Chapter 1 review
A change in rock that is caused by stress but is NOT permanent is called ______________________ strain
Elastic
The point of the surface directly above the focus is the___
Epicenter
The____ is the point below the earths surface which breaks and triggers an earthquake
Focus
Describe a geyser
Fountain of water and steam that erupts from the ground
Water heated by magma can provide an energy source called ____ energy which can heat homes and make electricity
Geothermal
Determine the order in which the three types of seismic waves arrive at a seismograph
Primary waves, secondary waves, surface waves
Three landforms created from magma
Volcanic necks form when magma hardens in the pipe softer rock wears away, dikes formed when magma forces itself
reverse fault
a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward; caused by compression in the crust
Define volcano
A weak spot in the earths crust where molten material or magma come to the surface
where most volcanoes form
Along plate boundaries
When lava has high viscosity it produces ash and cinder bombs which build up around vent forming a steep mountain called a ___ volcano
Cinder cone
Landforms such as mountain ranges and ocean trenches are created by ___________________
Compression
List three different types of stress that can occur in earths crust
Compression, Tension, Shear
A ___ is a volcano that is currently not active, but may become active in the future
Dormant
A block of rock that lies above a fault is called a ____ wall
Hanging
Formed when ground water is heated by a nearby body of magma and eventually rises to surface to collect in a natural pool
Hot spring
A string of islands called a ____ is created by volcanoes near boundaries where two oceanic plates collide
Island arc
The____is the arrival time difference between the first P wave and the S wave
Lag time
When magma reaches the earths surface it is called ______
Lava
What occurs during a pyroclastic flow
Lava and magma bombs explode out the volcano
A measurement of an earthquakes strength is called its ______
Magnitude
Compare the difference between pahoehoe and aa
Pahoepahoe flow has a comparatively smooth or ropy surface, the surface of aa flow consists of chunks and very angular pieces of lava
A change in rock that is caused by stress and creates permanent change is called____ strain
Plastic
An ____ eruption has magma that slows easily with gases bubbling out gently
Quiet
A major volcanic belt known as the _________________________
Ring of fire
Explain how scientist locate the epicenter of an earthquake
Scientist discover the epicenter by studying P and S waves, calculate the lag time between them
Transform faults and fault zones are created as a result of this type of stress _____
Shearing
Explain what stress is in terms of rocks
Stress is a force applied to objects, rocks under stress show strain of deformation
strike-slip fault
Strike- slip
What type of wave produces the most severe ground movements
Surface waves
Mid ocean ridges and continental rifts are landforms created by ______
Tension
What is a seismograph used for?
To locate earthquakes and measure movement of earths crust
Volcano pipe
a long tube through which magma moves from the magma chamber to Earth's surface
Three stages of volcanic activity
active, dormant, extinct
Normal fault
break in rock caused by tension forces, where rock above the fault surface moves down relative to the rock below the fault surface