Chapter 1 music exam

Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti

Songs by Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, and other Italian composers were published as sheet music.

dance music

Until the late nineteenth century, European American dance was closely modeled on styles imported from England and the Continent.

European American music in america

Until the middle of the nineteenth century, American popular music was almost entirely European in character

One common West African rhythm pattern

has generated many variants in the Americas, including the "hambone" riff popularized during the rock 'n' roll era by Bo Diddley, Johnny Otis, and Buddy Holly.

Latin music, particularly from Cuba and Brazil

has increasingly influenced popular music in America.

Carioca

The variant of samba that had the biggest influence in the United States

groove

channeled flow of "swinging" or "funky" or "phat" rhythms

timbre

characteristic sound of an instrument or voice, sometimes called "tone color", plays an important role in establishing the "sound print" of a performer

Miami Sound Machine

created a commercially successful blend of salsa and disco music.

Guitarist Carlos Santana

developed a mixture of salsa and guitar-based rock music in the late 1960s

streams of american pop music

every aspect of popular music that is today regarded regarded as American in character has sprung from imported traditions

sheet music

from the 19th century until the 1920's, it was the principal means of disseminating popular songs

Ritchie Valens's 1959 hit

"La Bamba," based on a folk tune from Veracruz

relationship between

"majors and indies"

3 streams

1. European American Music 2.African American Music 3.Latin American Music

Bossa nova ("new trend")

A cool, sophisticated style of Brazilian music b) Became popular in United States during the early 1960s

African American Stream

African American culture took different forms in Brazil, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, and the United States, shaped by the particular mix of African and European (and in some cases American Indian) source traditions, and by local social conditions

Cuban habanera

An African-influenced variant of the European country-dance tradition that swept the United States and Europe in the 1880s

African American Stream

Between one and two million people from Africa, about 10 percent of the total transatlantic traffic in slaves, were forcibly brought to the United States between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. It is misleading to speak of "black music" as a homogeneous entity

A smooth style developed in Rio de Janeiro

Boosted in the 1940s by the meteoric career of Carmen Miranda, who appeared in a series of popular musical films

Italian Opera

By the first decades of the nineteenth century, Italian opera was also very popular in the United States.

The tango

Came from Argentina Initially played by musicians in the capital city Buenos Aires

The two best-known Mexican-derived styles today

Conjunto acordeon ("accordion band") music, played in northern Mexico and Texas Mariachi ("marriage") music, a staple of the Mexican tourist trade, performed by ensembles made up of guitars, violins, and trumpets

Salsa

Emerged in the 1960s The stars of salsa music include the great singer Celia Cruz and bandleader Tito Puente.

Tourist-oriented style performed by Desi Arnaz's orchestra

I Love Lucy TV show

Country dances were popular

In the United States, the country dance tradition developed into a plethora of urban and rural, elite and lower-class, black and white variants

Repetition of musical/rhythmic ideas

Interlocking of multiple repeating patterns to form dense polyrhythmic textures (textures in which many rhythms are going on at the same time).

Country and western music has been influenced by Mexican styles since at least the 1930s.

Mexican immigrants in Californi (Chicanos) have also played an important role in the development of rock music.

Latin American Stream

Musicians in Latin America developed a wide range of styles blending African music with the traditions of Europe (including colonial powers such as Spain, Portugal, and France).

strophic musical form

Originally, these ballads were passed down through an oral tradition,but they were eventually written down and circulated on large sheets of paper called broadsides

World beat" musicians

Paul Simon and David Byrne began to experiment with traditional Afro-Cuban rhythms

Variants of Cuban-based music in the United States

Ranged from the exciting blend of modern jazz and rumba pioneered by Machito and Dizzy Gillespie in the 1940s

Brazilian music

The Brazilian samba, another dance style strongly rooted in African music

European religious music

The Europeans who came to America also brought many styles and traditions of religious music to our shores. Echoes of synagogue cantorial in Tin Pan Alley songs Christmas music

cultural and linguistic dominance

The cultural and linguistic dominance of the English meant that their music (folk ballads and dance music) became a mainstream around which other styles circulated.

European folk music (cont'd)

The descendants of early French settlers in North America and the Caribbean maintained their own musical traditions. Millions of Irish and German immigrants came to the United States during the nineteenth century seeking an escape from oppression, economic uncertainty, and—particularly during the potato famine of the 1840s—the threat of starvation

Call-and-response forms

a lead singer and chorus alternate, the leader allowed more freedom to elaborate his part

ballad

a type of song in which a series of verses telling a story are sung to a repeated melody, often about a historical event or personal tragedy

The Tango was Influenced by:

a) the Cuban habanera rhythm, b) Italian and Spanish songs, and c) the songs of gauchos (cowboys).

The characteristic habanera rhythm

an eight-beat pattern divided 3-3-2

hook

catchy musical phrase or riff

technology

has shaped popular music and has helped disseminate it, older technologies often take on important value as tokens of an earlier, often claimed better time, People frequently seek to exert creative control over the role of musical machines in their own lives

The bel canto style of singing

light, clear, flexible, and intimate—had a major effect on the development of popular singing style.

how is a song interpreted?

listening and studying popular music is not simply analyzing a song but also studying interpretations by particular performers

critical listening

listening that consciously seeks out meaning in music, how music is put together ,it's cultural significance,it's historical development, even non musicians have much more knowledge about music than they may realize

traditions

may be classified into 3 broad streams made up of many styles of music. each has profoundly influenced the others

African singers and instrumentalists

often make use of a wide palette of timbres.

stereotypes

popular music is closely tied to stereotypes

the music business relies on

predicting popular music tastes and trends

riff

repeated pattern designed to generate rhythmic momentum

center

several geographically distance centers where power, capital, and control over mass media are concentrated

periphery

smaller institutions and people historically excluded from the political and economic mainstream

dialect

some musical genres are strongly associated with particle dialects

english folk ballad tradition

songs were reworked to suit the circumstances of new immigrants

The creation of institutions that became important centers of black musical life—

the family, the church, the voluntary association, the school

to understand the cultural significance of popular music, we must examine:

the music, it's tones and textures, rhythms, forms, and the broader patterns of social identity that have shaped Americans' tastes and values

formal analysis

the musical structure of music

music businesss

the production of popular music typically involves the work of many individuals performing different roles

Syncretism

the selective blending of traditions derived from Africa and Europe.

lyrics

the words of a song, words are designed to be one of the most immediately accessible parts of a song ( the lyrics seem to demand interpretation)

Caribbean, South American, and Mexican

traditions have long influenced popular music in the United States.