Chapter 1 review

A change in rock that is caused by stress but is NOT permanent is called ______________________ strain

Elastic

The point of the surface directly above the focus is the___

Epicenter

The____ is the point below the earths surface which breaks and triggers an earthquake

Focus

Describe a geyser

Fountain of water and steam that erupts from the ground

Water heated by magma can provide an energy source called ____ energy which can heat homes and make electricity

Geothermal

Determine the order in which the three types of seismic waves arrive at a seismograph

Primary waves, secondary waves, surface waves

Three landforms created from magma

Volcanic necks form when magma hardens in the pipe softer rock wears away, dikes formed when magma forces itself

reverse fault

a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward; caused by compression in the crust

Define volcano

A weak spot in the earths crust where molten material or magma come to the surface

where most volcanoes form

Along plate boundaries

When lava has high viscosity it produces ash and cinder bombs which build up around vent forming a steep mountain called a ___ volcano

Cinder cone

Landforms such as mountain ranges and ocean trenches are created by ___________________

Compression

List three different types of stress that can occur in earths crust

Compression, Tension, Shear

A ___ is a volcano that is currently not active, but may become active in the future

Dormant

A block of rock that lies above a fault is called a ____ wall

Hanging

Formed when ground water is heated by a nearby body of magma and eventually rises to surface to collect in a natural pool

Hot spring

A string of islands called a ____ is created by volcanoes near boundaries where two oceanic plates collide

Island arc

The____is the arrival time difference between the first P wave and the S wave

Lag time

When magma reaches the earths surface it is called ______

Lava

What occurs during a pyroclastic flow

Lava and magma bombs explode out the volcano

A measurement of an earthquakes strength is called its ______

Magnitude

Compare the difference between pahoehoe and aa

Pahoepahoe flow has a comparatively smooth or ropy surface, the surface of aa flow consists of chunks and very angular pieces of lava

A change in rock that is caused by stress and creates permanent change is called____ strain

Plastic

An ____ eruption has magma that slows easily with gases bubbling out gently

Quiet

A major volcanic belt known as the _________________________

Ring of fire

Explain how scientist locate the epicenter of an earthquake

Scientist discover the epicenter by studying P and S waves, calculate the lag time between them

Transform faults and fault zones are created as a result of this type of stress _____

Shearing

Explain what stress is in terms of rocks

Stress is a force applied to objects, rocks under stress show strain of deformation

strike-slip fault

Strike- slip

What type of wave produces the most severe ground movements

Surface waves

Mid ocean ridges and continental rifts are landforms created by ______

Tension

What is a seismograph used for?

To locate earthquakes and measure movement of earths crust

Volcano pipe

a long tube through which magma moves from the magma chamber to Earth's surface

Three stages of volcanic activity

active, dormant, extinct

Normal fault

break in rock caused by tension forces, where rock above the fault surface moves down relative to the rock below the fault surface