Chapter 1 - Nutrition (Exam 1)

not

Hungry people who are in desperate conditions often must resort to eating things they would ___ consider consuming in better times

processing

What causes the food to lose vitamins, minerals, and other beneficial substances

obesity

chronic over nutrition results in _____

more

"____ is not always better" when it relates to optimal nutrition

comfort

"_____ foods" may provide desirable feelings for adults

A

Beta-carotene is a phytochemical in many fruits and veggies that the body can convert to vitamin __

nutrients

Cells don't need food to survive, but they need the _____ that are in food to carry out their metabolic activities

marketing

Consumers may not realize the impact that food ______ has on their diets

excessive

Dietary moderation involves obtaining enough nutrients from food to meet one's needs while avoiding ______ amounts

stage of life, health problems

Other factors such as _______ (during pregnancy or older adult years) and _______, are likely to affect food selections

supplement

Taking a ______ that contains a variety of vitamins may be advisable, even for healthy adults

carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins

What are organic nutrients?

carbs, proteins, lipids (fats&oils), vitamins, minerals, water

What are the six classes of nutrients?

nutrients

_____ are the life-sustaining substances in food

deficiency disease

a _______ is a state of health characterized by certain abnormal physiological changes

element

an ____ is a substance, like carbon or oxygen, that can't be separated into simpler substances by ordinary physical and chemical means

symptoms

dizziness, fatigue, and headaches are examples of ____

nutrient dense

example of _______ foods are broccoli, leafy greens, fat free milk, oranges, lean meats, whole-grain cereals

water

hydration, fluid balance, elimination of waste, thermoregulation, transports nutrients

nutrient

if the _____ is missing from the diet, a deficiency disease can occur

vitamins, minerals, carbs

men and women have similar amounts of _______ in their bodies

nutrients

people become hungry and search for something to eat when their body needs ____

nutrients

phytochemicals are substances in plants that are not _____

major, trace

types of minerals

risk factor

Genetic background or family history is an important _____ for heart disease

chronic diseases

Heart disease, diabetes, and cancer are ________

nutrition

Nutrient supplements don't contain everything one needs for optimal _______

acceptable

People learn which foods are ______ to eat from past experiences, cultural practices, and religious teachings

phytochemicals

Plants make hundreds of substances called _________

phospholipids

carries/transporters - transports nutrients

B, C

water-soluble are vitamins __ and __

water, minerals

what are inorganic nutrients?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium

98% of the human body is composed of 5 nutrients. what are they?

educational

A major focus of the gov.'s efforts is the development of _______ programs designed to prevent obesity and other chronic health problems

50, 70

About ____ to ____ % of the body's total weight is water

nutritional

All foods have some _____ value, no food deserves the label of bad/junk

red meats, cheeses, refined

Americans tend to muy more than recommended amounts of _______, candy, sugary beverages, ______, ____ grain products

popular

Among American adults, the most ______ nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary supplements are fish oil, glucosamine, Echinacea, and flaxseed oil and pills

substitute

Healthy adults should consider taking such supplements as an "insurance policy" not a ______ for eating a variety of nutrient-dense foods

do not

Most americans (do/do not) purchase recommended amounts of fruits, veggies, whole grains, fish, low-fat dairy products

nutrients

Most foods are mixtures of _____

energy

Most foods are sources of biological fuels, because they provide _____ for cells

empty calorie

Not all energy-dense foods are ______ foods

malnutrition

Other people who are at risk of ______ include those who have severe eating disorders, are addicted to drugs like alcohol, or have certain serious medical problems

beneficial

Some dietary supplements, such as vitamins and certain herbs, have ______ effects on health

empty calories

Some foods/beverages, such as candy, chips, alcoholic or sugar-sweetened drinks are sources of _______

essential

Some nutrients that are normally nonessential can become ______ under certain conditions

obesity, type 2 diabetes

What are the two most popular diseases associated w/ american dietary practices?

vitamins

When taken in high amounts, many _____ behave like drugs and can produce unpleasant and toxic side effects

fat

____ supplies the most energy/gram

collagen

_____ is the protein that holds cells together

fat-free

_____ milk is more nutrient-dense and less energy-dense

inorganic

_____ refers to substances that don't contain carbon

essential nutrient

an _________ must be supplied by food b/c the body does not synthesize the nutrient or make enough to meet its needs

signs

changes that are observable or measurable are ____ of disease

major

chloride, calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, sulfur, magnesium

body fat

obesity is a condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of _______

observable, measurable

signs are physical changes associated with a disease state that are ______ & ______

scurvy

these are signs of ____ -cuts heal slow -gums bleed from high blood pressure when brushing teeth

carbs, fats, proteins

what are macronutrients

vitamins, minerals

what are micronutrients

phytochemicals

what are not nutrients (nonnutrients), yet they have healthful benefits?

triglycerides

what are stored energy, padding, insulation

corrected

when the missing nutrient is added back to the set, abnormal physiological changes are ______

fat soluble

which type of vitamins are in structures like bones, teeth, skin, structural purpose only, NO ENERGY

water soluble

which type of vitamins are involved in energy production? -coenzymes

energy

Fatty foods tend to be more _____ dense than foods with lower fat contents

genomics

Nutritional _______ is a new area of nutrition that explores complex interactions among gene function, diet and other lifestyle choices, and the environment

supplemental

Older adults and people with chronic illnesses, digestive disorders that interfere with nutrient absorption, and certain other, genetic disorders, may also require _______ nutrients

ill health

Other risk factors that contribute to ______ are unsafe environmental conditions, psychological factors, such as excess emotional stress, lack of access to health care, advanced age and unhealthy lifestyle

direct calorimetry

The calorie content of a food or beverage can be determined through _________

broaden

When young adults leave home & associate with people from diverse geographical and ethnic backgrounds, they _____ their food choices

factors

You can control/change many other _____ that influence your health

water and protein

Young women have less ________ and more fat

food

______ evokes feelings and sensations, conveys status and ethnicity

situation

Dietitians must consider many factors regarding a patient's _____

carbs

What nutrient has the following major functions: -major sources of energy -maintenance of normal blood glucose levels -elimination of solid waste from gastrointestinal tract

proteins

What nutrient has the following major functions: -production of structural -components; cell membranes and functions components; enzymes -cellular development, growth, maintenance -regulation of body processes -transportation of substances w/in blood -energy (minor source)

metabolism

____ is the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells

obesity

______ is a risk factor for numerous chronic health problems, including heart disease, and type 2 diabetes

alcohol

______ is not a nutrient because the human body does not need the chemical to survive

variety

______ refers to a diet that contains foods from each food group

micronutrients

_______ - the body needs very small amounts of them to function properly

overnutrition

_______ - the long-term excess of energy or nutrient intake - is also a form of malnutrition

environmental

_______ factors play a major role in what people eat -income -location of one's home -availability of food

psychological

_______ factors, especially emotional stress level and mood, also play important roles in what the individual chooses to eat

lifestyle

_______ is a routine way of living, which includes one's usual dietary practices and exercise habits

trace

iron, magnesium

sterols

like cholesterol, sex hormones, vitamin D

simple, complex

what are the two types of carbs?

balancing

By _______ caloric intake w/ physical activity, people can maintain a healthy weight

water

What nutrient has the following major functions: -maintenance of fluid balance -regulation of body temp -eliminates wastes -transportation of substances -participation in chemical reactions

lipids

What nutrient has the following major functions: -major source of energy -cell development, physical growth & development -regulation of body processes -growth and development of the brain -absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

cognitive

______ factors that influence food choices involve learning processes

functional

________ foods are often manufactured to boost nutrient intakes or help manage specific health problems

Medical nutrition therapies

_________ are nutritionally modified diets for people with chronic health conditions

conditionally

_________ essential nutrients may be made by the body by in amounts that are inadequate and must be supplemented by the diet

carbs, proteins, lipids (fats), alcohol

what are the energy yielding nutrients?

high quality, low quality

what are the two types of proteins?

structure

what is a proteins main role?

water

what is the most essential nutrient

complex

what type of carbs are larger and are starches and fibers?

major

what type of minerals are 7 and found in greater quantities?

nutrients

____ are necessary for the growth, maintenance, and repair of the body's cells

symptoms

____ are subjective complaints of ill health that are difficult to observe and measure

water

____ doesn't provide energy, but isn't classified as a micronutrient

food

____ is a basic human need for survival

organic

____ refers to compounds that contain carbon

nutrients

_____ are sources of elements that the body needs to carry out its activities

negative

_____ experience example A 6 yr. old boy enjoys mac and cheese eats a bowl of it and then later becomes sick and vomits -Although the food may not cause the vomiting, the child may be unwilling to eat that particular food for many years, because he associates the food with a stomach-related illness

lifestyle

______ factors contribute to many of the 10 leading causes of death in the US

metabolism

What includes chemical reactions, involved in supplying energy, making proteins, eliminating waste products

minerals

What nutrient has the following major functions: -regulation of body processes, like fluid balance & energy metabolism -formation of chemical messengers -formation of structural and functional components of various substances and tissues -cell growth, development, maintenance

nutrition

____ is the scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them

high

____ quality proteins contain all essential amino acids

dietary

_____ supplements don't undergo the rigorous testing of safety and effectiveness that meds must undergo before being marketed

nutrients

______ are organized based on chemical composition and essentiality, the amount the body needs

elements

______ are the basic substances that make up all things -including life forms like humans

chronic

______ diseases are long-term conditions that usually take many years to develop and have complex causes

triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

3 types of lipids:

4,4,9

Carbs ___kcal/g Protein ___kcal/g Fat ___kcal/g

minerals

Compared to vitamins, _____ generally have very narrow ranges of safe intakes

energy

The human body uses _____ while running, sitting, studying, and sleeping

trace

minerals found in lower quantities

physiological dose

The _________ of a nutrient is the amount that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally

multivitamin/mineral

The most commonly used dietary supplements are ______/____ (MVM) products

lifestyle

A person's ______ may increase or reduce his/her changes of developing many chronic diseases or delay their occurrence for years

energy

carbs are used for ____

disease signs

______ include rashes, failure to grow properly, and elevated blood pressure

amino acids

________ are the nitrogen-containing compounds that make up protein molecules

macronutrients, micronutrients

_________ supply energy for cells, whereas ________ are not sources of energy

malnutrition

__________ is a state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished

conditionally essential nutrients

___________ are nutrients that are normally not essential but become essential under certain conditions, such as during a serious illness

nutrient-dense

A _______ food supplies more vitamins and minerals in relation to total calories

risk factor

A _______ is a personal characteristic that increases a person's chances of developing a chronic disease

dietary supplement

A ________ is a product (excluding tobacco) that contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake

calorie

A ________ is the amount of heat (form of energy) necessary to raise the temp. of 1g (1mL) of water 1 degrees Celsius (C)

kilocalories

A calorie is such a small unit of measurement that the amount of energy in food is reported in 1000-calorie units called______

age, external sensory info, internal

Biological and physiological factors that often influence food selections include: i. ___ ii. ability to perceive _________, such as taste, smell, and texture of foods iii. ______ sensations of hunger and thirst

water

Bodies with high fat content have less _____ in them than bodies with less fat

macronutrient

Consumers can calculate the number of kcal in their diets by knowing amounts of ________ and the nonnutrient alcohol in their foods and beverages

marginal

Consuming less than the physiological dose can result in a ______ nutritional status

evidence

Dietary practices and recommendations undergo revision as new scientific _____ becomes available and the info is reviewed and accepted by nutrition experts

positive, negative

Experiences with food can result in ___/___ associations

kcal

Fat-free milk has about the same amount of calcium/serving but almost half the ____ of an equivalent serving of whole milk

attract

Food manufacturers introduce new products into the market place that are designed to _____ health-conscious consumers

moderation

People should also consume each food good in reasonable amounts = _______

reduce

People who choose to consume fat-free or low-fat diary products, fruits, veggies, nuts, and whole-grain cereals, and exercise regularly, may ______ their chances of developing serious diseases that contribute to premature deaths, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and excess body fat

obesity

People who consume more calories than needed and don't exercise can develop ______

foods

The Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) allows manufacturers to classify nutrient supplements and herbal products as _______

variety

The human body is designed to obtain the nutrients it needs from a wide _____ of foods

vitamins

What nutrient has the following major functions: -regulation of body processes -immune function -production and maintenance of cells -protection against agents that can damage cellular components

A,D,E,K

fat soluble are vitamins __,__,__,__

survive

people need to consume energy-containing foods and beverages to ______

kilocalorie

A _____ is the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g (1 liter) of water 1 degrees Celsius (C)

motivated

A person must be ____ to change their food related behaviors and to purchase healthier foods

genetic

A person's ______ makeup influences the effects that a person's diet may have on his/her health, as well as the individual's likelihood of developing most diseases

7

Alcohol is a source of energy it supplies ___kcal/g

empty calorie

An ______ food supplies a lot of calories from unhealthy types of fat, added sugar, and/or alcohol

vitamins, minerals

An empty-calorie food is not a good source of _____ and ____

4.0

An energy-dense food has a kcal-to-weight ratio of __ or higher

malnutrition

People with low incomes and older adults living on fixed incomes are often as risk for _____ b/c they have limited financial resources

knowledge

Some people select nutritionally inadequate diets because they lack ______ about nutritious foods or the importance of nutrition to health

absorption

Some phytochemicals like nicotine in tobacco leaves, ricin in castor beans, and oxalic acid in rhubarb leaves, are toxic and can interfere with the ______ of nutrients

sensory info

Humans rely on various types of _______, particularly the taste, texture, odor, and appearance of food, to develop personal food likes and dislikes

deficiency disease

If a person's nutrient intake falls below the marginal level, the individual is at risk of developing the nutrient's ________

low

___ quality proteins are missing one or more essential amino acids

age

____ is a major biological factor that influences food choices

diet

____ is a person's usual pattern of food choices

scurvy

____ is the vitamin C deficiency disease

water

____ is usually the major nutrient in foods

water

____ provides no energy for the body

Energy density

_______ is the amount of energy a food (kcal) provides per given weight (grams) of the food

macronutrients

________ - the body requires relatively large amounts of these nutrients daily

megadose

a ______ is an amount of a vitamin or mineral that is a least 10 times the recommended amount of the nutrient

bomb calorimeter

a _______ is a device used to measure the calories in a sample of food

grams, milligrams

a serving of food supplies: -______ of carbs, fat, protein -______ of vitamins and minerals

raw materials

all nutrients are important for health but the body can use the ______ from food to make many nutrients -like cholesterol and fats (lipids)

diets

people may be able to live longer, healthier lives by improving the nutritional quality of their ______

phytochemicals

not all _________ have beneficial effects on the body

collagen

the main role of vitamin c is maintaining ______

essential nutrient

vitamin c meets the required features of a _______

water soluble, fat soluble

what are the 2 types of vitamins?

simple

what type of carbs are like honey molasses, table sugar, fruit sugar,milk sugar?

temp

In a bomb calorimeter, as the food burns, it releases heat which raises the _____ of the water and scientists use this info to determine the number of calories in the food

processing

The more refined a good is, the more ______ it has undergone before it's consumed

whole, processed

The most reliable and economical way for people to obtain nutrients and beneficial phytochemicals is to base their diet on a variety of _____ and minimally ______ foods

food

To ensure the nutritional adequacy of their diets, people should eat several diff kinds of foods from each _____ group