Chapter 1: Introduction to anatomy and physiology

List and describe the major characteristics of life

1)Cell & Organization-Example each cell can only perform the job associated with its specific function such as heart cells, brain cells etc. 2)Energy use and metabolism-To maintain their internal order, energy is needed by organisms. Energy is utilized in chemical reactions 3)Response to environmental changes- responds to stimuli 4)Regulation and homeostasis-internal regulation of our body to maintain a stable environment 5)Growth and development-all living things get larger and more complex throughout the organism's life 6)Reproduction 7)Biological evolution-the change over time of living organisms

Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions 1)define anatomica position 2)frontal plane (coronal plane) 3)transverse plane (horizontal plane) 4)sagittal plane (median or midsaggital) 5)oblique sections 6)superior (cranial) 7)inferior (caudal) 8)ventral (anterior) 9)dorsal (posterior) 10)medial 11)lateral 12)intermediate 13)proximal 14)distal 15)superficial (external) 16)deep (internal)

1)Anatomical Position-The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward and thumbs point away from the body. 2)Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane)-Lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior planes. 3)Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane)-Runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. 4)Sagittal Plane (Median or Midsagittal Plane)-A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. If the plane lies exactly in the midline it is called the Median or Midsagittal Plane. 5)Oblique Sections-Cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes. 6)Superior (Cranial)-Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above. (UPPER) 7)Inferior (Caudal)-Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below. (LOWER) 8)Ventral (Anterior)-Toward or at the front of the body; in front of (FRONT) 9)Dorsal (Posterior)-Toward or at the back of the body; behind (BACK) 10)Medial-Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of (INNER) 11)Lateral-Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of (OUTER) 12)Intermediate-Between a more medial and more lateral structure. 13)Proximal-CLOSER to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. 14)Distal-FARTHER from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. 15)Superficial (External)-Toward or at the body surface. 16)Deep (Internal)-Away from the body surface; more internal.

List the organs located in each body cavity 1)cranial 2)spinal 3)thoracic 4)abdominal 5)pelvic 6)mediastinum 7)pleural 8)pericardial 9)axial portion 10)appendicular portion

1)Cranial cavity-The brain 2)Vertebral canal/spinal cavity-Spinal cord. 3)Thoracic cavity-Lungs, heart, esphagus, trachea, thymus. 4)Abdominal cavity-Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and kidneys. 5)Pelvic cavity-Terminal end of large intestines, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs. 6)Mediastinum-lungs aren't inside of it. Region in the thoracic cavity between the lungs, seperating the thorax into 2 compartments that contain the right and left lungs. In it is the heart, esophagus, trachea,and thymus 7)Pleural cavity- right and left each one contains one lung. 8)Pericardial cavity-contains the heart. 9)Axial portion-Includes the head, neck and trunk of the body. 10)appendicular portion-the upper and lower limbs.

Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each 1)Integumentary 2)Skeletal 3)Muscular 4)Nervous 5)Endocrine 6)Cardiovascular 7)Lymphatic 8)Respiratory 9)Digestive 10)Urinary 11)Reproductive

1)Integumentary System-Skin, Hair, Nails, Sense receptors, Sweat gland, Oil glands 2)Skeletal System-Bones, Joints 3)Muscular System-Muscles 4)Nervous System-Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves 5)Endocrine System-Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Hypothalamus, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenals, Pancreas (islet tissue), Ovaries, Testes 6)Cardiovascular System-Heart, Blood vessels 7)Lymphatic System-Lymph nodes, Lymph vessels, Thymus, Spleen, Tonsils 8)Respiratory System-Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs 9)Digestive System PRIMARY ORGANS-Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum, Anal canal ACCESSORY ORGANS-Teeth, Salivary glands, Tongue, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Appendix 10)Urinary System-Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra 11)Reproductive System MALES-Gonads--Testes, Genital ducts--Ductus (vas), deferens, Urethra, Accessory organs-- Prostate, Genitalia--Penis, Scrotum FEMALES-Gonads--Ovaries, Accessory organs--Uterus, Uterine (fallopian) tubes, Vagina, Genitalia--Vulva, Mammary glands--(breasts)

Describe the general functions of each organ system; 1)Integumentary 2)Skeletal 3)Muscular 4)Nervous 5)Endocrine 6)Cardiovascular 7) Lymphatic 8)Respiratory 9)Digestive 10)Urinary 11)Reproduction

1)Integumentary-forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. 2)Skeletal-Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. 3)Muscular-Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat. 4)Nervous-Electrical impulse driven. As a fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to the internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. 5)Endocrine-Hormone driven. The glands secrete hormones that regulates processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. 6)Cardiovascular-Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. The heart pumps blood. 7)Lymphatic/Immunity-Picks up fluid leaked from blood cells and returns it to the blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack agains foreign substances within the body. 8)Respiratory-It keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the wall of the air sacs of the lungs. 9)Digestive-Breaks down food into absorbable units that enters the blood for distribution to the body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. 10)Urinary-Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. 11)Reproductive: Male-Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperms and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Sexual intercourse. 11)Reproductive: Female-Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. Overall function is production of offspring. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. Sexual intercourse.

List and describe the major requirements of life 1)Water 2)Food 3)Oxygen 4)Heat 5)Pressure

1)Water-A substance needed for metabolic processes as a medium for metabolic reactions to transport substances to regulate the body 2)Food-Needed to supply energy and for the regulation of important reactions 3)Oxygen-Needed to help release energy from food substances 4)Heat-Needed to regulate the rate of metabolic processes 5)Pressure-Needed for breathing and circulation

Name the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity 1)pleura 2)parietal pleure 3)visceral pleure 4)serous fluid 5)pericardium 6)visceral pericardium 7)parietal pericardium 8)peritoneum 9)partiel peritoneum 10)visceral peritoneum

1)pleura-line the thoracic cavity; general 2)parietal pleura-line the cavities in the thoracic cavity 3)visceral pleura-cover the organs in the thoracic cavity 4)serous fluid-separates layers in the thoracic cavity and in the mediastinum 5)pericardium-surrounds the heart; general 6)visceral pericardium-covers the heart; closest membrane to the heart 7)parietal pericardium-makes up an outer sac around the heart 8)peritoneum-lines the abdominopelvic cavity; general 9)parietal peritoneum-lines the walls of the abdominopelvec cavity 10)visceral peritoneum-covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

Explain the levels of organization of the human body

1. chemical level;includes atoms organized into molecules 2. cellular level;Molecules combine to form Muscle cells, nerve cells, and epithelial cells 3. tissue level;Tissues are groups of cells and the material sourounding them that work together to perform funtions 4. organ level;tissues joined together. sturctures that are composed of two or more tissue. specific function and shape. 5. system; consist of related organs 6. organism;An organism, any living individual. All the human body functioning together

Define anatomy and physiology, and explain how they're related

Anatomy-The study of the shape and structure of the body and its parts, and their relationship to each other Physiology-The study of how the body and its parts work or function The relationship between anatomy and physiology are that they will always correlate with each other anatomy being the study of the actual physical organs and their structure as well as their relationship to each other. While physiology studies how those organs work to function the whole body as organ systems.

Describe a homeostasis mechanism

Regulatory processes that cells depend on, keeps the environment dominated by water (ECF), precisely regulated(both chemical and physical elements), regardless of external influences ex:Temperature uses hypothalamus and muscles, heat production through shivering, heat loss through vasodilation and sweating

Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival

homeostasis-ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously Homeostasis is important so that our body is able to keep a dynamic state of equilibrium