Chapter 1 - Nutrition (Exam 1)
not
Hungry people who are in desperate conditions often must resort to eating things they would ___ consider consuming in better times
processing
What causes the food to lose vitamins, minerals, and other beneficial substances
obesity
chronic over nutrition results in _____
more
"____ is not always better" when it relates to optimal nutrition
comfort
"_____ foods" may provide desirable feelings for adults
A
Beta-carotene is a phytochemical in many fruits and veggies that the body can convert to vitamin __
nutrients
Cells don't need food to survive, but they need the _____ that are in food to carry out their metabolic activities
marketing
Consumers may not realize the impact that food ______ has on their diets
excessive
Dietary moderation involves obtaining enough nutrients from food to meet one's needs while avoiding ______ amounts
stage of life, health problems
Other factors such as _______ (during pregnancy or older adult years) and _______, are likely to affect food selections
supplement
Taking a ______ that contains a variety of vitamins may be advisable, even for healthy adults
carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins
What are organic nutrients?
carbs, proteins, lipids (fats&oils), vitamins, minerals, water
What are the six classes of nutrients?
nutrients
_____ are the life-sustaining substances in food
deficiency disease
a _______ is a state of health characterized by certain abnormal physiological changes
element
an ____ is a substance, like carbon or oxygen, that can't be separated into simpler substances by ordinary physical and chemical means
symptoms
dizziness, fatigue, and headaches are examples of ____
nutrient dense
example of _______ foods are broccoli, leafy greens, fat free milk, oranges, lean meats, whole-grain cereals
water
hydration, fluid balance, elimination of waste, thermoregulation, transports nutrients
nutrient
if the _____ is missing from the diet, a deficiency disease can occur
vitamins, minerals, carbs
men and women have similar amounts of _______ in their bodies
nutrients
people become hungry and search for something to eat when their body needs ____
nutrients
phytochemicals are substances in plants that are not _____
major, trace
types of minerals
risk factor
Genetic background or family history is an important _____ for heart disease
chronic diseases
Heart disease, diabetes, and cancer are ________
nutrition
Nutrient supplements don't contain everything one needs for optimal _______
acceptable
People learn which foods are ______ to eat from past experiences, cultural practices, and religious teachings
phytochemicals
Plants make hundreds of substances called _________
phospholipids
carries/transporters - transports nutrients
B, C
water-soluble are vitamins __ and __
water, minerals
what are inorganic nutrients?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium
98% of the human body is composed of 5 nutrients. what are they?
educational
A major focus of the gov.'s efforts is the development of _______ programs designed to prevent obesity and other chronic health problems
50, 70
About ____ to ____ % of the body's total weight is water
nutritional
All foods have some _____ value, no food deserves the label of bad/junk
red meats, cheeses, refined
Americans tend to muy more than recommended amounts of _______, candy, sugary beverages, ______, ____ grain products
popular
Among American adults, the most ______ nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary supplements are fish oil, glucosamine, Echinacea, and flaxseed oil and pills
substitute
Healthy adults should consider taking such supplements as an "insurance policy" not a ______ for eating a variety of nutrient-dense foods
do not
Most americans (do/do not) purchase recommended amounts of fruits, veggies, whole grains, fish, low-fat dairy products
nutrients
Most foods are mixtures of _____
energy
Most foods are sources of biological fuels, because they provide _____ for cells
empty calorie
Not all energy-dense foods are ______ foods
malnutrition
Other people who are at risk of ______ include those who have severe eating disorders, are addicted to drugs like alcohol, or have certain serious medical problems
beneficial
Some dietary supplements, such as vitamins and certain herbs, have ______ effects on health
empty calories
Some foods/beverages, such as candy, chips, alcoholic or sugar-sweetened drinks are sources of _______
essential
Some nutrients that are normally nonessential can become ______ under certain conditions
obesity, type 2 diabetes
What are the two most popular diseases associated w/ american dietary practices?
vitamins
When taken in high amounts, many _____ behave like drugs and can produce unpleasant and toxic side effects
fat
____ supplies the most energy/gram
collagen
_____ is the protein that holds cells together
fat-free
_____ milk is more nutrient-dense and less energy-dense
inorganic
_____ refers to substances that don't contain carbon
essential nutrient
an _________ must be supplied by food b/c the body does not synthesize the nutrient or make enough to meet its needs
signs
changes that are observable or measurable are ____ of disease
major
chloride, calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, sulfur, magnesium
body fat
obesity is a condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of _______
observable, measurable
signs are physical changes associated with a disease state that are ______ & ______
scurvy
these are signs of ____ -cuts heal slow -gums bleed from high blood pressure when brushing teeth
carbs, fats, proteins
what are macronutrients
vitamins, minerals
what are micronutrients
phytochemicals
what are not nutrients (nonnutrients), yet they have healthful benefits?
triglycerides
what are stored energy, padding, insulation
corrected
when the missing nutrient is added back to the set, abnormal physiological changes are ______
fat soluble
which type of vitamins are in structures like bones, teeth, skin, structural purpose only, NO ENERGY
water soluble
which type of vitamins are involved in energy production? -coenzymes
energy
Fatty foods tend to be more _____ dense than foods with lower fat contents
genomics
Nutritional _______ is a new area of nutrition that explores complex interactions among gene function, diet and other lifestyle choices, and the environment
supplemental
Older adults and people with chronic illnesses, digestive disorders that interfere with nutrient absorption, and certain other, genetic disorders, may also require _______ nutrients
ill health
Other risk factors that contribute to ______ are unsafe environmental conditions, psychological factors, such as excess emotional stress, lack of access to health care, advanced age and unhealthy lifestyle
direct calorimetry
The calorie content of a food or beverage can be determined through _________
broaden
When young adults leave home & associate with people from diverse geographical and ethnic backgrounds, they _____ their food choices
factors
You can control/change many other _____ that influence your health
water and protein
Young women have less ________ and more fat
food
______ evokes feelings and sensations, conveys status and ethnicity
situation
Dietitians must consider many factors regarding a patient's _____
carbs
What nutrient has the following major functions: -major sources of energy -maintenance of normal blood glucose levels -elimination of solid waste from gastrointestinal tract
proteins
What nutrient has the following major functions: -production of structural -components; cell membranes and functions components; enzymes -cellular development, growth, maintenance -regulation of body processes -transportation of substances w/in blood -energy (minor source)
metabolism
____ is the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells
obesity
______ is a risk factor for numerous chronic health problems, including heart disease, and type 2 diabetes
alcohol
______ is not a nutrient because the human body does not need the chemical to survive
variety
______ refers to a diet that contains foods from each food group
micronutrients
_______ - the body needs very small amounts of them to function properly
overnutrition
_______ - the long-term excess of energy or nutrient intake - is also a form of malnutrition
environmental
_______ factors play a major role in what people eat -income -location of one's home -availability of food
psychological
_______ factors, especially emotional stress level and mood, also play important roles in what the individual chooses to eat
lifestyle
_______ is a routine way of living, which includes one's usual dietary practices and exercise habits
trace
iron, magnesium
sterols
like cholesterol, sex hormones, vitamin D
simple, complex
what are the two types of carbs?
balancing
By _______ caloric intake w/ physical activity, people can maintain a healthy weight
water
What nutrient has the following major functions: -maintenance of fluid balance -regulation of body temp -eliminates wastes -transportation of substances -participation in chemical reactions
lipids
What nutrient has the following major functions: -major source of energy -cell development, physical growth & development -regulation of body processes -growth and development of the brain -absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
cognitive
______ factors that influence food choices involve learning processes
functional
________ foods are often manufactured to boost nutrient intakes or help manage specific health problems
Medical nutrition therapies
_________ are nutritionally modified diets for people with chronic health conditions
conditionally
_________ essential nutrients may be made by the body by in amounts that are inadequate and must be supplemented by the diet
carbs, proteins, lipids (fats), alcohol
what are the energy yielding nutrients?
high quality, low quality
what are the two types of proteins?
structure
what is a proteins main role?
water
what is the most essential nutrient
complex
what type of carbs are larger and are starches and fibers?
major
what type of minerals are 7 and found in greater quantities?
nutrients
____ are necessary for the growth, maintenance, and repair of the body's cells
symptoms
____ are subjective complaints of ill health that are difficult to observe and measure
water
____ doesn't provide energy, but isn't classified as a micronutrient
food
____ is a basic human need for survival
organic
____ refers to compounds that contain carbon
nutrients
_____ are sources of elements that the body needs to carry out its activities
negative
_____ experience example A 6 yr. old boy enjoys mac and cheese eats a bowl of it and then later becomes sick and vomits -Although the food may not cause the vomiting, the child may be unwilling to eat that particular food for many years, because he associates the food with a stomach-related illness
lifestyle
______ factors contribute to many of the 10 leading causes of death in the US
metabolism
What includes chemical reactions, involved in supplying energy, making proteins, eliminating waste products
minerals
What nutrient has the following major functions: -regulation of body processes, like fluid balance & energy metabolism -formation of chemical messengers -formation of structural and functional components of various substances and tissues -cell growth, development, maintenance
nutrition
____ is the scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them
high
____ quality proteins contain all essential amino acids
dietary
_____ supplements don't undergo the rigorous testing of safety and effectiveness that meds must undergo before being marketed
nutrients
______ are organized based on chemical composition and essentiality, the amount the body needs
elements
______ are the basic substances that make up all things -including life forms like humans
chronic
______ diseases are long-term conditions that usually take many years to develop and have complex causes
triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols
3 types of lipids:
4,4,9
Carbs ___kcal/g Protein ___kcal/g Fat ___kcal/g
minerals
Compared to vitamins, _____ generally have very narrow ranges of safe intakes
energy
The human body uses _____ while running, sitting, studying, and sleeping
trace
minerals found in lower quantities
physiological dose
The _________ of a nutrient is the amount that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally
multivitamin/mineral
The most commonly used dietary supplements are ______/____ (MVM) products
lifestyle
A person's ______ may increase or reduce his/her changes of developing many chronic diseases or delay their occurrence for years
energy
carbs are used for ____
disease signs
______ include rashes, failure to grow properly, and elevated blood pressure
amino acids
________ are the nitrogen-containing compounds that make up protein molecules
macronutrients, micronutrients
_________ supply energy for cells, whereas ________ are not sources of energy
malnutrition
__________ is a state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished
conditionally essential nutrients
___________ are nutrients that are normally not essential but become essential under certain conditions, such as during a serious illness
nutrient-dense
A _______ food supplies more vitamins and minerals in relation to total calories
risk factor
A _______ is a personal characteristic that increases a person's chances of developing a chronic disease
dietary supplement
A ________ is a product (excluding tobacco) that contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake
calorie
A ________ is the amount of heat (form of energy) necessary to raise the temp. of 1g (1mL) of water 1 degrees Celsius (C)
kilocalories
A calorie is such a small unit of measurement that the amount of energy in food is reported in 1000-calorie units called______
age, external sensory info, internal
Biological and physiological factors that often influence food selections include: i. ___ ii. ability to perceive _________, such as taste, smell, and texture of foods iii. ______ sensations of hunger and thirst
water
Bodies with high fat content have less _____ in them than bodies with less fat
macronutrient
Consumers can calculate the number of kcal in their diets by knowing amounts of ________ and the nonnutrient alcohol in their foods and beverages
marginal
Consuming less than the physiological dose can result in a ______ nutritional status
evidence
Dietary practices and recommendations undergo revision as new scientific _____ becomes available and the info is reviewed and accepted by nutrition experts
positive, negative
Experiences with food can result in ___/___ associations
kcal
Fat-free milk has about the same amount of calcium/serving but almost half the ____ of an equivalent serving of whole milk
attract
Food manufacturers introduce new products into the market place that are designed to _____ health-conscious consumers
moderation
People should also consume each food good in reasonable amounts = _______
reduce
People who choose to consume fat-free or low-fat diary products, fruits, veggies, nuts, and whole-grain cereals, and exercise regularly, may ______ their chances of developing serious diseases that contribute to premature deaths, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and excess body fat
obesity
People who consume more calories than needed and don't exercise can develop ______
foods
The Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) allows manufacturers to classify nutrient supplements and herbal products as _______
variety
The human body is designed to obtain the nutrients it needs from a wide _____ of foods
vitamins
What nutrient has the following major functions: -regulation of body processes -immune function -production and maintenance of cells -protection against agents that can damage cellular components
A,D,E,K
fat soluble are vitamins __,__,__,__
survive
people need to consume energy-containing foods and beverages to ______
kilocalorie
A _____ is the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g (1 liter) of water 1 degrees Celsius (C)
motivated
A person must be ____ to change their food related behaviors and to purchase healthier foods
genetic
A person's ______ makeup influences the effects that a person's diet may have on his/her health, as well as the individual's likelihood of developing most diseases
7
Alcohol is a source of energy it supplies ___kcal/g
empty calorie
An ______ food supplies a lot of calories from unhealthy types of fat, added sugar, and/or alcohol
vitamins, minerals
An empty-calorie food is not a good source of _____ and ____
4.0
An energy-dense food has a kcal-to-weight ratio of __ or higher
malnutrition
People with low incomes and older adults living on fixed incomes are often as risk for _____ b/c they have limited financial resources
knowledge
Some people select nutritionally inadequate diets because they lack ______ about nutritious foods or the importance of nutrition to health
absorption
Some phytochemicals like nicotine in tobacco leaves, ricin in castor beans, and oxalic acid in rhubarb leaves, are toxic and can interfere with the ______ of nutrients
sensory info
Humans rely on various types of _______, particularly the taste, texture, odor, and appearance of food, to develop personal food likes and dislikes
deficiency disease
If a person's nutrient intake falls below the marginal level, the individual is at risk of developing the nutrient's ________
low
___ quality proteins are missing one or more essential amino acids
age
____ is a major biological factor that influences food choices
diet
____ is a person's usual pattern of food choices
scurvy
____ is the vitamin C deficiency disease
water
____ is usually the major nutrient in foods
water
____ provides no energy for the body
Energy density
_______ is the amount of energy a food (kcal) provides per given weight (grams) of the food
macronutrients
________ - the body requires relatively large amounts of these nutrients daily
megadose
a ______ is an amount of a vitamin or mineral that is a least 10 times the recommended amount of the nutrient
bomb calorimeter
a _______ is a device used to measure the calories in a sample of food
grams, milligrams
a serving of food supplies: -______ of carbs, fat, protein -______ of vitamins and minerals
raw materials
all nutrients are important for health but the body can use the ______ from food to make many nutrients -like cholesterol and fats (lipids)
diets
people may be able to live longer, healthier lives by improving the nutritional quality of their ______
phytochemicals
not all _________ have beneficial effects on the body
collagen
the main role of vitamin c is maintaining ______
essential nutrient
vitamin c meets the required features of a _______
water soluble, fat soluble
what are the 2 types of vitamins?
simple
what type of carbs are like honey molasses, table sugar, fruit sugar,milk sugar?
temp
In a bomb calorimeter, as the food burns, it releases heat which raises the _____ of the water and scientists use this info to determine the number of calories in the food
processing
The more refined a good is, the more ______ it has undergone before it's consumed
whole, processed
The most reliable and economical way for people to obtain nutrients and beneficial phytochemicals is to base their diet on a variety of _____ and minimally ______ foods
food
To ensure the nutritional adequacy of their diets, people should eat several diff kinds of foods from each _____ group