Chapter 1 quiz

· 18th and 19th century Europe that had an enormous influence on the development of modern sociology

Enlightenment

who said that people in society are glued together by belief systems?

Emile Durkheim

According to Durkheim, the economic organization of society is the most important influence on what humans think and how they behave. T/F

False

Sociologists are exclusively focused on unusual or extreme human behavior in society. T/F

False

Sociologists focus on social change and ignore social stability. T/F

False

Symbolic interactionists are solely focused on group interactions within society. T/F

False

Conflict theory emphasizes -the significance of consensus in maintaining social order. -a person's or group's ability to exercise influence and control over others. -the significance of face-to-face interactions. -the benefits of dysfunctions that cause social change.

a person's or group's ability to exercise influence and control over others.

· A system of thought in which scientific observation and description is considered the highest form of knowledge

Positivism

German word refers to understanding social behavior from the point of view of those engaged in it.

Verstehen

According to Marx, class conflict is

embedded in the system of capitalism.

Sociology is a(n) _____ discipline, meaning conclusions are based on systematic observations.

empirical

- Interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole - Emphasizes consensus and order. Views disorganization in the system , as the incentive to reestablish equilibrium in society

functionalism

Emphasizes the stability and integration of society ; gives special weight to the order and cohesion that usually characterizes society

functionalism

Originated by Emile Durkheim who imagined society as a kind of organism, with different parts that all worked together to keep it alive.

functionalism

From a functionalist perspective, unequal distribution of resources -is not fair since everyone has an important role to play in society. -is a reflection of who has the most power to decide how resources are distributed. -does not occur. -is fair because some roles are more important to society than others.

is fair because some roles are more important to society than others.

Merton referred to the unintended consequences of behavior as ____ functions.

latent

According to symbolic interactionism, social order is

negotiated

Durkheim conceptualized social facts as -One's personal drives and motivations. -the direct outgrowth of our biological drives. -society as the sum of its parts. -social patterns that are external to individuals.

social patterns that are external to individuals.

Functionalism emphasizes all of the following except -shared public values. -the consensus that exists in society. -the order that exists in society. -the role of coercion and power.

the role of coercion and power.

Which theorist is regarded as having coined the term "sociology"?

Auguste Comte

From a symbolic interaction perspective, shared meaning in society emerges from social

Interaction

Conflict theory originated in the work of

Karl Marx

credited with developing a multidimensional analysis of society

Max Weber

used to indicate those social patterns that are external to individuals - created by Durkheim

Social Facts

· the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together constitute society

Social Structure

established and organized systems of social behavior with a particular and recognized purpose

Social institutions

Which of the following is not one of the arguments of conflict theory? -Society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources. -Social order is maintained by consensus and interdependence. -Inequality exists because those with wealth work to defend their advantages. -The dominant groups shape the beliefs of others through control of public information.

Social order is maintained by consensus and interdependence.

The Study of Human Behavior

Sociology

According to Emile Durkheim, -the economic system has the most important influence on human thought and behavior. -people in society are held together by belief systems. -deviance has no place in a "healthy" society. -the best theoretical approach to the study of society is social conflict theory.

people in society are held together by belief systems.

Applying the sociological _____ means that one has the ability to see the societal patterns that influence individual and group life.

perspective

According to Marx, capitalism is based on

profit and private property.

From a functionalist perspective, the most basic manifest function of the family is

reproduction.

Positivism regards________ as the highest form of knowledge. -introspection -religious dogma -scientific observation -general consensus

scientific observation

Sociological imagination refers to the ability to -develop methods to modify society and thus improve the lives of individuals. -identify societal needs and develop ways to address those needs. -see the societal patterns that influence the individual as well as groups of individuals. -create meaningful sociological theories and test those theories.

see the societal patterns that influence the individual as well as groups of individuals.

emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order & emphasizes the inequalities and power imbalances in society & How Capitalism has shaped society

conflict theory

refers to looking behind the facades of everyday

debunking

Karl Marx's work was devoted to explaining

how capitalism shaped society.

From a symbolic interaction perspective, shared meaning in society emerges from social

interaction.

Theoretical frameworks that center on face-to-face social interaction are categorized as

microsociology.

Theoretical frameworks that strive to understand society as a whole are referred to as

Macrosociology

What distinguishes sociology from mere opinion or other forms of social commentary?

The use of empirical analysis

How do functionalists view disorganization within society? -They view disorganization as normal for society. -They believe that disorganization in one part of society will affect only those directly involved. -They believe that change is for the worse, stemming from instability. -They believe it must result in change to reestablish equilibrium in society.

They believe it must result in change to reestablish equilibrium in society.

What is the purpose of sociological theory? -To specify a definition of sociology -To organize and interpret observations -To make sociology seem more academic -To provide a way to do sociology without having to conduct research

To organize and interpret observations.

How do troubles and issues differ?

Troubles are privately felt problems ; issues affect large numbers of people

According to functionalists, deviance can lead to social change and thus be positive for society. T/F

True

From a sociological perspective, concerns with styles and personal appearance are the product of social forces. T/F

True

The sociological perspective is the ability to see societal patterns that influence individual and group life. T/F

True

Marx is to _____ as Martineau is to _____. -ideas-applied research; theory building -social facts; sui generis -class analysis; participant observation -racism; sexism

class analysis; participant observation

- Change is fundamental to society, that is driven by these conflicts

conflict theory

- a theory that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources., holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than by consensus and conformity.

conflict theory

The sociological perspective that views power struggles as the source of social change is

conflict theory

Auguste Comte believed sociology could

discover the laws of human social behavior.

Unlike conflict theory and functionalism, symbolic interaction -emphasizes immediate social interaction as the place where "society" exists. -views meaning as inherent in actions rather than created by people. -is a macrosociological theory. -focuses on the importance of abstract institutions.

emphasizes immediate social interaction as the place where "society" exists.