Chapter 1 Microbiology

In what ways are archaea similar to bacteria? ribosomal RNA sequences prokaryotic cell structure energy sources used method of multiplication shapes and sizes

prokaryotic cell structure shapes and sizes method of multiplication energy sources used

Without microorganisms, substances required for human life such as O2 and organic nitrogen would ______.

run out

What is the only shared feature of all microbes? Prokaryotic cell type Small size Ability to cause disease Cell wall structure

small size

The microbial world includes three main agents that cannot reproduce independently and are thus considered non-living. These are the:

viruses viroids prions

_______ is credited with disproving spontaneous generation using broth in swan-neck flasks.

Louis Pasteur

Which of these scientists were involved in investigating the idea of spontaneous generation?

Redi and Pasteur

Why were Louis Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks so important in helping disprove the theory of spontaneous generation?

They ended arguments that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air.

Which of the following about microbes is FALSE? Yeasts are unicellular prokaryotes. Bacillus anthracis belongs to the genus bacillus. Prions are composed only of protein. Archaea are often extremophiles.

Yeasts are unicellular prokaryotes.

Ulcers, previously thought to be caused by stress, are in fact often caused by an insufficient diet. a genetic mutation. a bacterial infection. a viral infection.

bacterial infection

Peptidoglycan is found in the ______.

cell walls of bacteria

A peptide bond is formed between amino acids by _____

dehydration synthesis

Tyndall and Cohn's experiments in the 1870s showed the presence of a heat-resistant form of bacteria called a(n)

endospore

What does the scientific name of an organism include?

genus and species

What class of bond holds the two DNA strands together?

hydrogen

Spontaneous generation can be explained as an alternative name for evolution. life arising from dead matter. life arising from other living organisms. development of life over time. life arising from nothing.

life arising from nothing

Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed normal ________.

microbiota / flora

The Germ Theory of Disease states that ______.

microorganisms cause certain diseases

A _____ is the term used for any disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as which of the following?

pathogens

Most bacteria have rigid cell walls that contain a unique compound called

peptidoglycan

A patient's throat swab yields organisms that appear as long chains of round cells under light microscope. Given this information, it is possible that the organism is

Streptococcus pyogenes

Phosphate group is on the ____ end of a nucleic acid strand

5'

Which defines spontaneous generation? Organisms continuously evolve. Life arose from living matter. Life arose from non-living matter.

Life arose from non-living matter.

Disaccharides are a form of which biological macromolecule?

carbohydrate

Which biological macromolecules has a carbon:hydrogen:oxygen ratio of 1:2:1?

carbohydrates

_____ is a carbohydrate molecule associated with nucleotides in DNA

deoxyribose

The structures present in the hay infusions used in experiments on spontaneous generation that made them difficult to sterilize are _____.

endospores

The cell types that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and have rigid cell walls of peptidoglycan are

bacteria

The idea of spontaneous generation postulated that

living organisms could spontaneously arise from non-living material.

Compared to the range of types of plants and animals, microbes as a group are ______. more/less/equally diverse

more diverse

Today, the bacteria added to some fermented milk products are advertised as _______.

probiotics

Algae and protozoa are also referred to as _____, a diverse group that falls within the domain Eukarya.

protists

The concept of living things arising from vital forces in non-living or decomposing materials was known as which of the following? biogenesis deductive reasoning spontaneous generation germ theory of disease

spontaneous generation

The scientist usually credited with seeing the first microorganisms, which he called "animalcules", was ______.

van Leeuwenhoek

Unlike the term microorganism, the word microbe also includes ______. viruses protozoa bacteria fungi

viruses

Which of the following are eukaryotes? Fungi Bacteria Archaea Protozoa Helminths Algae Viruses

fungi algae protozoa helminths

Which of the following are microscopic fungi? monera algae protists molds yeasts archaea

molds yeasts

Hydroxyl group of sugar is on the _____ end of a nucleic acid strand

3'

What occurs in synthesis reactions?

Energy is added to the reaction and bonds are created

How did John Tyndall's work help to explain why some scientists had difficulty reproducing Pasteur's work proving that life comes from pre-existing life? He determined that the quality of the flame used to boil the broth matters. He determined that the thickness of the glass can adversely affect boiling, with liquid in thicker glass needing more boiling. He determined that "vital forces" can penetrate sealed glass and also some corks. He demonstrated that some broths require greater boiling times because they contain heat-resistant bacterial forms. He proved that time of day can affect this type of experiment - most good results are obtained in the evening.

He demonstrated that some broths require greater boiling times because they contain heat-resistant bacterial forms.

Why do microorganisms serve as important models for study of higher organisms?

Microorganisms have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as other organisms.

Which of the following describe prokaryote cells? Select all correct choices. Membrane-bound nucleus No membrane-bound nucleus Larger than eukaryotes Always single-celled Contain peptidoglycan Smaller than eukaryotes

No membrane-bound nucleus Always single-celled Smaller than eukaryotes

What do viruses, viroids, and prions all have in common?

They are acellular agents of disease

Which if the following is TRUE regarding viruses? They are obligate intracellular parasites. They are composed of only proteins. They belong to the domain Archaea. They are single-celled organisms.

They are obligate intracellular parasites

True of False? Viroids are naked (lacking a protein shell) pieces of RNA that infect plants.

True

True or false: We could not survive without microorganisms, but they can also be harmful.

True

True or false: Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients.

True

Which terms refer to bacterial morphology? Coccus AND Bacillus Polyhedral, coccus, AND Bacillus Coccus AND squarish Bacillus AND polyhedral Coccus AND polyhedral

coccus and bacillus

Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes. Those that are studied by microbiologists include the unicellular _______ and the multicellular filamentous _______.

yeasts molds

The outbreak of measles within the last few years is due to

a decline in vaccination of children in the previous years.

Technically speaking, viruses are not microorganisms because they are not ______.

composed of cells