Chapter 1 Learn Smart

Hypo- Epi- Endo- Di-

- Below - Above - Within, inside - Two

Forces that serve as selective "pressures":

- Disease, climate, predators

Identify the benefits of a large sample size:

- It controls for chance events - Controls for individual variation - Enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome

Which of the following are features of an arboreal habitat

- Rich supply of leaves and fruit - Relative safety from predators - Relatively less competition

An organelle is best described as ____.

A microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual function.

The term "PET" scan, which refers to a positron emission tomography scan, is an example of Anatomical Terminology that is described as a(n)

Acronym

Features that have evolved in response to environmental pressures and enable the organisms to cope with challenges posed by its environment are called ___

Adaptations

In anatomical terminology, the adjective comes ___ the noun.

After

The fact that some people lack certain organs is an example of ____.

Anatomical Variation

___ is the study of body structures.

Anatomy

Name the anatomist who taught anatomy to medical students using cadavers in the 1500s

Andreas Vesalius

Identify the philosopher who believed that, not only could disease have supernatural causes, but natural causes as well, and argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple components.

Aristotle

By definition, a(n) ___ is the smallest particle of matter with unique chemical properties.

Atom

In performing a physical examination, the act of listening to sounds made by the BODY is known as ___ .

Auscultation

Identify the Muslim scholar who wrote the book called The Canon of Medicine.

Avicenna

Descartes and ___ revolutionized the philosphy of science, arguing for a more systematic enterprise aimed at new discoveries.

Bacon

The type of receptor located in the heart, aortic arch, and carotid sinuses that trigger autonomic reflexes in response to fluctuations in blood *pressure are known as _____.

Baroreceptors

Identify the example of a physiological negative feedback mechanism

Body temperature

A ____ is a dead human body, commonly used in dissection for the purpose of training students in anatomy.

Cadaver

Name the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life.

Cell

The ___ theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells.

Cell

___ ___ (a person) is best known for his theory of natural selection.

Charles Darwin

Name the physician to the Roman gladiators who wrote on the anatomy of humans, based on his dissections of pigs, monkeys, and other animals.

Claudius Galen

The study of how different species have solved physiological problems of life is known as ___ physiology.

Comparative

Understanding how the human body functions by examining how other species function is ____.

Comparative Physiology

___ is the process of transforming a a cell with no specialized function into a cell with a specialized function into a cell with a specialized function.

Differentiation

Name the process of carefully separating of tissues to reveal anatomical relationships

Dissection

Identify the method used to control experimental bias where neither the subject nor the person giving treatment and recording data know which subjects are receiving the treatment and which are receiving the placebo.

Double-blind method

___ equilibrium occurs when there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point.

Dynamic

A molecule, cell, or organ that carries out a response to a stimulus is a (an) ____.

Effector

Terms that identify the discoverer of a structure are called ____.

Eponyms

A change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population over a period of time is called ___.

Evolution

____ is a change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over a period of time.

Evolution

The ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce changes in membrane voltage is known as :

Excitability

The process of eliminating metabolic waste products from a cell or from the body is known as:

Excretion

___ surgery is the practice of diagnosing illness by opening the body.

Exploratory

Information that can be independently verified by any trained person is a ___.

Fact

True or false: The scientific method is an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proved false by experimentation or data collection.

False

True or false: Vesalius invented "cell theory"

False ; Schleiden Schwann did

True or false: A tissue is more complex than an organ.

False: Organs are composed of tissues and are thus more complex.

True or false: The study of ultrastructure focuses on examining indiviudal cells, but not their internal components

False; Ultrastructure focuses on structures WITHIN cells. Study of cells is cytology

Examples of positive feedback mechanism:

Formation of a blood clot, contractions during childbirth

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another is a _____.

Gradient

Without the expenditure of energy, matter in a physiological gradient will always flow from a region of ___ concentration to a region of __ concentration.

Higher ; lower

Greek physician who established a code of ethics and urged physicians to seek natural causes for disease.

Hippocrates

Name the branch of medicine that deals with the study of tissues in diseases:

Histopathology

The theory that there are emergent properties of the whole organism that cannot be understood by its individual parts is called ___.

Holism

The body's tendency to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment is known as ____.

Homeostasis

A good ____ is testable, falsifiable, and consistent with what is already known.

Hypothesis

An educated speculation based upon observations that can be tested by experimentation is a ____.

Hypothesis

Terminologica Anatomica

Included Latin and commonly used English terms. Devised in 1998

The ___ method, as prescribed by Bacon, is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them.

Inductive

Most medical terminology comes form the ___ and Greek languages.

Latin

Identify the languages from which most medical terms are derived

Latin, Greek

A verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon or of the relationship between variables is called a ____.

Law of Nature

Name the term for a generalization about the predictable was in which matter and energy behave.

Law of Nature.

Any molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or polysaccharide is described as a(n) _____.

Macromolecule

__ was the famous Jewish physician who served in the court of the sultan, Saladin.

Maimonides

Name the structure made by joining two or more different atoms.

Molecule

Name the process by which evolution works, that states that some individuals have hereditary advantage over their competitors.

Natural Selection

When bodily changes are detected, responses are activated that reverse the change, restoring stability and preserving normal body function. This occurs during ___ feedback.

Negative

The inductive method allows one to make conclusions based on ____.

Observations

Identify the adaptation of primates that allows them to hold and manipulate small objects in their hands.

Opposable thumbs

A(n) ___ is any anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it.

Organ

Macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, ___, organ systems, organism

Organ

A single complete individual capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis is termed a (an) _____.

Organism

A(n) ____ review is the method of evaluation of results by other experts in that field.

Peer

The act of tapping the body to feel for abnormal resistance or listen for sounds emitted is known as:

Percussion

Medical mistakes, such as prescribing the wrong dose of medication can result from failure to consider ___.

Physiological Variation

___ is the study of the "function" of a biological organism.

Physiology

Endocrinology

Physiology of hormones

Comparative Physiology

Physiology of other animals

Neurophysiology

Physiology of the nervous system

Identify the name for a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment

Placebo

Structure that encloses a cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell is the ____ membrane.

Plasma

A self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction ____.

Positive Feedback

The integrating center of a feedback mechanism:

Processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of action

Effects of a subject's state of mind on their physiology are known as ___ effects.

Psychosomatic

Nomina Anatomica

Purged eponyms from terminology and included only latin terms. Devised in the late 1800s

Identify the branch of medicine that is concerned with imaging, such as with x-rays:

Radiology

A cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus, such as a taste cell or a rod or cones of the eye, is called a:

Receptor

The number of animals (or people) used in an experimental study is called the ____ _____.

Sample size

The ___ is a PROCESS by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by examination.

Scientific Method

Identify the term for the forces that promote the success of some individuals more than others.

Selective pressures

A ___ test provides a statement of probability that the experimental outcome was due to a random variation.

Statistical

A ____ test provides a statement of probability that the experimental outcome was due to random variation.

Statistical

Organisms respond to ___ or changes in their environment.

Stimuli

Describe gross anatomy

Study of bodily structures that can be observed without magnification

A group of organs working together for a coordinated function is an organ ____.

System

Statistical Tests:

T test, Chi square analysis

Experimenter bias is defined as ___

The conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data

The suffix "-logy" means:

The study of

Name the term for an explanatory statement, or set of statements, that concisely summarizes the state of knowledge of a phenomenon and provides direction for further study.

Theory

In an experiment, the control group is unaltered, while the __ group contains the variable being tested.

Treatment

A receptor that detects pressure changes is called a:

baroreceptor

Pathophysiology

mechanisms of disease

Hypo

prefix means below

Therm

root

emia

suffix