Chapter 1 objectives

What are examples that would pertain to each level of the pyramid?

Adequate amounts of food-physiologic Safe place to live Loving family Confidence to accomplish goals; job,school Recognizing and Using talents to succeed

Discuss advantages and disadvantages of the significant changes seen in nursing in the twenty first century

Advantages; Health care advances;medicine, treatments Technology Standards of education Disadvantages; Demographic changes Human rights Nursing shortage

Discuss the differences in an approved program versus an accredited program

Approved program is one that satisfies the minimum standards set by the state agency responsible for overseeing educational programs: it meets the needs of the student, has adequate course content and qualified faculty, is of sufficient length, has adequate facilities, and provides clinical experience. Accredited program is a higher standard that signifies the the accrediting organization has judged that a program has met its pre-established criteria. The admins of the program seeking accreditation submit voluntarily to the accreditation process; they do so because of the recognition of quality it confers. The standards are far higher than those set by the state.

Discuss the value of articulation agreements in nursing education

Articulation allows nursing programs to plan their curricula collaboratively; the purpose is to lessen duplication of learning experiences and support a process of progressive buildup. Articulation acknowledges the students existing knowledge base and permits the student to continue her or his advancement in education without repeating previous coursework.

Florence Nightingale is known for all of the following except:

1. "Lady of the Lamp" 2. Credited as the first nursing theorist 3. Helped provide care to wounded soldiers during World war 1. 4. Helped shape views of nursing education

What are the recognized levels of health promotion?

1. Health promotion, prevention of disease, and/or prevention of further complications of current disease 2. Health promotion, Maslow's promotion, and prevention of disease 3. Maslow's system of needs, prevention of disease, and/or prevention of further complications 4. Health promotion and prevention of further complications of current disease

What significant change is seen in twenty first century nursing practice?

1. Number of men in nursing has decreased 2. Presently, health care costs account for over 28%of the US gross domestic product 3. Life expectancy is changing, decreasing the need of our geriatric population 4. Recognition of the unique health needs of women in areas such as reproductive health, heart disease, and cancer

Discuss how the LVN has evolved through the centuries

1860 Florence Nightingale began the reformation of Nursing from occupation to profession by establishing the nursing school at Saint Thomas Hospital in London. 1869 every large hospital should establish and support its own school of nursing modeled after the Nightingale plan. 1893 Robb and Dock set educational standards for nurses. 1903 some states required licensure 1911 NLNE dev and rel their first nursing curriculum 1950 all states required testing and licensure.

Discuss the differences between the attendant nurse and the practical nurse

Attendant nurses main emphasis was on on home care and included cooking, nutrition, basic science, and basic nursing procedures. The program lasted approx 3 months and trained its students to care for invalids, children, the chronically ill and the elderly. NOt focused on hospital experience but on home nursing care and light housekeeping. Practical nurses training was affiliated with hospitals or chronic care institutions and others with private agencies or private schools. Emphasized apprentice training. Students in these programs provided nursing services while they were obtaining their education training.

Discuss the significant changes in nursing caps, uniforms, and shoes over the past decade. What does the "pinning ceremony" signify?

Caps became less utilitarian and more symbolic. A more informal uniform made the cap a dated piece of apparel. Nurses do not approve of mandatory dress codes. Patients feel more comfortable when they can easily distinguish nurses from other staff members.

Discuss some of the different practices and the beliefs About the role of women in health care.

Most woman in the hospitals were heavy drinkers, prostitutes and came in from jail or prison. The role of women in health care was focused on helping other women during childbirth.

What influences did Florence Nightingale have on the Hospital environment during the Crimean War? Why is Florence Nightingale known as the "Lady of the lamp"?

F.N. provided care to the wounded soldiers. Sanitary conditions were established, units were clean, clothes were washed regularly. Mortality rate dropped, a psychological change took place as well. She made her rounds late at night through the rows caring her lamp to light her way.

What factors impact the level of wellness in relationship to the wellness-illness continuum?

Factors include age,gender, family relationships, emotional stressors, ethnic and cultural influences, and economic status. The individuals physical, mental condition, and social well being.

Describe the evolution of nursing and nursing education from early civilization to the twentieth century.

In early civilization Nursing care in the US was provided gen by people who were self taught and who gained what knowledge they could through experience. Duties and responsibilities were not clearly defined. The term "nurse" was used only as "a person who takes care of the sick" The role of women in health care was focused on helping other women during childbirth. Women of "proper upbringing" did not work outside of the home. The ranks of workers loosely referred to as nurses were filled with women who drank heavily, engaged in prostitution, and were inmates in jails and prisons. Although religious orders did train and educate a small number of nurses, they were unable to meet the health care needs of communities. The standards of nursing care Florence Nightingale established gained the respect of the medical community and led to improved care for the sick and a much improved image of nursing in general. In 1860, Florence Nightingale began the reformation of nursing from occupation to profession by establishing the nursing school at Saint Thomas Hospital in London. Students had to pass strict procedures for admission, and a residence was provided for them. The nurses' training lasted 1 year and included both formal instruction and practical experience. Complete records were kept on each student's progress. This practice was known as the "Nightingale Plan," which became the model for nursing education in the twentieth century. The new "Nightingale nurses" improved patient care by such measures as good hygiene and sanitation, patient observation, accurate record keeping, nutritional improvements, and the introduction and use of new medical equipment. The demand for their services was overwhelming.

Discuss the differences between early and late nineteenth Century nursing education. What did the poor hygienic practices do to the infection and mortality rate?

In the early nineteenth century hospitals were a place people were expected to catch infection, disease and would die in. Early nineteenth century nursing education was non existence with exception of a religious order that did train and educate a small number of nurses, they were unable to meet the health care needs of communities.

Discuss the roles of the following: Professional health care specialist Registered Nurse (RN) LVN Other caregivers (give examples) Technologists, medical technicians, and paraprofessionals (give examples)

Many disciplines are subspecialties of individuals who have advanced training and licensure RNs practice in a variety of settings inside and outside of the care facility. LVNs work under the direct supervision of an RN. LVN; provides specific services to patients under the direct supervision of a RN

Identify the major organizations in nursing

National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service (NAPNES). Today, NAPNES remains a guiding force in the development of practical nursing education.

What are some current health care needs/changes That will likely cause continued evolution?

New illnesses, incurable diseases, new technologies,

Discuss the differences among the three organized levels of health promotion and give examples of each

Primary prevention seeks to avoid disease states through wellness activities and preemptive screening programs such as mammograms, colonoscopies, and glucose screening. Exercise, nutrition, screenings Secondary prevention recognizes the presence of disease but seeks to reduce the impact of the condition by encouraging behaviors to promote health. An example of this type of prevention is dietary teaching to a patient with diabetes with intention to reduce episodes of hyperglycemia. The management of care activities for those with serious health problems who seek to improve the quality of life and reduce further loss of function are captured by tertiary prevention. Staying current on care treatments and following guidelines of proper treatment

Discuss the criteria that would be utilized for a career ladder in a long-term facility versus a hospital or acute care setting

Recognizes the clinical expertise of the nurse and provides a mechanism for financial compensation. Items generally include adherence to facility policies, completion of mandatory education programs, and demonstration of leadership and clinical skills. Nurses make application for consideration of the career ladder by submitting a portfolio

Discuss what NAPNES does today in guiding practical nursing education

Set standards for VN nursing practice Develop standard curricula for VN nurses Educate and inform the general public about vocational nursing Promote and protect the interest of LVNs

Discuss the Nightingale Plan as a model for nursing education. What significant changes did Florence Nightingale make that are used in nursing today?

Students had to pass strict procedures for admission. Training lasted one year and included both formal instruction and practical experience. Complete records were kept on each student's progress. After students graduated, records were also kept on their place of employment. The "register" that resulted was the beginning of a movement to exercise control over the nursing graduate and establish a standard for the practicing nurse. Improved patient care by good hygiene and sanitation, patient observation, accurate record keeping, nutritional improvement, use of new medical equipment.

Discuss the differences between the NLN and ANA on Licensure and education

The ANA (more geared toward professional nurse guidelines and completion of college to practice) recommend that nursing education take place in institutions of learning within the general system of education. Recommendations for the educational levels for the nurse to enter practice be a 2 year technical education be provided in vocational and community college settings. This would earn a associates degree. The professional nurse would earn a baccalaureate degree. The the state board test pool of the NLN (more geared toward LVNs and recognized the need for licensing with the amount of LVNs training programs opening)education committee established a testing mechanism for all states and administered the examination several times a year throughout the country.

Discuss societal influences on nursing.

The focus of health care from care of the sick to an ever-expanding profit-driven industry resulted in a change in its culture and characteristics Contemporary nursing was born as the demand for nurses increased at a rate greater than could be met. Nursing practice is affected by various societal factors, along with developments that are more internal to the field. Demographics of the population, women's health care issues, men in nursing, rising numbers of persons with fewer socioeconomic advantages seeking health care, and bioterrorism threats are a few of the societal factors that influence nursing today

Why are licensing laws important in nursing? Discuss the significance of the NCLEX examination

They are important because they protect the public from unqualified practitioners in most fields and professions. A nurse cannot practice without passing the NCLEX exam. Every 3 years, the National council of State Boards of Nursing performs a job analysis. This analysis helps to determine the content areas for the NCLEX-PN. The findings of the latest job analysis indicate that newly licensed LNVs are continuing to provide care in all types of settings.

What does an individuals value system affect the level of need according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

each patient may view or prioritize individual needs according to his or her own value system

Discuss the significant changes in nursing in the twenty-first century.

licensure (the granting of permission by the overseeing authority to engage in practice or activity that would otherwise be illegal) as a criterion for entry to professional practice. establish the Army School of Nursing. Cadet Nurse Corps was established to provide an abbreviated training program designed to meet the needs of the war effort. In addition, federally subsidized programs in nursing were developed and implemented to offer women and, for the first time, men an education and a career in nursing while serving their country in the war. In 1903, Isabel Hampton Robb and Adelaide Nutting published a position paper recommending the baccalaureate degree level as the minimum acceptable preparation for entry into the profession. The associate degree was recommended as the minimum for technical nursing practice. Decades later in 1965, the American Nurses Association (ANA) took a position recommending that nursing education take place in institutions of learning within the general system of education, much as Robb and Nutting had proposed.