psychology, _____ virtues contribute to life satisfaction and a more meaningful life. a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7

c. 6

Approximately how long does the action stage last before an individual moves to the next stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM)? a. 1 month b. 3 months c. 6 months d. 1 year

c. 6 months

Many health promotion and healthy living programs report good initial behaviors for _____, but poor adherence thereafter. a. 1 month b. 3 months c. 6 months d. 1 year

c. 6 months

Many breast self-examination programs report a drop-off in self-examinations after a. 1 month. b. 3 months. c. 6 months. d. 9 months.

c. 6 months.

Public health regulations recommend children receive all vaccinations for measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox and whooping cough by age a. 4. b. 5. c. 6. d. 7.

c. 6.

According to the newly revised nutrition pyramid, approximately _____ minutes of physical activity each day may be needed to prevent weight gain. a. 30 b. 45 c. 60 d. 90

c. 60

Alcohol consumption is cited in _____ of cases of intimate partner violence. a. 50% b. 58% c. 66% d. 72%

c. 66%

HIV is the _____ leading cause of death for Latinos. a. 3rd b. 5th c. 6th d. 9th

c. 6th

In more than _____ of cases, cardiac arrest is caused by a prior history of coronary artery disease (CAD). a. 50% b. 65% c. 80% d. 95%

c. 80%

Darius would like to have a drink with dinner. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines on "standard" drinks, which of the following should Darius have? a. A 2 ounce glass of 80-proof distilled liquor b. An 8 ounce glass of wine c. A 12 ounce beer d. A 16 ounce bottle of malt liquor

c. A 12 ounce beer

According to the author of the textbook, in what way can stress be a positive experience? a. Stressful events may cause weight loss. b. Stressful events may lead to more humor in one's life. c. A positive affect toward the stressful event may lead to growth opportunities and new skill development. d. Stress cannot be considered a positive experience due to the damaging physiological effects it has on health outcomes.

c. A positive affect toward the stressful event may lead to growth opportunities and new skill development.

A team of researchers is designing a study that will consist primarily of "contextual" data. Which type of study will they be using? a. An experimental study b. A quantitative study c. A qualitative study d. A correlational study

c. A qualitative study

A complete physical exam should include a. An analysis of sleep habits. b. Chest x-rays. c. A stress test and an electrocardiogram. d. Full-body x-rays.

c. A stress test and an electrocardiogram.

The adrenal glands are located a. Above the pituitary gland. b. Adjacent to the pituitary gland. c. Above the kidneys. d. Below the kidneys

c. Above the kidneys

A study conducted by Paez et al. (2007) of psychological disorders among women diagnosed and treated for breast cancer found that _____ increased a woman's likelihood of accepting the diagnosis and was directly linked with the patient's abilities to cope with cancer treatment and recovery. a. Engagement style of coping b. Problem-focused coping c. Acceptance therapy d. Knowledge of the disease

c. Acceptance therapy

Consumer is to _____ as patient is to _____. a. Advocate; buyer b. Passive; active c. Active; passive d. Passive; advocate

c. Active; passive

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), suicide rates are lowest in _____ and _____. a. China; Japan b. China; Russia c. Africa; the South Pacific d. Eastern Europe; Japan

c. Africa; the South Pacific

Which of the following are considered "gateway drugs"? a. Chewing tobacco and alcohol b. Cigarettes and non-prescription medications c. Alcohol and cigarettes d. Prescription and non-prescription medications

c. Alcohol and cigarettes

Roger's body has returned to its normal, baseline state after he was frightened. This state is referred to as a. Autonomic. b. Adrenal. c. Allostasis. d. Normalcy.

c. Allostasis

An increase in _____ puzzled scientists before they were able to identify and name the HIV virus. a. Prostate cancer b. Pneumonia c. Amoebic dysentery d. Malaria

c. Amoebic dysentery

What is the Kyoto Protocol? a. A protocol designed to monitor cigarette manufacturing plants. b. A subdivision of the Clean Water Act. c. An international agreement between nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. d. A document created by the Environmental Protection Agency.

c. An international agreement between nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

How did society initially discover what was going on with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? a. Researchers held a public forum to disclose what they had been doing. b. An internal review board examined the study and declared it unethical. c. An investigator with the U.S. Public Health Service informed the Associated Press about the study. d. The subjects involved in the study informed their families, who in turn leaked it to the media.

c. An investigator with the U.S. Public Health Service informed the Associated Press about the study.

Shakira's physician recently prescribed her the newest type of NSAID called a. Naproxen. b. Opioid analgesics. c. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs. d. COX-2 inhibitors.

c. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs.

Studies show that in contrast to men, women in caregiving roles: a. Are less likely to become depressed. b. Are less likely to suffer from chronic disease and insomnia c. Are more likely to develop stress in anticipation of the caregiving role d. None of the above

c. Are more likely to develop stress in anticipation of the caregiving role

A historian is interested in learning about the ancient medical practices of a particular culture; however, there are no written records for him to review. According to the textbook, one of the primary means of obtaining information about ancient health practices when written records are unavailable is through a. Musical lyrics. b. Taped recordings. c. Artwork and artifacts. d. Studying past rituals

c. Artwork and artifacts.

The first documented communicable disease was called the a. Avian bird flu. b. Justinian plague. c. Athenian plague. d. HIV/AIDS virus.

c. Athenian plague.

According to the Diathesis-Stress (D-S) model of disease, which two factors are necessary determinants to cause the onset of a stress-related illness? a. Physiological and psychological factors b. Sociological and physiological factors c. Biological predisposition and environmental precipitating factors d. Biological and sociocultural factors

c. Biological predisposition and environmental precipitating factors

Pairing a social marketing program with the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM) is an example of a _____ model. a. Associated b. Recruitment c. Blended d. Detailed

c. Blended

Theodore uses a combination of many different models to explain or predict health behaviors. He is using a _____ model. a. Systematized b. Global c. Blended d. Varied

c. Blended

Hippocrates believed that diseases causing imbalance were located in the _____, whereas Galen believed diseases were located in the a. Organs; bodily fluids. b. Organs; brain. c. Bodily fluids; organs. d. Brain; organs.

c. Bodily fluids; organs.

Treatment of anorexia requires _____ attention. a. Medical b. Psychological c. Both medical and psychological d. Physiological

c. Both medical and psychological

The concept of "sympathy" demonstrates how one word can have a. Negative connotations. b. Positive connotations. c. Both positive and negative connotations. d. An effect on health outcomes.

c. Both positive and negative connotations.

Which of the following is NOT one of the most frequently occurring forms of cancer in the U.S.? a. Prostate cancer b. Colorectal cancer c. Brain cancer d. Cervical cancer

c. Brain cancer

How does "DALE" measure a population's health status? a. By determining the level of one's disability b. By measuring one's life expectancy c. By adjusting for quality of life d. By assisting physicians with administering proper treatment for various disabilities

c. By adjusting for quality of life

One measure of the strength of the immune system is the number of _____ cells in the body. a. A b. B c. CD4 d. L4

c. CD4

Naproxen and Ketoprofen are more effective than Ibuprofen for treating arthritis because they block the body's natural production of a. Dopamine. b. Estrogen and progesterone. c. COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors. d. All of the above

c. COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors.

Gerald has been diagnosed with Karposi sarcoma. His doctor informs him that this is a type of a. Diabetes. b. Influenza. c. Cancer. d. Pneumonia.

c. Cancer

A _____ is a cancer-causing agent. a. Mutation b. Carcinoma c. Carcinogen d. Sarcoma

c. Carcinogen

23. Which of the 2 processes used to restart the heart after cardiac arrest does not involve the use of medical equipment? a. Cardiac circulation b. Automated external defibrillators c. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation d. None of the above

c. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Studies that examine _____ appear to offer more reliable measures of the impact of perceived racism on physiological health. a. Systolic blood pressure levels b. Cerebrovascular activity c. Cardiovascular reactivity d. Ventricular blood flow

c. Cardiovascular reactivity

In reference to caregiving, men are more likely to evidence stress when a. A year of caregiving has passed by. b. They are anticipating the caregiving role. c. Caregiving responsibilities begin. d. They are also working 40 or more hours per week.

c. Caregiving responsibilities begin.

Where would a medical researcher find the cestodiasis parasite? a. Female mosquitoes b. Male mosquitoes c. Cattle intestines d. Bird intestines

c. Cattle intestines

According to research studies conducted on pain management, _____ often ignore the pain or attempt to control the pain themselves. a. Native Americans b. Latinos c. Caucasians d. African Americans

c. Caucasians

_____ is rarely a serious illness when contracted during childhood. a. Tuberculosis b. Measles c. Chicken pox d. HIV/AIDS

c. Chicken pox

Josephina recently had the varicella zoster virus, which means she had a. Measles. b. Poliomyelitis. c. Chicken pox. d. Whooping cough.

c. Chicken pox.

Travelers to foreign countries, such as Mexico or Thailand, are advised not to drink the water to avoid contracting a. The H1N1 virus. b. The varicella voster virus. c. Cholera. d. Whooping cough.

c. Cholera.

In Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM), Qi is similar to the body's _____ system. a. Central nervous b. Peripheral nervous c. Circulatory d. Autonomic

c. Circulatory

73. _____ has been shown to reduce depression for individuals with advanced stages of cancer. a. Emotional disclosure b. Biofeedback c. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) d. Exercise therapy

c. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Self-efficacy is a central component of a. Emotional disclosure. b. Biofeedback. c. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). d. Psychodynamic therapy.

c. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Developed countries have a higher incidence of _____ cancers. a. Lung and pancreatic b. Prostate and breast c. Colorectal, prostate, and breast d. Lung, prostate, and breast

c. Colorectal, prostate, and breast

According to research studies, which 2 factors significantly influence health outcomes? a. Control of provider choice and availability of treatment b. Consumer satisfaction and choice of provider c. Communication and consumer satisfaction d. Provider choice and communication

c. Communication and consumer satisfaction

Which of the following would be considered a distal cause of heart disease? a. Staph infection b. E. coli bacteria c. Congenital defects d. All of the above

c. Congenital defects

One of the ways in which health psychologists may be more likely to improve retention rates for individuals involved in exercise programs is to a. Recommend joining a support group. b. Provide education on the benefits of exercise programs. c. Connect people to an exercise program that is therapeutically beneficial and enjoyable. d. Provide motivation by showing visual demonstrations of specific exercises.

c. Connect people to an exercise program that is therapeutically beneficial and enjoyable.

One role of a health psychologist is to assist health care providers in developing interpersonal skills to help improve a. Consumer-based care. b. Consumer perception of quality care. c. Consumer-provider communication. d. Provider communication trainings.

c. Consumer-provider communication.

Public health policies in the United States were initially developed to a. Create guidelines for hospital admission procedures. b. Assign individuals to health care systems. c. Control contagious diseases such as yellow fever and smallpox. d. Advise political leaders about the effects of health conditions on the environment.

c. Control contagious diseases such as yellow fever and smallpox.

Lola has been diagnosed with the leading cause of heart attacks, which is called a. Cerebrovascular disease. b. Angina. c. Coronary artery disease. d. Hypertension.

c. Coronary artery disease.

_____ are examples of determinants of health related to the physical environment. a. Places of worship b. Educational institutions c. Crime and violence d. Medicinal herbs

c. Crime and violence

Gout is caused by a. Inflammation in the neck and spinal cord. b. Fusion of the spinal cord. c. Crystal deposits in joints and tissues. d. Specific genetic markers.

c. Crystal deposits in joints and tissues.

_____ are branch-like structures extending from the cell body that receive neurochemical messages from other cells. a. Neurotransmitters b. Axons c. Dendrites d. Fibers

c. Dendrites

Factors that influence health outcomes are called a. Principle concepts. b. Ecological factors. c. Determinants of health. d. Cultural variants.

c. Determinants of health.

The American Academy of Pediatricians has acknowledged a link between a. Polio and unsanitary drinking water. b. Chicken pox and the flu. c. Diabetes and obesity. d. Asthma and sedentary lifestyles.

c. Diabetes and obesity.

Jolene most likely uses P57 as a a. A type of pain relief. b. Form of birth control. c. Diet supplement to lose weight. d. A method of curbing her nicotine cravings.

c. Diet supplement to lose weight.

HIV is a _____ cause of death. a. Latent b. Proximal c. Distal d. None of the above

c. Distal

How is "guinea worm" contracted? a. Eating raw or undercooked meat b. Being bitten by mosquitoes c. Drinking contaminated water d. Eating contaminated birds

c. Drinking contaminated water

Behavioral observations of pain may be obtained a. In a psychotherapist's office. b. Through the Brief Pain Inventory. c. During the execution of daily activities by relatives, friends, or caregivers. d. By administering the McGill Pain Questionnaire.

c. During the execution of daily activities by relatives, friends, or caregivers.

According to the textbook, early Ethiopian cultures utilized pendants as a. Nail files. b. Nail cleaners. c. Ear cleaners. d. Thermometers.

c. Ear cleaners.

The American Psychological Association's definition of health most closely fits the _____ model of health. a. Wellness b. Sociocultural c. Ecological d. Biomedical

c. Ecological

Petraitis et al. (1995) categorized 5 theories of substance abuse as all of the following EXCEPT a. Social learning theories. b. Personality trait theories. c. Ecological theories. d. Conventional commitment theories.

c. Ecological theories.

Which of the following is NOT a core construct to the healing traditions of Native American beliefs and practices? a. Self b. Community c. Education d. Environment

c. Education

One aspect of the field of epidemiology involves a. Reviews of health policies and procedures for research institutions. b. Investigation of situations where research subjects were harmed. c. Efforts to control the spread of health problems amongst populations. d. Oversight of research review boards

c. Efforts to control the spread of health problems amongst populations.

Which of the following is NOT a specific health enhancing behavior developed to reduce the risks or incidences of cancer? a. Encourage diet and exercise to minimize colon cancer b. Conduct breast self-examination for early detection and treatment of breast cancer c. Ensure that everyone has access to a primary care physician for yearly physicals d. Immunization to prevent cervical cancer

c. Ensure that everyone has access to a primary care physician for yearly physicals

Which of the following is considered a stress hormone that helps suppress the body's immune system? a. Serotonin b. Dopamine c. Epinephrine d. Estrogen

c. Epinephrine

___ is used as a physiological indicator of stress. a. Estrogen b. Thyroxin c. Epinephrine d. Dopamine

c. Epinephrine

Stimulant drugs _____ the central nervous system. a. Relax b. Depress c. Excite d. Do not affect

c. Excite

Dr. Rooftop is conducting a study to determine the effects of caffeine on memory. What type of study is he using? a. Case study b. Correlational study c. Experimental research study d. Non-experimental research study

c. Experimental research study

Critics of the Diathesis-Stress (D-S) model argue that the model does not a. Include a thorough review of the biopsychosocial factors involved in the stress response. b. Specify the gender differences related to the assessment of stressful environments. c. Explain the relationship between stress and illness in the absence of preexisting vulnerabilities. d. Include psychological factors related to health outcomes.

c. Explain the relationship between stress and illness in the absence of preexisting vulnerabilities.

One environmental contributor to the development of leukemia, especially in children under age 5, is a. Low socioeconomic status. b. Genetic predisposition. c. Exposure or proximity to nuclear power plants. d. All of the above

c. Exposure or proximity to nuclear power plants.

Rich and his five siblings are all smokers. This behavior is considered a(n) _____ determinant of health. a. Etiological b. Psychological c. Familial d. Biomedical

c. Familial

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Several theoretical perspectives exist to describe health and wellness. b. The holistic viewpoint of health focuses primarily on four determinants. c. Family and cultural traditions have little, if any, relation to one's health. d. The concept of health has changed throughout the years.

c. Family and cultural traditions have little, if any, relation to one's health.

Approximately 6-9 months after the onset of HIV, common symptoms include a. Brittle fingernails. b. Hair loss. c. Frequent rashes. d. Difficulty breathing.

c. Frequent rashes.

The level of mastery needed to accomplish a specific task is called a. Magnitude. b. Self-efficacy. c. Generality. d. Interference.

c. Generality.

The biomedical aspect of multiple sclerosis (MS) is an example of the impact of _____ on one's health. a. Pollutants b. Spirituality c. Genetics d. Environmental determinants

c. Genetics

____ are anti-inflammatory agents that help to prevent damage to the body's organs during times of stress. a. Adrenaline bursts b. Hormones c. Glucocorticoids d. Adrenocorticals

c. Glucocorticoids

Cuba used a containment strategy to isolate individuals with a. Tuberculosis (TB). b. Cholera. c. HIV/AIDS. d. H1N1.

c. HIV/AIDS.

According to the _____, one's "subjective frame of reference" is an essential component to understanding health behaviors a. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) b. Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) c. Health Belief Model (HBM) d. Theory of Planned Behaviors (TPB)

c. Health Belief Model (HBM)

__ allows individuals to pay a fixed rate for access to health care. a. Medical necessity b. Managed insurance c. Health insurance d. Health policy

c. Health insurance

The social ecological model is unique from other models in that it includes a. A holistic approach to behavioral change. b. Spiritual beliefs. c. Health systems and health policies. d. Quality of life issues.

c. Health systems and health policies.

Roberto has been diagnosed with cancer. Despite this recent news, he is determined to live life to its fullest. Roberto has a _____ quality-of-life. a. Low b. Moderate c. High d. Weak

c. High

Which of the following is NOT considered a principal risk factor for cardiovascular disease? a. Diabetes b. Excessive alcohol consumption c. High levels of stress d. Physical inactivity

c. High levels of stress

A study on obesity conducted by Dabelea (2007) found that pregnant mothers diagnosed with diabetes are more likely to have babies with a. Neurological problems. b. Gastrointestinal disorders. c. Higher birth weights. d. Electrolyte imbalances.

c. Higher birth weights.

Magic Johnson's announcement that he was HIV positive was important in part because a. It helped women understand that they were at greater risk for HIV than men. b. Society realized that HIV could be easily treated. c. His announcement reinforced the fact that heterosexual males could contract the disease. d. None of the above

c. His announcement reinforced the fact that heterosexual males could contract the disease.

_____ developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). a. Lazarus and Folkman b. Selye c. Holmes and Rahe d. Ragin

c. Holmes and Rahe

Linda is undergoing _____ to restore her estrogen to premenopausal levels a. Strength-training sessions b. Hormone balancing treatments c. Hormone replacement therapy d. Mineral replacement therapy

c. Hormone replacement therapy

The full name of the HIV virus is a. Human immune virus. b. Human immunization virus. c. Human immunodeficiency virus. d. Human immunity virus.

c. Human immunodeficiency virus.

_____ may cause a hemorrhagic stroke. a. Interruption of blood flow to the brain b. Cardiac arrest c. Hypertension d. Ventricular blockage

c. Hypertension

Emotions can affect physiological well-being through one's a. Immune systems and genetic makeup. b. Genetic traits and personality characteristics. c. Immune systems and behaviors. d. Personality features and behaviors.

c. Immune systems and behaviors.

The _____ implemented by managed care companies caused a possible breach in medical ethics a. Restricted access b. Monthly payment plan c. Incentive system d. All of the above

c. Incentive system

The protection motivation theory was used to a. Educate women about the dangers of mammograms. b. Increase the number of vaccinations for the human papilloma virus (HPV). c. Increase the frequency of breast self-examinations (BSE). d. All of the above

c. Increase the frequency of breast self-examinations (BSE).

The first form of health insurance was called a. Premium insurance. b. Accidental insurance. c. Indemnity insurance. d. Private insurance.

c. Indemnity insurance

According to the global statistics on smoking (2008), _____ has one of the largest numbers of tobacco consumers. a. Japan b. England c. India d. Brazil

c. India

Dr. Nelson is studying infant mortality rates in Third World countries. In other words, Dr. Nelson is studying a. The number of live births. b. Infant survival rates. c. Infant death rates. d. Diseases commonly found in infants.

c. Infant death rates.

Jessie's grandmother read about a medical study being conducted on senior citizens. She expresses an interest in the study but tells Jessie she has some concerns about whether or not the study will follow ethical protocol (Jessie's grandmother is familiar with the results of the Johns Hopkins study on asthma). Jessie tells her grandmother that a(n) _____ has been established to ensure protection of human subjects in research studies; therefore, she recommends her grandmother consider participating in the study. a. Bill of Patient Rights b. White House Special Commission c. Institutional Review Board d. Subject Review Panel

c. Institutional Review Board

Which hormone is related to the development of diabetes? a. Growth b. Thyroxin c. Insulin d. All of the above

c. Insulin

A pre-test, or baseline measure, is used with a(n) _____ study. a. Cross-sectional b. Longitudinal c. Intervention d. Qualitative

c. Intervention

Martina is part of a study on heart rate and exercise. Her heart rate is measured before walking on a treadmill and then again after walking on the treadmill. What type of study is she participating in? a. Longitudinal b. Cohort c. Intervention d. Directional

c. Intervention

Freud's research on psychosomatic illnesses was based in part on his a. Childhood upbringing. b. Mother's viewpoints. c. Intuitions. d. Years of scientific research.

c. Intuitions.

Determining etiology fulfills the _____ role of health psychologists. a. Environmental b. Spiritual c. Investigative d. Policy development

c. Investigative

Health psychologists are interested in studying chronic pain because a. It has been linked to mental illness. b. It implies a revision of healthcare policy in order to be effectively treated. c. It affects a person's perceived quality of life and overall well-being. d. Individuals often self-medicate to cope with the pain.

c. It affects a person's perceived quality of life and overall well-being.

One of the limits of a correlational study is that a. It does not provide researchers with reliable information if the coefficient value is less than 0.30. b. It does not provide information on the strength of a relationship between two variables. c. It does not determine a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. d. It does not recognize negative correlations.

c. It does not determine a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.

One of the drawbacks of the Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) is that a. It does not take into account individual factors on health behaviors. b. It only measures positive values attributed to health behaviors. c. It does not take into account social influences on health behaviors. d. It is designed to measure peer group influences but not familial influences on health behaviors.

c. It does not take into account social influences on health behaviors.

Which of the following is a primary limitation of the biomedical model of health? a. It focuses on psychological rather than physiological determinants of health. b. It focuses on spiritual and emotional determinants of health. c. It focuses strictly on physiological determinants of illness. d. It is too broad because it includes biological, psychological, and social determinants of health.

c. It focuses strictly on physiological determinants of illness.

Which of the following statements is TRUE with reference to the biomedical model of health care? a. It is the only approved model used in managed care systems. b. It was the original model that led to the development of the biopsychosocial model of health care. c. It is not designed to address ways of preventing illness or dysfunction. d. It includes a psychological component in order to holistically treat the individual.

c. It is not designed to address ways of preventing illness or dysfunction.

Compared to a longitudinal study, one advantage of the cross-sectional research design is that a. The same group of subjects is measured multiple times to ensure accurate results. b. The varied subject groups allow for more variability in results. c. It is shorter in design. d. It is longer in design.

c. It is shorter in design.

What is the purpose of the Food and Drug Administration? a. It is the agency that approves the sale and distribution of drugs for humans and animals. b. It is the agency that monitors research studies. c. It is the agency that approves the sale and distribution of drugs for humans. d. It is the agency that approves research studies.

c. It is the agency that approves the sale and distribution of drugs for humans.

How does rheumatoid arthritis cause the immune system to malfunction? a. It causes the connective tissues between the joints to become infected. b. It triggers an abundance of white blood cells. c. It triggers inflammation in the absence of infection or injury. d. It causes a malfunction in the white blood cell count.

c. It triggers inflammation in the absence of infection or injury.

According to a study conducted by Collins et al. (2002), which of the following is NOT identified as an area of communication essential for patients to maximize their comfort before a medical procedure? a. Belief in the necessity of the procedure b. Trust in the physician c. Knowledge of the treatment plan d. Consistent recommendations

c. Knowledge of the treatment plan

Which of the following is NOT a behavioral factor linked to gout? a. Excessive consumption of red meat b. Excessive beer consumption c. Lack of protein d. Overeating

c. Lack of protein

Where is curanderismo likely to be practiced? a. England b. United States c. Latin American countries d. Sweden

c. Latin American countries

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)? a. Wording problems b. Lack of differentiation between positive or negative events c. Life events are duplicated d. Inability to account for individual differences in truthfulness

c. Life events are duplicated

Julia makes approximately $42,000 annually; therefore, she is in the _____ according to the socioeconomic categorization used by researchers. a. Poor income level b. Working class c. Lower middle class d. Upper middle class

c. Lower middle class

Studies have demonstrated findings to support the fact that the _____ one's socioeconomic status, the _____ the likelihood of developing a chronic illness. a. Lower; lower b. Higher; higher c. Lower; higher d. Higher; lower

c. Lower; higher

White blood cells in the lymph glands are called a. T cells. b. B cells. c. Lymphocytes. d. Lymphnodes

c. Lymphocytes.

A study conducted by Uhrhammer & Bignos (2008) concluded that some colorectal cancers have been linked to a. Karposi sarcoma. b. Leukemia. c. Lynch syndrome. d. Ovarian cancer.

c. Lynch syndrome.

_____ tumors grow and multiply uncontrollably and are considered life-threatening. a. Benign b. Cancerous c. Malignant d. Lymphatic

c. Malignant

A study by Tunks (2008) concluded that injury-related pain focuses on _____ because of the fact that pain due to injury often lingers past the point of treatment. a. Elimination b. Tolerance c. Management d. Outcomes

c. Management

One of the primary means in which diseases were transmitted during the Renaissance period was through a. Farming. b. Religious rituals. c. Maritime voyages. d. Psychiatric institutions.

c. Maritime voyages.

The selection of a target audience who will be the intended recipient of a health behavior message is called a. Market audience. b. Market selection. c. Market segmentation. d. Market variation.

c. Market segmentation.

William has worked around asbestos all of his life. He has recently been diagnosed with a type of cancer of the lungs, called _____, which is most likely due to asbestos inhalation. a. Lymphoma b. Leukemia c. Mesothelioma d. Poliomyelitis

c. Mesothelioma

Asbestos is linked to a rare form of cancer called a. Basal cell carcinoma. b. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. c. Mesothelioma. d. Mutated lymphoma.

c. Mesothelioma.

Cold remedies, such as Sudafed and Contac, are used to manufacture a. Ecstasy. b. Cocaine. c. Methamphetamines. d. Opiates.

c. Methamphetamines.

_____ is one of the commonly abused prescription medications. a. MDMA b. Heroin c. Morphine d. Crack cocaine

c. Morphine

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding anorexia? a. The anorexic's misperception of their body is due, in part, to poor self-esteem. b. A mother's distorted perception of body size may contribute to the development of anorexia in her child. c. Negative family relationships have little to do with developing anorexia. d. Amenorrhea is common in anorexic females.

c. Negative family relationships have little to do with developing anorexia.

Hormones are similar to _____ in that they are chemical messengers that facilitate the body's communication process. a. Receptor sites b. Glands c. Neurotransmitters d. Neurons

c. Neurotransmitters

Studies of automobile accident rates involving teenagers indicate that _____ are less able to detect and avoid oncoming hazards than more experienced drivers. a. Females b. Males c. Newly-licensed drivers d. Drivers under the age of 18

c. Newly-licensed drivers

A correlation coefficient of 0.00 would indicate a. A positive correlation. b. A negative correlation. c. No correlation. d. A strong correlation.

c. No correlation.

Margie is conducting a correlational study related to the amount of time spent studying and overall exam scores. This type of study is called a(n) a. Epidemiological study. b. Experimental study. c. Nonexperimental study. d. Proximal study.

c. Nonexperimental study.

The _____ was the first formal document defining the rules of conduct for research involving human subjects. a. Tuskegee Code b. Stanford Prison Code c. Nuremburg Code d. Framingham Code

c. Nuremburg Code

Theoretical perspectives on health a. Rarely deviate from the physiological aspects of disease and illness. b. Always include one's emotional state about disease and illness. c. Often include the presence or absence of disease as well as one's attitude about illness or disease. d. Tend to be the same for all people.

c. Often include the presence or absence of disease as well as one's attitude about illness or disease.

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) is a. A scale used to measure anger management styles. b. Comprised of over 60 life events linked to stressors. c. One of the best known measures of psychosocial stress. d. A scale made up of life events ordered from least stressful to most stres

c. One of the best known measures of psychosocial stress.

Quality-of-life refers to a. The idea that life is too short. b. The notion that one can control their own destiny. c. One's level of life satisfaction. d. One's belief that they can master any task.

c. One's level of life satisfaction.

Research conducted by Folkman and Greer (2002) found that cancer patients with a(n) _____ perspective, believed they could influence their situation and achieve a better outcome. a. Pessimistic b. Influential c. Optimistic d. Determined

c. Optimistic

Which of the following is NOT a managed care plan? a. Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO) b. Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO) c. Organized Health Management (OHM) d. Point of Service (POS)

c. Organized Health Management (OHM)

Which of the following statements is TRUE with reference to the use of seatbelts? a. Seatbelt use has not reduced the number of fatalities in countries other than the U.S. b. The majority of adolescent drivers in the U.S. do not recognize the importance of wearing a seatbelt. c. Over 80% of drivers in the U.S. wear seatbelts. d. More people are injured in automobile accidents when they are wearing a seatbelt rather than when they are not wearing one.

c. Over 80% of drivers in the U.S. wear seatbelts

Lisa is developing a lesson plan about the two Plagues of Justinian. She will inform her students that these _____ took place in Rome in mid-500 CE. a. Viruses b. Locust attacks c. Pandemics d. Allergic reactions

c. Pandemics

The World Health Organization (WHO) is addressing the problem of malnutrition by using _____ to replenish the body's lost minerals and protein. a. Dried noodles b. Vitamin water c. Peanut butter paste d. Dried fruit and nuts

c. Peanut butter paste

The concept of _____ is used to account for nonvolitional actions. a. Vicarious learning b. Reciprocal determinism c. Perceived behavioral control d. Subjective norms

c. Perceived behavioral control

Which of the following is NOT a key concept used with the Health Belief Model (HBM) to explain health behaviors? a. Perceived benefits b. Perceived susceptibility c. Perceived behavioral control d. Perceived barriers

c. Perceived behavioral control

Health insurance companies and _____ have been factors in determining a person's access to appropriate medical care for HIV. a. Educational institutions b. Religious institutions c. Pharmaceutical companies d. Government agencies

c. Pharmaceutical companies

Bolger et al. (1996) concluded that married men increased their support to their spouse in response to _____ symptoms, but decreased support in response to _____ symptoms. a. Physical; social b. Psychological; physiological c. Physical; emotional d. Emotional; physical

c. Physical; emotional

Nilsson's study on the effects of music on postoperative bypass surgery indicated that music has a beneficial _____ effect on the body. a. Physiological b. Psychological c. Physiological and psychological d. Emotional

c. Physiological and psychological

_____ examines initial substance use behaviors in the context of other problem behaviors that may occur. a. Trait theory b. Social learning theory c. Problem-behavior theory d. Conventional theory

c. Problem-behavior theory

Research on coping and cancer suggests that individuals who use a(n) _____ approach to coping not only manage more effectively through the illness, but also present a better mental health state after the crisis subsides. a. Holistic b. Engagement c. Problem-focused d. Emotion-focused

c. Problem-focused

A(n) _____ disease is one in which the degeneration or inflammation worsens over time. a. Chronic b. Acute c. Progressive d. Inflammatory

c. Progressive

Buffers against substance use are factors that a. Psychologically assist an adolescent with no longer using substances. b. Help an adolescent understand the treatment methods for substance addictions. c. Protect an adolescent from initiating substance use. d. All of the above

c. Protect an adolescent from initiating substance use.

___ are chemical compounds that form the basis of all living organisms. a. Grains b. Carbohydrates c. Proteins d. Fats

c. Proteins

The Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies was established to a. Provide funding for medical care. b. Provide international guidelines and resources for health agencies. c. Provide international relief to wounded soldiers. d. Oversee the Federal Government's health initiatives.

c. Provide international relief to wounded soldiers

National health agencies recognize that one barrier to improving health outcomes for individuals with HIV is by a. Funding more public awareness messages. b. Educating the public about ethnic differences in HIV infection. c. Providing access to life-prolonging and life-enhancing medications. d. Educating the public about methods of transmission.

c. Providing access to life-prolonging and life-enhancing medications.

DNA viruses are identified by the viral _____ code. a. CD4 b. DNA c. RNA d. T

c. RNA

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 most common types of arthritis? a. Rheumatoid arthritis b. Osteoarthritis c. Reactive arthritis d. Gout

c. Reactive arthritis

The regression to old behaviors is called a. Precontemplation. b. Determinism. c. Recidivism. d. Preparation for action.

c. Recidivism.

The Heart Truth uses a _____ as a symbol for raising awareness of heart disease among women a. Red ribbon b. Pink ribbon c. Red dress d. Red rose

c. Red dress

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding "relative risk"? a. Relative risk involves the number of new cases of a disease. b. Relative risk is the total number of cases of a specific disease in a given population. c. Relative risk helps to estimate the risk of acquiring a disease by "members" of an exposed group. d. Relative risk is not a useful tool for gauging risks involved for a population exposed to disease.

c. Relative risk helps to estimate the risk of acquiring a disease by "members" of an exposed group.

A psychologist is analyzing existing data from an existing database to determine health behaviors in Jamaica. She is conducting a a. Health policy analysis. b. Introspective analysis. c. Retrospective analysis. d. Comprehensive analysis.

c. Retrospective analysis.

For what reason does much of the research on risky behaviors focus on adolescents? a. Adults often decline participating in research on risky behaviors. b. Adolescents are more adaptable to change. c. Risky behaviors that develop in adolescence often continue into adulthood. d. Adolescents engage in more risky behaviors than do adults.

c. Risky behaviors that develop in adolescence often continue into adulthood.

_____ is credited with being the first person to link bacteria to certain diseases. a. Alexander Fleming b. Sigmund Freud c. Robert Koch d. Marie Curie

c. Robert Koch

Which of the following psychologists was instrumental in early research on nonverbal communication? a. Milgram b. Bandura c. Rosenthal d. Zimbardo

c. Rosenthal

A random _____ involves a group of people who have an equal chance of participating in an experimental study and who will be representative of the population to be studied. a. Recruitment b. Assignment c. Sample d. Disbursement

c. Sample

In the early 19th and 20th centuries, _____ were built to isolate and treat tuberculosis (TB) patients. a. Quarantine buildings b. Psychiatric hospitals c. Sanatoriums d. Tuberculosis wards

c. Sanatoriums

____ is defined as a person's judgment about their ability to perform a task. a. Magnitude b. Reciprocal determinism c. Self-efficacy d. Persuasory learning

c. Self-efficacy

The central nervous system receives and responds to information obtained through a. Autonomic receptor sites. b. Peripheral receptor sites. c. Sensory receptor sites. d. Sympathetic receptor sites.

c. Sensory receptor sites.

Perceived susceptibility and perceived _____ contribute to one's perceived threat of disease. a. Benefits b. Self-efficacy c. Severity d. Barriers

c. Severity

Multipayer systems focus on the _____ health needs of their members. a. Physiological b. Holistic c. Short-term d. Long-term

c. Short-term

_____ suggested that many physical illnesses were linked to psychological causes. a. Carl Jung b. Louis Pasteur c. Sigmund Freud d. Albert Bandura

c. Sigmund Freud

According to research conducted by VanDervanter et al. (2005), adolescent males were _____ likely to use health care services than girls. a. Significantly more b. Slightly more c. Significantly less d. Slightly less

c. Significantly less

Social marketing differs from commercial marketing in that a. Commercial marketers sell intangible products. b. Commercial marketers are not concerned about advertising. c. Social marketers do not have a tangible product to sell. d. Social marketing and commercial marketing are one in the same.

c. Social marketers do not have a tangible product to sell.

___ was one of the first to propose that our psychological states influence and affect our immune functions. a. Folkman b. Fisher c. Solomon d. King

c. Solomon

One of the reasons the Working in Support of Education (WISE) program in the New York City public schools did not initially succeed was partly because a. Students often skipped the classes where HIV was being discussed. b. There were not enough financial resources to back the program. c. Some teachers felt uncomfortable teaching the material. d. Teachers refused to discuss HIV in the classroom.

c. Some teachers felt uncomfortable teaching the material.

_____ is a special branch of medicine designed to help athletes who suffer from sports-related injuries. a. Sports sociology b. Health psychology c. Sports medicine d. Environmental medicine

c. Sports medicine

Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 principal categories of cancer? a. Carcinomas b. Sarcomas c. Squamous d. Leukemia

c. Squamous

The _____ is the final stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome. a. Alarm stage b. Stage of resistance c. Stage of exhaustion d. Fight or flight stage

c. Stage of exhaustion

A _____ measures the electrical activity of the heart while an individual exercises. a. Cardio measurement b. Heart monitor c. Stress test d. Blood flow test

c. Stress test

Which region of the world is most seriously affected by HIV? a. Australia and New Zealand b. Asia c. Sub-Saharan Africa d. Europe

c. Sub-Saharan Africa

Symptoms that are self-identified or self-reported are called a. Self-labeled symptoms. b. Verified symptoms. c. Subjective symptoms. d. Objective symptoms.

c. Subjective symptoms.

Which of the following does NOT occur when we encounter a stressful event? a. Pupil dilation b. Dry mouth c. Suppression of sweat glands d. Rapid heart rate

c. Suppression of sweat glands

The findings of Allen and Blascovich's (1994) study on music and surgeons' performance in the operating room concluded that stress measures were lowest and performance enhanced when a. Classical music was played. b. Rock-and-roll music was played. c. Surgeons selected the music they most enjoyed. d. There was no music in the operating room.

c. Surgeons selected the music they most enjoyed.

The Yin organs are vital to a. Initiating action. b. Cause change. c. Sustaining life. d. Balance.

c. Sustaining life.

The strongest support for a link between cell phones and tumors was reported in a. The United States. b. Germany. c. Sweden. d. Spain.

c. Sweden.

____ are formed in the thymus. a. B cells b. Antigens c. T lymphocytes d. Epithelial cells

c. T lymphocytes

Research suggests that the most beneficial form of support for arthritis is a. Psychotherapy. b. Active listening. c. Tangible assistance. d. Emotional support.

c. Tangible assistance.

Raw or undercooked meats or pork may cause a. Cholera. b. Malaria. c. Tapeworm. d. Plasmodium parasite.

c. Tapeworm.

The fight-or-flight theory focuses on a. The socioenvironmental effects of stress. b. The body's psychological response to stress. c. The body's physiological response to stress-inducing stimuli. d. The emotional aspects of stress.

c. The body's physiological response to stress-inducing stimuli.

The principal barrier of the rapid tests for HIV is a. The time it takes to receive the results. b. The availability of the test. c. The cost of the test. d. The accuracy level of the test.

c. The cost of the test.

A randomized clinical trial tests a. The strength of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation. b. The degree to which two variables are related. c. The effectiveness of new drugs. d. The effects of random sampling in research subject selection.

c. The effectiveness of new drugs.

One of the reasons the public began to accept that HIV was associated with high risk behaviors was due to a. The understanding that the virus could not be transmitted among heterosexuals. b. A decline in the number of people with the virus. c. The fact that 3 sports celebrities were diagnosed with the virus. d. The case of Ryan White.

c. The fact that 3 sports celebrities were diagnosed with the virus.

Researchers have discovered that injury-related pain and disability show rapid improvement for _____ during the healing process. a. The 1st month b. The first 6 weeks c. The first 3 months d. The first 6 months

c. The first 3 months

The author of the textbook characterized Winston's viewpoints about his multiple sclerosis as being most closely related to a. The physiological approach to illness. b. The spiritual approach to illness. c. The holistic approach to illness. d. The emotional approach to illness.

c. The holistic approach to illness.

Research on support networks and stress indicate that a. Specific assistance from a support network is a necessary component for effective reduction of stress. b. Social support is most useful when it is direct rather than indirect. c. The perception of an available network can serve as a buffer against stress. d. Individuals with Type-A personalities are most likely to benefit from support networks.

c. The perception of an available network can serve as a buffer against stress.

Brown and DiClemente (1992) found that adolescent's knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) was not as influential in encouraging protective behaviors as was a. The influence of their parents' beliefs about sexual behaviors. b. Their knowledge of HIV/AIDS. c. The perception of condom use among their peers. d. Their religious beliefs.

c. The perception of condom use among their peers.

Perceived severity is shaped by the perceived impact of the disease on the person's life and a. The person's medical knowledge. b. The person's access to health care. c. The person's emotional response to the illness. d. The person's risk factors for developing the illness.

c. The person's emotional response to the illness.

The traditional approach of medicine operates under the belief that a. Men are more likely to follow their treatment protocol than women. b. Potential medical diagnoses are first discussed between patient and consumer before reaching a final conclusion. c. The physician is considered knowledgeable and the consumers are expected to comply with all medical directives without question. d. Physicians should spend at least 30 minutes with each consumer.

c. The physician is considered knowledgeable and the consumers are expected to comply with all medical directives without question.

A principal complaint of Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM) is that a. The process does not examine the effects of emotions on illness. b. The process does not address the physiological components of an illness. c. The process takes longer than when using Western medical methods. d. The process is too expensive.

c. The process takes longer than when using Western medical methods.

The three principal theories of stress focus on a. The correlation between socioeconomic factors and stress level. b. The effects of stress on one's emotional well-being. c. The relationship between stress and a physiological response that can lead to illness. d. The impact of stress on educational attainment.

c. The relationship between stress and a physiological response that can lead to illness.

One of the largest single contributors to the spread of HIV in Southeast Asia is a. Homosexual sex. b. Blood transfusions. c. The sex trade industry. d. Intravenous drug use.

c. The sex trade industry.

Social Cognitive Theory and the_____ incorporate several of the concepts of the Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) into their model of health behaviors. a. Health Belief Model b. Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change c. Theory of Planned Behavior d. Ecological Theory of Behavior

c. Theory of Planned Behavior

Research on social support and its effects on problem solving indicates that a. Social support is not as useful to problem solving as once thought. b. The two are somewhat correlated. c. There is a direct and positive effect on health. d. None of the above

c. There is a direct and positive effect on health.

One reason it is difficult to assess an individual's pain is because a. Some people are dishonest about the level of pain they are experiencing. b. The tests can be costly and most health insurance companies do not insure pain measurement assessments. c. There is an absence of reliable measures of pain. d. Pain levels fluctuate.

c. There is an absence of reliable measures of pain.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. H1N1 is a Type B influenza. b. Epidemiologists speculate that people in the United States contracted a more severe strain of H1N1 than did people in Mexico. c. There is no way to predict the likely course of the H1N1 flu. d. The H1N1 virus originated from infected birds.

c. There is no way to predict the likely course of the H1N1 flu.

Which of the following is a function of the body's capillaries? a. They reoxygenate the blood before it is pumped back into the heart. b. They extract oxygen from the blood before returning the blood to the heart. c. They allow carbon dioxide to pass through the capillary walls into the blood to be carried by the lungs for removal. d. They help speed the transmission of blood throughout the body.

c. They allow carbon dioxide to pass through the capillary walls into the blood to be carried by the lungs for removal.

One of the drawbacks of traditional indemnity plans is that a. They do not allow unlimited access to and use of medical services. b. They are only offered for government employees. c. They are the most expensive type of health plan. d. They do not insure children under age 18.

c. They are the most expensive type of health plan.

What is the purpose of the heart's sinus nodes? a. They resupply the blood with new oxygen. b. They regulate diastolic blood pressure. c. They serve as a pacemaker for the heart. d. They provide nutrients to the blood supply.

c. They serve as a pacemaker for the heart.

Blue Cross/Blue Shield is referred to as a _____ plan. a. Government-option b. Publicly traded insurance c. Traditional indemnity d. None of the above

c. Traditional indemnity

According to Lazarus and Folkman, changes in a person's behavior and reassessments of perceived threats are called a. Stimulus responses. b. Coping strategies. c. Transactions. d. Fight-or-flight behaviors.

c. Transactions

The Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) is known as the a. Immunity booster. b. HIV vaccine. c. Triple drug combination. d. T cell inhibitor.

c. Triple drug combination.

_____ implemented an HIV/AIDS awareness and education campaign that involved a special product called "Clear Seven." a. Thailand b. England c. Uganda d. India

c. Uganda

According to the Institute of Medicine's (2002) report, which of the following statements is TRUE in reference to the unequal treatment of minorities by health professionals? a. Most studies indicate that minorities are not treated differently than the rest of the population. b. Many Native Americans have a deep-seated mistrust of the medical practice due to the Tuskegee Experiments. c. Unequal treatment is a psychological factor that cannot be overlooked when addressing the health needs of African American consumers. d. All of the above

c. Unequal treatment is a psychological factor that cannot be overlooked when addressing the health needs of African American consumers.

The greatest contributor to the development of Type 2 diabetes is a. Genetics. b. The failure of the body to produce insulin. c. Unhealthy diets. d. Lack of exercise.

c. Unhealthy diets.

According to the raw data on infant mortality statistics, which country had the highest number of infant deaths in 2008? a. Finland b. France c. United States d. Afghanistan

c. United States

Penelope's daughter was recently given a(n) _____, a medicine which contained a small amount of a live virus in order to prevent her from developing a particular disease. a. Viral infection b. Antibody c. Vaccine d. Immunity treatment

c. Vaccine

_____ experiences occur when a person learns by observing another's encounters. a. Reciprocal b. Direct c. Vicarious d. Persuasory

c. Vicarious

One of the findings of studies related to military personnel and coronary artery disease is that a. Females in the military are at lower risk for heart disease than males in the military. b. Active duty personnel are at lower risk of heart disease than the general public because they participate in daily rigorous physical exercise programs. c. Vigorous physical activity without medical supervision and monitoring may be harmful. d. Atherosclerosis tends to begin in the later stages of life.

c. Vigorous physical activity without medical supervision and monitoring may be harmful.

Behaviors that are under a person's control are called a. Vicarious acts. b. Inferred behaviors. c. Volitional acts. d. Nonvolitional acts.

c. Volitional acts.

One's decision to have knee replacement surgery on the basis of mobility and improved energy level rather than painful symptoms is a prime example of the _____ model of health. a. Socioeconomic b. Biopsychosocial c. Wellness d. Biomedical

c. Wellness

Positive psychology builds on the _____ model of health. a. Biopsychosocial b. Holistic c. Wellness d. Integrationist

c. Wellness

Which of the following statements about gender behaviors is TRUE? a. Men and women engage in health seeking behaviors equally. b. Men tend to have longer life expectancies than do women. c. Women report more frequent absences from work due to sickness than do men. d. None of the above

c. Women report more frequent absences from work due to sickness than do men.

According to Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM), health is optimal when a. Yang exceeds yin. b. Yin exceeds yang. c. Yin and yang forces are in perfect balance. d. The body is free of yin and yang forces.

c. Yin and yang forces are in perfect balance.

Which of the following is an example of complementary medicine? a. Vitamin supplements b. Herbal remedies c. Yoga d. All of the above

c. Yoga

_____ are the least likely age group to have health insurance. a. Children b. Adolescents c. Young adults d. Elderly

c. Young adults

Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 main characteristics of adaptive immunity? a. Diversity b. Antigenic specificity c. pH balance d. Self/non-self process

c. pH balance

The primary critique of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is that a. Physiological factors are not considered. b. The theory is too focused on the effects of environmental factors. c. The theory is unable to explain the role of psychosocial variables on illness. d. None of the above

c. psychosocial variables on illness.

A coefficient value of _____ and above generally indicates a strong correlation. a. r = 0.20 b. r = 0.40 c. r = 0.60 d. r = 0.80

c. r = 0.60

Studies have found that insufficient exposure to _____ may increase the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). a. fresh air b. purified water c. ultraviolet (UV) light d. exercise

c. ultraviolet (UV) light

The H1N1 virus is also known as a. The common cold. b. "Mad cow disease." c. "Avian bird flu." d. "Swine flu."

d. "Swine flu."

According to the Kaiser Family Foundation Report (2008), health insurance plans offered by employers have risen in cost by approximately a. 50%. b. 85%. c. 100%. d. 120%.

d. 120%.

On average, providers in managed care settings spend approximately _____ minutes per person. a. 10 b. 11 c. 12 d. 13

d. 13

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis typically affects children before they reach age a. 10 b. 12 c. 14 d. 16

d. 16

More than 70% of adult smokers report that they began smoking before age a. 15. b. 16. c. 17. d. 18.

d. 18.

One of the earliest known incidences of HIV was reported in a. 1965. b. 1970. c. 1973. d. 1977.

d. 1977.

Once enrolled in a single-payer system, members tend to stay for _____ or more years. a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20

d. 20

One of the diagnostic variables of HIV is that the white blood cell count falls below _____ cells per microliters of blood. a. 50 b. 100 c. 150 d. 200

d. 200

Which of the following individuals is most likely to report the first signs of cardiovascular health problems? a. 20 year old female b. 36 year old male c. 40 year old female d. 42 year old male

d. 42 year old male

African American women are _____ times more likely to die from breast cancer than Caucasian women. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

d. 5

Prochaska and DiClemente's Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM) states that people must move through _____ stages to obtain successful behavioral change. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

d. 5

Medicare is restricted to individuals who are _____ years of age or older. a. 18 b. 50 c. 55 d. 65

d. 65

As of 2006, minorities accounted for approximately _____ of all new AIDS cases in the U.S. a. 40% b. 50% c. 60% d. 70%

d. 70%

The dormant stage of HIV may last as long as _____ years. a. 2-4 b. 4-6 c. 6-8 d. 8-10

d. 8-10

Blue Cross/Blue Shield insures approximately _____ million people in the U.S. a. 50 b. 60 c. 70 d. 80

d. 80

Medical providers report that over _____ of all patient visits list pain as the primary symptom. a. 50% b. 60% c. 70% d. 80%

d. 80%

Public and private insurance programs provide access to health care for approximately _____ of the U.S. population. a. 55% b. 65% c. 75% d. 85%

d. 85%

Approximately _____ of individuals with lung cancer in the U.S. are, or were, smokers. a. 55-60% b. 65-70% c. 75-80% d. 85-90%

d. 85-90%

More than _____ of current cases of hypertension worldwide are diagnosed as primary hypertension. a. 50% b. 65% c. 85% d. 95%

d. 95%

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), which person would be at highest risk for committing suicide in the U.S.? a. A 30 year old female. b. A 45 year old male. c. A 65 year old female. d. A 75 year old male.

d. A 75 year old male.

Jude is prescribed opioids, which indicates he was most likely experiencing a. Heart palpitations. b. Nicotine addiction. c. Clinical depression. d. A toothache.

d. A toothache.

Cervical cancer is caused by a. Obesity. b. Abnormal T cells. c. Poor nutrition and lack of exercise. d. A virus.

d. A virus.

Which of the following variables is NOT considered a measure of the health of a population? a. Relative risk b. Morbidity c. Prevalence d. Adverse effects

d. Adverse effects

The shock phase of stress is part of the a. Stage of resistance. b. Stimulus stage. c. Stage of exhaustion. d. Alarm stage

d. Alarm stage

A study of adherence to treatment regimens for diabetes and hypertension among South Africans (Kagee & Van der Merwe; 2006) found that _____ was one of the strongest predictors of behavioral outcomes. a. Attitude b. Perceived behavioral control c. Subjective norms d. All of the above

d. All of the above

According to a study by Kriss et al. (2008), individuals without health insurance are less likely to a. Make and keep medical appointments with medical specialists. b. Obtain needed medications. c. Seek medical care when needed. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

According to health psychologists, which of the following is a reason an individual may choose not to have their child vaccinated? a. Cultural or religious beliefs b. Affordability of the vaccine c. Access to health care d. All of the above

d. All of the above

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one of the factors contributing to an increase in tuberculosis (TB) rates is a. An increase in the number of refugees due to wars and natural disasters. b. An increase in drug-resistant strains of the disease. c. HIV/AIDS. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Complications of methamphetamine use include a. Hyperthermia. b. Permanent memory loss. c. Increased heart rate. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Efforts to study and address pain and pain management have been affected by a. The changing characteristics of pain. b. Pain management versus pain elimination. c. Gender and cultural differences. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Health behaviors are influenced by a. Knowledge of the health consequences of one's behaviors. b. Access to health care. c. Friends, peer groups and family members. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Health psychologists are employed by a. Schools. b. Medical laboratories. c. Senior citizen centers. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Holistic health is influenced by a. Physiological factors. b. Psychological factors. c. Emotional and social factors. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Lymphocytes are found in the a. Tonsils. b. Lymph nodes. c. Thymus. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

One of the first steps to improving longevity is a. Regular exercise. b. Moderate consumption of alcohol. c. Maintaining a moderate weight. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Providing _____ is an example of how the Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies provide assistance. a. Temporary shelters b. Meals c. Temporary health care d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Sanden, Larson, and Erikson (2000) concluded that men are less likely to seek health care because a. They did not recognize their symptoms. b. They ignored the symptoms hoping they would go away. c. They were concerned they would appear non-masculine if they sought medical care. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Sarcomas are soft-tissue cancers that can occur in a. Fat. b. Muscles. c. Tendons. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Statistics on dating violence suggest that abusive relationships a. May go undetected in the early stages of a relationship. b. Are often undetected because victims fear retaliation if they disclose the abuse. c. Are not always accurately calculated because shame prevents many victims from talking about their abusive experiences. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Stress stimulates the release of the hormone a. Cortisol. b. Glucocortoids. c. Catecholamine. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Studies have shown that adult smokers who are the most misinformed about the risks of smoking are a. Ages 45 and older. b. More likely to smoke ultra-light cigarettes. c. Lower in education. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Studies indicate that women tend to prefer physicians who a. Listen attentively. b. Offer advice and support. c. Demonstrate understanding. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Studies on the effects of music and its effect on stress indicate that a. Music can lower blood pressure. b. Music has an effect on speed and accuracy during performance tasks. c. Music can be indirectly beneficial. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The concept of positive psychology proposes that a. Positive emotions and personality characteristics that contribute to healthy outcomes are often overlooked in psychology. b. The omission of a "normal" healthy state prevents us from fully understanding health outcomes. c. In order to fully understand health outcomes, both positive and negative factors must be considered. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The definition of violence includes a. Suicide. b. An intentional use of force against a community. c. Physical assault against another person. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following are potential contributing factors to teenage automobile accidents? a. Driver's age b. Other teenage passengers in the car c. Inexperience with driving d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following countries has seen a rise in eating disorders? a. China b. South Korea c. Singapore d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following countries typically uses traditional and Western medicine approaches to address individual health needs? a. China b. Ghana c. South Africa d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following countries utilizes a single-payer system for health care? a. Canada b. England c. France d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following examples demonstrates how social marketing enhances health behaviors? a. Encouraging energy reduction in the United States b. Improving mother-to-child nutrition c. Implementing intervention programs on hypertension d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following factors influences positive psychological states? a. Religion and religious faith b. Interpersonal relationships c. Socioeconomic status d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is TRUE regarding missed findings for women in studies related to coronary artery disease (CAD)? a. Women were not regularly included as study participants. b. Large numbers of women were not studied initially. c. There was a common belief that women did not experience as much stress as men. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a U.S. regulation guiding emergency medical research without informed consent? a. Additional evidence is needed to determine an experimental treatment's safety or efficacy. b. The participant is incapable of consent due to their medical condition. c. Researchers have observed a number of special protections including "community consultation." d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a cause of osteoarthritis (OA)? a. Genetic abnormalities b. Developmental defects c. Trauma d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a food element of the nutrition pyramid? a. Fats b. Proteins c. Minerals d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a health consequence of bulimia? a. An imbalance of electrolytes in the body b. Damage to the lining of the esophagus c. Ulcers of the colon d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a possible side effect of chemotherapy? a. Memory loss b. Sexual dysfunction c. Limitations in cognitive functioning d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a reason for ethnic differences in pain perception? a. Lack of health insurance b. Provider beliefs and biases about minority patients c. Limited access to care due to socioeconomic factors d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a symptom commonly associated with high blood pressure? a. Painful headaches b. Unexplained nosebleeds c. Heart palpitations d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a warning sign that the body's immune system is beginning to fail due to the HIV virus? a. Rapid weight loss b. Dry cough c. Prolonged swollen glands d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is an example of socioeconomic class? a. Parent's level of education and occupation b. Family's social status c. Family's income d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is considered a drawback to using TNF medications? a. The drugs must be administered by injection. b. The drugs may leave an individual vulnerable to infections. c. TNF drugs are expensive. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following may be considered a barrier to performing a health behavior? a. Money b. Stigma c. Loss of social standing d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following substance use theories would be considered integrationist? a. Model of vulnerability b. Peer cluster theory c. Problem-behavior theory d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Why are respiratory diseases often underdiagnosed? a. Testing can be costly and time-consuming. b. Individuals often postpone seeking treatment. c. Respiratory diseases are often difficult to diagnose. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is NOT considered a form of body language? a. Tone b. Gaze c. Facial expressions d. All of the above are types of body language

d. All of the above are types of body language

When determining the economic impact of illness, which of the following should be considered? a. The effect of the illness on the sufferer. b. The domino effect on the family. c. They overall impact on the community. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

The results of a study by Banks et al. (2006) found that overall a. The English were less healthy than Asians. b. Asians were healthier than Americans. c. The English were less healthy than Americans. d. Americans were less healthy than the English.

d. Americans were less healthy than the English.

The country of Lesotho, South Africa demonstrates how a. National health care has been ineffective. b. Médecins sans Frontières has been used effectively. c. National health policy has been effectively implemented. d. An entire country can be affected when members of the population have health problems.

d. An entire country can be affected when members of the population have health problems.

The precipitating factor for a cardiac arrest is a. Coronary artery disease. b. Automated external defibrillation. c. Plaque causing blockage of blood flow to the heart. d. An interruption in the electrical impulses sent by the sinus nodes.

d. An interruption in the electrical impulses sent by the sinus nodes.

Proteins that identify and destroy bacteria and viruses that are foreign to the body are called a. Viruses. b. Immunizations. c. Vaccines. d. Antibodies.

d. Antibodies.

The mildest NSAID treatment available to control mild arthritis-related symptoms is a. Aleve. b. Naproxen. c. Ibuprofen. d. Aspirin.

d. Aspirin.

Which of the following was NOT considered a pandemic? a. Influenza b. Justinian plague c. Cholera d. Athenian plague

d. Athenian plague

Cardiovascular disease refers to a number of diseases that damage the heart or its vessels as a result of a. The heart's inability to properly deoxygenate blood. b. Too much strenuous exercise. c. Malfunctions of the heart's ventricles. d. Atherosclerosis.

d. Atherosclerosis.

One disadvantage of a longitudinal study is that a. It is less reliable than cross-sectional studies. b. It is often too short. c. It only studies one individual at a time. d. Attrition rates influence participation levels.

d. Attrition rates influence participation levels.

The _____ nervous system controls the automatic and involuntary functions that are essential for living. a. Central b. Somatic c. Sympathetic d. Autonomic

d. Autonomic

Saturated fats are to _____ fat as monounsaturated fats are to _____ fat. a. Higher; lower b. Lower; higher c. Good; bad d. Bad; good

d. Bad; good

The _____ identified three fundamental, ethical principles for the protection of human subjects. a. World Medical Association b. National Research Act of 1974 c. National Commission of Biomedical Research and Regulation d. Belmont Report

d. Belmont Report

The _____ model of health was one of the first models to recognize that health is not determined strictly by biological causes; rather, it is a combination of several different factors. a. Ecological b. Psychological c. Sociological d. Biopsychosocial

d. Biopsychosocial

B cells are formed in the a. Nerve fibers. b. Muscles. c. Sebaceous glands. d. Bone marrow.

d. Bone marrow.

According to the Harvard School of Public Health (2008), "good" carbohydrates a. Are contributors to weight gain, similar to "bad" carbohydrates. b. Are found most often in white starches, such as potatoes and pasta. c. Exist in small numbers, but most carbohydrates are considered "bad." d. Can be more helpful and effective for long-term weight loss than carbohydrate-free diets.

d. Can be more helpful and effective for long-term weight loss than carbohydrate-free diets.

When comparing adolescents who were "regular" smokers, researchers found that _____ were more likely to report smoking up to 10 cigarettes per day than were African American males. a. Hispanic males b. Native American males c. Native American males and females d. Caucasian males

d. Caucasian males

The human papilloma virus (HPV) is a virus that causes a. Uterine cancer. b. Ovarian cancer. c. Breast cancer. d. Cervical cancer.

d. Cervical cancer.

Daoist philosophy influences modern day a. Biopsychosocial viewpoints. b. Traditional medical practices. c. Psychological practices. d. Chinese traditional medicine.

d. Chinese traditional medicine.

Cardiovascular diseases are classified as _____ diseases. a. Genetic b. Limited c. Acute d. Chronic

d. Chronic

Hydrochloride salt is a form of _____ that is processed and has been neutralized to create a powdery substance. a. Nicotine b. LSD c. Opiate d. Cocaine

d. Cocaine

According to the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), _____ are essential to the acquisition and regulation of behaviors. a. Peer groups b. Ecological groups c. Physiological measurements d. Cognitive processes

d. Cognitive processes

Which of the following is considered a sociological factor of health? a. Personal traits b. Health behaviors c. Emotional health d. Community influences

d. Community influences

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding research on pain tolerance and thresholds? a. Coping strategies for dealing with pain are typically not the same type of strategy used to cope with other problems. b. Men are more likely to use emotion-focused coping strategies than women. c. Older females tend to have a lower pain threshold than older males. d. Coping strategies appear to be linked to an individual's disposition toward handling stress of any type rather than to one's gender.

d. Coping strategies appear to be linked to an individual's disposition toward handling stress of any type rather than to one's gender.

_____ is used to determine whether or not a relationship exists between two or more variables. a. Case study research b. Experimental research c. Qualitative research d. Correlational research

d. Correlational research

Early research on eating disorders classified the problem as a a. Problem that did not affect males. b. Rare problem among adolescent females. c. Problem among the rich and elite. d. Culture-bound syndrome.

d. Culture-bound syndrome.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered a(n) ____ disease. a. Curable b. Non-inflammatory c. Acute d. Degenerative joint

d. Degenerative joint

The Stanford Three Community Study was instrumental in a. Providing a variety of treatments for the reduction of mental illness. b. Conducting seminars on recognizing depressive symptoms. c. Organizing and developing pharmacological manuals for the proper dispensation of medication. d. Demonstrating the effectiveness of mass media in changing health behaviors.

d. Demonstrating the effectiveness of mass media in changing health behaviors.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the correlation between depression and higher death rates? a. A depressed person may be more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors. b. Depression may influence the production of epinephrine, thus suppressing the body's immune system. c. Depressed individuals may be more likely to engage in substance abuse. d. Depression may cause a significant increase in the hormone dopamine, which has been linked to higher death rates.

d. Depression may cause a significant increase in the hormone dopamine, which has been linked to higher death rates.

An economically disadvantaged country is referred to as a _____ country a. Demographic b. Developed c. Socioeconomic d. Developing

d. Developing

Which of the following is NOT a function performed by an epidemiologist? a. Identifying the earliest known human infected with a particular disease. b. Pinpointing the origins of an infection or a disease. c. Determining potential risks of disease. d. Developing health policies regarding the sale and distribution of medication for certain diseases or infections.

d. Developing health policies regarding the sale and distribution of medication for certain diseases or infections.

Conventional commitment theorists believe that weak bonds to structured systems may lead to a. A decline in positive personality traits. b. A decreased likelihood of substance use. c. Weak relationships. d. Deviant behaviors.

d. Deviant behaviors.

Extreme thirst is often a symptom of a. The presence of a tapeworm. b. Cardiovascular disease. c. Cholera. d. Diabetes.

d. Diabetes.

In the U.S. and other developed countries, approximately 60-70% of colorectal cancers are attributable to a. Smoking. b. Obesity. c. Lack of exercise. d. Diet.

d. Diet.

What does "DALE" stand for? a. Disabled And Living Exceedingly b. Disabled Americans' Life Expectancy c. Disability Attitude Life Expectancy d. Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy

d. Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy

The Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is best known for its work in the area of a. Health education. b. Childhood vaccinations. c. Medical treatments. d. Disaster relief.

d. Disaster relief.

The least effective method of coping with stressors is the _____ style. a. Problem-focused b. Emotion-focused c. Engagement d. Disengagement

d. Disengagement

Which type of coping style is most likely to involve substance use? a. Emotion-focused b. Problem-focused c. Engagement d. Disengagement

d. Disengagement

Lucy has been prescribed an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) medication. Which of the following medications is she most likely taking? a. Ketoprofen b. Naproxen c. Opioid analgesics d. Enbrel

d. Enbrel

The Clean Air and Clean Water Acts are administered by the a. Federal Drug Administration. b. Department of Homeland Security. c. Individual state governments. d. Environmental Protection Agency.

d. Environmental Protection Agency.

_____ is the study of the origins and spread of disease. a. Ecology b. Botany c. Ethnopharmacology d. Epidemiology

d. Epidemiology

Which of the following early civilizations has NOT been associated with materia medica? a. Mesoamerican cultures b. Chinese cultures c. Southern African cultures d. European cultures

d. European cultures

Results of a study by Simon et al. (2009) found that caregivers of stroke victims were 2.5 times more likely to a. Experience stress-related illnesses. b. Experience a divorce within 1 year of caregiving duties. c. Have a substance abuse problem. d. Evidence significant psychological distress.

d. Evidence significant psychological distress.

The Health Belief Model (HBM) was designed to a. Measure one's level of self-efficacy as it relates to health behaviors. b. Assist with the creation and implementation of health policies. c. Explore the effects of individual and peer influences on health behaviors. d. Examine motivational factors associated with health behaviors.

d. Examine motivational factors associated with health behaviors.

The _____ aids in the transmission of malaria between humans. a. Tapeworm parasite b. Avian bird c. Male mosquito d. Female mosquito

d. Female mosquito

_____ causes physical and mental abnormalities in the developing fetus when a pregnant mother abuses alcohol. a. Fetal Substance Abuse Syndrome b. Alcohol Induced Disorder c. Substance Abuse Disorder d. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

d. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

When participating in a research study, subjects are a. Responsible for requesting an informed consent agreement before participating in the study. b. Allowed to read the results upon the completion of the study but not allowed their own personal copy. c. Entitled to a copy of the informed consent form but not until after the study is completed. d. Free to discontinue their participation at any time.

d. Free to discontinue their participation at any time.

The Type-A personality was first introduced by a. Seyle and Lepore. b. Folkman and Lazarus. c. Glynn and Sollers. d. Friedman and Friedman.

d. Friedman and Friedman.

According to several research findings, _____ are the preferred group to disclose one's HIV status to. a. Parents b. Families c. Siblings d. Friends

d. Friends

Which of the following is an example of a familial determinant of health? a. Water quality b. Neighborhood sanitation c. Occupational status d. Genetics

d. Genetics

The cause of Type 1 diabetes is usually a. Due to the body producing too much insulin. b. Sedentary lifestyles. c. Obesity. d. Genetics.

d. Genetics.

The late Senator Ted Kennedy was diagnosed with _____, a malignant, cancerous tumor thought to be attributed to cell phone use. a. Carcinoma b. Karposi's Sarcoma c. Lymphoma d. Glioma

d. Glioma

Aspirin is a chemical equivalent of a. Animal fats. b. Tree sap. c. Mineral supplements. d. Ground willow bark.

d. Ground willow bark.

____ are the total number of people infected with HIV. a. HIV incidence rates b. HIV demographics c. HIV mortality rates d. HIV prevalence rates

d. HIV prevalence rates

_____ is a genetic marker that predisposes a person to ankylosing spondylitis (AS). a. PKU-G26 b. CRA-T57 c. GRS-C21 d. HLA-B27

d. HLA-B27

Benjamin has just been diagnosed with a chronic illness. His physician informs Benjamin that this means a. He has a short-term illness. b. He has a type of mental health diagnosis. c. He has an easily treatable illness that will not last more than 1 month. d. He has a long-term and persistent illness.

d. He has a long-term and persistent illness.

Carol works for an agency where she implements regulations to protect the health of the community. What type of work is she involved with? a. Health networking b. Managed care c. Health organization d. Health policy

d. Health policy

A(n) _____ serves as an intermediary between the individual and the system. a. Treatment coordinator b. Medical advocate c. Medical team liaison d. Health provider

d. Health provider

The _____ helps move the blood into the correct chambers of the heart. a. Arterial valve b. Ventricle c. Atrium d. Heartbeat

d. Heartbeat

Ryan White contracted the HIV/AIDS virus as a result of being born with a. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. b. HIV. c. Influenza. d. Hemophilia.

d. Hemophilia

Alternative medicines refer to the use of a. Acupuncture. b. Art therapy. c. Dance therapy. d. Herbal medicines.

d. Herbal medicines.

HIV requires a _____ approach to treatment. a. Biological b. Psychological c. Sociological d. Holistic

d. Holistic

The mind-body connection developed by Hippocrates was referred to as a. Daoist philosophy. b. Cnidian theory. c. Botanical theory. d. Humoral theory.

d. Humoral theory.

The _____ controls basic human needs such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex. a. Pancreas b. Pituitary gland c. Thalamus d. Hypothalamus

d. Hypothalamus

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Health policies have little to do with health outcomes. b. Universal systems of care provide services only if an individual has the financial means to pay for care. c. Employment status and/or income have little influence on whether or not an individual seeks health care. d. Individual and systems factors affect access to health care.

d. Individual and systems factors affect access to health care.

The Social Ecological Health Model states that a. Socioeconomic status is the primary component of health outcomes. b. Communities have little, if any, influence on individual health outcomes. c. Individual health outcomes are influenced by the individual alone. d. Individual health outcomes are influenced by factors that include, but are not limited to, the individual.

d. Individual health outcomes are influenced by factors that include, but are not limited to, the individual

The leading cause of death for adolescents 16-20 years of age is a. Gun-related accidents. b. HIV/AIDS. c. Accidents related to substance use. d. Injuries from automobile accidents.

d. Injuries from automobile accidents.

Asbestos was originally used as a(n) a. Chemical to treat against insects. b. Fabric in rugs and linens. c. Waterproof barrier. d. Insulator for heat and sound.

d. Insulator for heat and sound.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Correlational tests are considered experimental tests. b. Cross-sectional studies incorporate pre-test/post-test procedures. c. Longitudinal studies are at an advantage over other studies because of attrition rates. d. Intervention studies that do not include control groups limit the researcher's ability to determine the true effectiveness of the intervention.

d. Intervention studies that do not include control groups limit the researcher's ability to determine the true effectiveness of the intervention.

According to the Johns Hopkins research example in the text, the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) was responsible for a. Approving the sale of new drugs for asthma. b. Approving the distribution of drugs for humans. c. Investigating the death of an individual with asthma. d. Investigating the death of a healthy individual involved in a study about asthma.

d. Investigating the death of a healthy individual involved in a study about asthma.

How does the HIV virus affect the human body? a. It eventually causes death by cardiac arrest. b. It renders the central nervous system useless. c. It causes a buildup of hemoglobin in the blood supply. d. It attacks the body's immune system and renders it useless.

d. It attacks the body's immune system and renders it useless.

The primary limitation of the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is that a. It does not include vicarious learning. b. It is too focused on cognitions. c. It does not take peer group influences into consideration. d. It is unable to test for reciprocal determinism.

d. It is unable to test for reciprocal determinism.

Which of the following statements is TRUE with reference to positive psychology? a. It emphasizes the need for positive role models for healthy living. b. It focuses strictly on positive influences of living. c. It strives to minimize "negative" thinking to eliminate poor health outcomes. d. It seeks to discover an optimal balance between "positive" and "negative" thinking.

d. It seeks to discover an optimal balance between "positive" and "negative" thinking.

The Greek word "arthro" means a. Ligaments. b. Muscles. c. Tissues. d. Joints.

d. Joints.

_____ introduced the first private, managed care plan a. Tricare b. Point of Service corporations c. Blue Cross/Blue Shield d. Kaiser Corporation

d. Kaiser Corporation

One of the drawbacks of chemotherapy is that it a. Cannot be used with children. b. Has a low success rate. c. Is generally not covered by insurance. d. Kills healthy white blood cells.

d. Kills healthy white blood cells.

The central concepts of the Health Belief Model (HBM) were derived from the work of a. Hippocrates. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Albert Bandura. d. Kurt Lewin.

d. Kurt Lewin.

Patients who receive less information and support from their physician are a. Typically younger adults. b. Generally still satisfied with the quality of their care. c. More apt to seek a second opinion. d. Less likely to follow medical advice.

d. Less likely to follow medical advice.

According to Weng's (2008) study of emotional intelligence and consumer satisfaction, physicians were rated high on all of the following factors EXCEPT: a. Expression of emotion b. Regulation of emotion c. Appraisal of the situation d. Level of emotion

d. Level of emotion

Which of the following scientists pioneered the use of vaccines? a. Marie Curie b. Robert Koch c. Henry Campbell d. Louis Pasteur

d. Louis Pasteur

_____ may help health psychologists understand the influence of family and culture on health. a. Dental records b. Daoist philosophers c. Health policies d. Medical anthropologists

d. Medical anthropologists

In a study conducted by Fischer et al. (1991), researchers found that children were more successful in correctly identifying Joe Camel than a. Snoopy. b. Daffy Duck. c. Bugs Bunny. d. Mickey Mouse.

d. Mickey Mouse.

_____ are a group of goals designed to address emerging health threats and chronic health issues a. Quality of Living Goals b. United Nations Objectives c. World Objective Goals d. Millennium Development Goals

d. Millennium Development Goals

When controlled, _____ can lessen the risk of contracting cardiovascular disease. a. Behavioral factors b. Essential personality features c. Primary behaviors d. Moderating risk factors

d. Moderating risk factors

BRCA1 and BRCA 2 are _____ that have been linked to breast cancer in some racial and ethnic populations. a. Types of nerve tissue b. Cancer cells c. White blood cells d. Mutated genes

d. Mutated genes

Human skin is a part of the body's _____ immunity. a. Systemic b. Acquired c. Adaptive d. Natural

d. Natural

_____ transmit neurochemical messages throughout the body. a. Biochemicals b. Genetics c. Myelin sheaths d. Nerve fibers

d. Nerve fibers

Research indicates that the drug _____ can reduce the transmission of HIV from mother to child. a. Efavinerz b. Varicella c. Cytokine d. Nevirapine

d. Nevirapine

Quantitative data is to numerical data as qualitative data is to a. Rated data. b. Raw data. c. Statistical data. d. Non-statistical data.

d. Non-statistical data.

The _____ hypothesis of an experiment assumes no relationship between two variables. a. Negative b. Research c. Alternative d. Null

d. Null

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to the general perception of pain? a. Pain quality b. Pain location c. Temporal pattern d. Occupational effects

d. Occupational effects

The general concept of the single-payer health care system is to a. Provide access to care for the elderly. b. Replace the managed care system. c. Optimize the physician referral system. d. Offer universal and comprehensive care without impediment to access.

d. Offer universal and comprehensive care without impediment to access.

____ involves the degeneration of the joints. a. Rheumatoid arthritis b. Inflammatory arthritis c. Progressive arthritis d. Osteoarthritis

d. Osteoarthritis

American women tend to _____ their risks for breast cancer. a. Ignore b. Neglect c. Underestimate d. Overestimate

d. Overestimate

_____ caused a large decline in the Roman population during the years 541-588 CE. a. Mental illness b. HIV/AIDS c. Flooding d. Pandemics

d. Pandemics

_____ includes psychic experiences such as telepathy and psychic healing. a. Qi b. Susto c. Chinese Traditional Medicine d. Parapsychology

d. Parapsychology

Another name for "blood-borne transmission" is a. Heterosexual transmission b. Antigen transmission c. Perinatal transmission d. Parenteral transmission.

d. Parenteral transmission.

According to the research conducted on the effectiveness of the Health Belief Model (Janz and Becker; 1984), _____ were found to be the strongest of the 4 constructs in explaining "sick role behaviors." a. Perceived treatments b. Perceived actions c. Perceived benefits d. Perceived barriers

d. Perceived barriers

Current research suggests that the association between stress and hypertension is strongest when the stressful event is a. Related to one's family situation. b. Unplanned. c. Sudden. d. Persistent.

d. Persistent.

A community-based or individual medical office is called a a. Healthcare facility. b. Primary care practice. c. Home health agency. d. Point-of-care facility.

d. Point-of-care facility.

The _____ design addresses the ethical concern of time delays for randomized clinical trials. a. Cross-sectional b. Post-test c. Case study d. Pre-post-post-test

d. Pre-post-post-test

The _____ stage signals a readiness to change behaviors. a. Action b. Maintenance c. Contemplative d. Preparation for action

d. Preparation for action

The two primary types of cognitive coping styles are a. Engagement/disengagement- and problem-focused b. Problem/emotion-focused and psychological-focused c. Engagement- and emotion-focused d. Problem/emotion-focused and engagement/disengagement-focused

d. Problem/emotion-focused and engagement/disengagement-focused

____ are examples of environmental factors that contribute to substance use. a. Attitudes and behaviors of family and friends b. Personal beliefs c. Religious values d. Product advertisements

d. Product advertisements

Omar recently passed his driver's license test. He has been given a license to drive only during the daytime and without teenage passengers. This type of license is called a a. Stipulated driving license. b. Driving permit. c. Limited driving license. d. Provisional driving license.

d. Provisional driving license.

How do emotional disclosure and psychodynamic techniques differ? a. Emotional disclosure is more expensive and time-consuming. b. Psychodynamic therapies are more expensive and time-consuming. c. Emotional disclosure assumes that the underlying emotions contributing to arthritic discomfort are unknown. d. Psychodynamic therapies assume that the underlying emotions contributing to arthritic discomfort are unknown.

d. Psychodynamic therapies assume that the underlying emotions contributing to arthritic discomfort are unknown.

Fawzy & Fawzy were pioneers of the _____ approach. a. Problem-focused b. Supportive-expressive c. Exercise therapy d. Psychoeducational

d. Psychoeducational

Illnesses that have underlying emotional or psychological causes are called a. Curandero. b. Biopsychosocial. c. Folklore. d. Psychosomatic.

d. Psychosomatic.

Lee is in the process of designing a research study focusing on stress and heart disease. He understands that he will not be able to control for variables such as age, gender and ethnicity. Based on his concerns that these variables may impact the results of his study, Lee's supervisor recommends he use a _____. a. Longitudinal research design. b. Pre-test-post-test design. c. Qualitative design. d. Quasi-experimental design.

d. Quasi-experimental design

_____ from cellular phones may contribute to the growth of tumors in the brain. a. Mutated pollutants b. Analogous waves c. Nuclear waves d. Radio waves

d. Radio waves

The biomedical model of health is a _____ approach to health and health care. a. Proactive b. Inactive c. Passive d. Reactive

d. Reactive

The _____ stage is not considered a formal stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change. a. Precontemplative b. Contemplative c. Action d. Recidivism

d. Recidivism

Bandura theorized that consequences are communicated through response information cues in all but the following ways: a. Direct experiences b. Vicarious experiences c. Judgments by others d. Reciprocal determinism

d. Reciprocal determinism

One of the functions of the endocrine system is to a. Increase the production of serotonin when stress occurs. b. Serve as a biological liaison between the autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system. c. Release neurotransmitters throughout the body. d. Respond to stress.

d. Respond to stress.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPAC) system is responsible for a. Monitoring the production of epinephrine in the body. b. Producing stress hormones to cope with incoming stressors. c. Stimulating the body when a stimulus is detected. d. Restoring the body to its baseline state after a stressor.

d. Restoring the body to its baseline state after a stressor

HIV is a type of _____ virus. a. DNA b. RNA c. T cell d. Retro

d. Retro

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the Renaissance period? a. The concept of illness was viewed as a punishment for evil behaviors. b. Physicians believed diseases were caused by spiritual factors. c. It was called the "Renaissance" period because there were no plagues during this time. d. Scholars began studying the scientific aspects of the human body again.

d. Scholars began studying the scientific aspects of the human body again.

According to the information on infant mortality statistics of 2008, France had the _____ highest raw number of infant deaths and the _____ highest mortality rate. a. First; first b. First; second c. Second; fifth d. Second; third

d. Second; third

In order to generalize the results of a study to the larger population, researchers must a. Test the entire population rather than a subset of the population. b. Select subjects based on the outcomes they hope to produce. c. Include data from at least 100 subjects. d. Select a random sample of subjects who are representative of the population being studied.

d. Select a random sample of subjects who are representative of the population being studied.

Which of the following theorists was one of the pioneers of the concept of positive psychology? a. Adler b. Bandura c. Park d. Seligman

d. Seligman

According to Lazarus, which of the following is an example of a household hassle? a. Being lonely b. Financial responsibilities c. Neighborhood deterioration d. Shopping

d. Shopping

Tyrone is reading about early contributors of the mind/body connection as it relates to health. Which early contributor is Tyrone most likely to read about? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Abraham Maslow c. Carl Rogers d. Sigmund Freud

d. Sigmund Freud

_____ is the most frequently occurring, yet least deadly, form of cancer in the U.S. a. Prostate cancer b. Breast cancer c. Lymphoma d. Skin cancer

d. Skin cancer

The opening story about Michael and Lucinda's decision to place Sarah in a nursing home demonstrates the effects of a. Individual traits on physical and emotional health. b. Mental health issues on family members. c. Individual stressors on physical health. d. Social environmental stressors on psychological and physical health problems.

d. Social environmental stressors on psychological and physical health problems.

Overall, studies indicate that effective coping strategies, along with _____, provide the strongest assistance for individuals with serious or life-threatening illnesses. a. Psychotherapy b. Education c. Spirituality d. Social support

d. Social support

One of the criticisms of positive psychology is that a. The concept does not include the effects of gratitude and forgiveness on health outcomes. b. The concept does not apply to children. c. Researchers disagree on the definition of "positive." d. Some researchers argue that the "happiness" approach seems insubstantial.

d. Some researchers argue that the "happiness" approach seems insubstantial.

Ryan has been going through a great deal of stress at work. He has recently developed an ulcer because of the stress. According to Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), Ryan is in the a. Alarm stage. b. Stage of resistance. c. Stimulus stage. d. Stage of exhaustion.

d. Stage of exhaustion.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Research supporting the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) focuses on the actual behaviors of the individual rather than predictions. b. Subjective norms are considered unimportant in the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). c. The Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) is the primary model of health behaviors used in psychology. d. Support for the Theory of Reasoned Action is mixed.

d. Support for the Theory of Reasoned Action is mixed.

_____ therapy includes spiritual themes, religion, faith, and existential questions. a. Holistic b. Psychoeducational c. Cognitive behavioral d. Supportive-expressive

d. Supportive-expressive

The _____ is responsible for mobilizing the body in frightening situations. a. Parasympathetic nervous system b. Autonomic nervous system c. Somatic nervous system d. Sympathetic nervous system

d. Sympathetic nervous system

T lymphocytes are comprised of all but the following cells: a. T cytotoxis b. T helper c. T suppressor d. T memory

d. T memory

One of the goals of biofeedback is to a. Help individuals release suppressed feelings. b. Provide instruction about exercise programs designed to minimize pain. c. Help people realize that they can master their pain. d. Teach people to reregulate their autonomic nervous systems.

d. Teach people to reregulate their autonomic nervous systems.

Which model of health is viewed as the fundamental building block for the practice of medicine in Western cultures? a. The physiological model b. The sociological model c. The biopsychosocial model d. The biomedical model

d. The biomedical model

One of the biggest criticisms of the biopsychosocial model of health is that a. The model does not account for variables other than social determinants. b. The core foundation is too spiritually-based. c. The model places too much emphasis on psychological variables. d. The core foundation is too biologically-based.

d. The core foundation is too biologically-based.

Which of the following is NOT one of the causes of higher rates of cardiovascular disease among older adults? a. Medications for other health conditions may slow the heart's ability to return to normal resting state levels. b. Co-occurring chronic diseases impair the heart's functioning over time. c. The body's aging process. d. The eating habits of older adults decline with age.

d. The eating habits of older adults decline with age.

How does the ecological model of health differ from the concept of well-being? a. Only the ecological model offers a holistic view of health. b. The psychological functioning of a person is unimportant to the ecological model. c. The concept of well-being includes policy determinants of health. d. The ecological model includes physical environmental factors as well as health policies.

d. The ecological model includes physical environmental factors as well as health policies.

Gout is most commonly diagnosed in a. Early childhood. b. Adolescent females. c. Adolescence. d. The elderly.

d. The elderly.

Steve is an "ethnopharmacologist"; therefore, he is responsible for studying a. The medical guidelines set forth by the Federal Drug Administration. b. The medical practices used in holistic environments. c. The pharmacological guidelines used by the government. d. The medicinal practices of different cultures.

d. The medicinal practices of different cultures.

The work of Thomas Southward Smith and Sir Edwin Chadwick supports a. The cognitive-affective model of health. b. The notion that a holistic approach is the most effective means of assessing health outcomes. c. The importance of spirituality in health outcomes. d. The role of health policy as a determinant of health.

d. The role of health policy as a determinant of health.

How does the social ecological approach to health differ from the holistic approach? a. The holistic approach does not include psychological determinants of health. b. The social ecological approach does not include psychological determinants of health. c. The social ecological approach is comprised of only four determinants of health, whereas the holistic approach consists of six determinants. d. The social ecological model is the only approach that includes health systems and health policy as health determinants.

d. The social ecological model is the only approach that includes health systems and health policy as health determinants.

A study by Heijmans et al. (2004) found that participants with one of 10 chronic diseases were most anxious about a. The type of treatment they would be receiving. b. Becoming dependent on another person. c. The financial effects of their illness. d. The unpredictable consequences of their disease.

d. The unpredictable consequences of their disease.

How does the wellness model of health differ from other models? a. The wellness model is the only model to include socioeconomic factors as determinants of health. b. The wellness model does not include physiological factors related to health. c. The wellness model includes Daoist philosophic properties. d. The wellness model includes spirituality and quality-of-life as factors influencing health outcomes.

d. The wellness model includes spirituality and quality-of-life as factors influencing health outcomes.

The most affordable health plans in the U.S. are offered through a. Medical institutions. b. Universities and colleges. c. Medical training facilities. d. The workplace.

d. The workplace.

One property shared by all 3 types of pain assessment instruments is that a. They all measure stress levels. b. The Brief Pain Inventory is used to assess pain tolerance. c. They all use written assessments to measure pain threshold. d. There are perceptual differences in an individual's tolerance for pain.

d. There are perceptual differences in an individual's tolerance for pain.

What do measles, polio and chicken pox have in common? a. They are all caused by the same viral strain. b. They are related to the H1N1 virus. c. They are no longer a danger for the global community. d. They are all preventable.

d. They are all preventable.

Which of the following statements is TRUE in reference to perceived benefits and perceived barriers? a. They both help individuals recognize the symptoms related to an illness. b. They both help an individual understand the best method of treatment for an illness. c. They both help an individual gauge how severe their illness is. d. They both help individuals transition from potential to actual behavioral change.

d. They both help individuals transition from potential to actual behavioral change.

Which of the following is NOT a function of a focus group? a. To explore decision-making processes b. To generate insight c. To gather information d. To determine cause and effect relationships

d. To determine cause and effect relationships

People who exhibit a generally negative affect have a _____ personality. a. Type 1 b. Type B c. Type C d. Type D

d. Type D

For individuals between the ages of 1 and 44, _____ pose the greatest health risks. a. Automobile accidents b. Violent outbursts c. Intentional injuries d. Unintentional injuries

d. Unintentional injuries

Women in developing countries have a higher prevalence of _____ cancer. a. Breast b. Lung c. Colon d. Uterine

d. Uterine

Results of a 20-year longitudinal study (Walda et al., 2002) concluded that diets high in fruit and _____ decreased the incidences of death due to COPD. a. Starch b. Vitamin A c. Monounsaturated oils d. Vitamin E

d. Vitamin E

Which of the following activities would be considered a sedentary behavior? a. Lifting weights b. Walking on the treadmill c. Riding a bike at a leisurely pace d. Watching a television show

d. Watching a television show

Both T cells and B cells are types of _____ cells. a. Cancer b. Metastasized c. Red blood d. White blood

d. White blood

Research statistics indicate that alcohol use is increasing among a. Women and men equally. b. Middle-aged women only. c. Men and adolescent females. d. Women and older adults.

d. Women and older adults.

Of the character strengths most strongly correlated with life satisfaction, _____ involves approaching life with excitement and energy. a. Creativity b. Hope c. Prudence d. Zest

d. Zest

_____ proposed that physiological illnesses can have psychological causes. a. Sigmund Freud b. Galen c. Ancient Roman emperors d. Early Catholic clergy

a. Sigmund Freud

When considering a research study, one of the primary criteria for research scientists is that they must a. Balance the potential benefits of the study with the potential harm to participants. b. Ensure they are not using healthy subjects. c. Ensure they are not using unhealthy subjects. d. Create ethical guidelines for the sale and distribution of any medication being studied.

a. Balance the potential benefits of the study with the potential harm to participants.

Judy is interested in a career where she can study plants and plant life. Which of the following sciences would be the best match for Judy? a. Botany b. Ecology c. Biology d. Psychology

a. Botany

The importance of clean water as a health determinant was evident in the early cultures of a. The Indus Valley region (now called Pakistan). b. Europe. c. Australia. d. Japan.

a. The Indus Valley region (now called Pakistan).

The haemorrhagic plague killed over 25 million people within 2 years. This plague has also been referred to as a. "Spanish Flu." b. "Black Death." c. "Typhus." d. "Cholera.

b. "Black Death."

"Modern" concepts of health have been traced back as early as the a. First century B.C.E. b. Second century B.C.E. c. Third century B.C.E. d. Fourth century B.C.E.

c. Third century B.C.E.

Spirituality has been linked to a reduction in a. Stress. b. Physiological illness. c. Health-enhancing behaviors. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The American Psychological Association's current definition of health psychology most closely resembles the definition set forth by a. Hippocrates. b. William James. c. Abraham Maslow. d. Joseph Matarazzo.

d. Joseph Matarazzo.