Chapter 1: The Life-Span Perspective

Freud's Psychosexual Stages: (Hint - there's 5)

1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage 4. Latency Stage 5. Genital Stage

The "NATURE" part of the nature vs. nurture controversy is best described as

A biological perspective

Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of:

A cross-sectional study

Relying on a single theory to explain adolescent development would probably be:

A mistake

Which of the following best describes Erikson's theory of development?

A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

Which of the following statements is true with regard to conducting ethical research with human subjects at a college or university?

A research ethics committee must approve a study prior to its implementation.

The developmental periods are approximate _____ ranges, and there are also variations in individuals' capabilities.

Age

The "NURTURE" part of the nature vs. nurture controversy is best described as:

An environmental perspective on how people develop.

Life-span development is defined as the pattern of change that begins _____ and continues _____

At conception; through the human life span

_____ processes produce changes in an individual's physical nature.

Biological

Ethological theory stresses _____ factors, and ecological theory emphasizes _____ factors.

Biological ; Enviormental

Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?

Brain development, weight gain, Genes inherited from parents, Cardiovascular decline, Hormonal changes of puberty

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?

Bronfenbrenner

Which theoretical view holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development?

Bundura's social cognitive theory

Define the 'Anal Stage' of Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Child pleasure centers on the anus

Define the 'Phallic Stage' of Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Child pleasure focuses on the genitals

Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory

Chronosystem, Microsystem, Macrosystem, Mesosystem, and Exosystem

Which of the following is NOT a type of bias that is of special concern in studies of life-span development?

Correlational bias

A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the _____ approach.

Cross-Sectional

Dr. Xiong is comparing aspects of the populations of Uganda and Denmark. Her research is best described as _____.

Cross-cultural

As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on _____ as determinants of an individual's development.

Cultural experiences

_____ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed from generation to generation.

Culture

Observation, surveys, interviews, standardized testing, physiological measures, and case studies are all methods of _____ collection.

Data

Which of the following types of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?

Descriptive

Which type of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?

Descriptive

_____ research may use various data-collection methods to observe and record behavior

Descriptive

The study of _____ includes the journey from conception to death

Development

The _____ period refers to a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features

Developmental

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as a(n) _____ theoretical orientation.

Eclectic

Joey is 21 years old. He is looking at his career options and who and what he wants to be. These choices are typical of an individual in the stage of _____ adulthood.

Emerging

The transition from adolescence to adulthood, lasting from about age 18 to 25 and characterized by exploration and experimentation, is referred to as _____ adulthood.

Emerging

Which three of the following are key factors in social cognitive theory?

Environment, behavior, and cognition

Which psychoanalytic theorist proposed the eight-stage psychosocial theory of development?

Erikson

The term _____ comes from the Greek word for "nation."

Ethnicity

_____ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Ethological

According to _____, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.

Ethologists

True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors.

False, The life-span perspective does NOT include biological factors.

True or False: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors

False, the life-span perspective does NOT include biological facotrs

True or false: The use of deception in research is strictly prohibited by the American Psychological Association's (APA) ethical guidelines.

False; Deception can be used in research, but researchers must ensure that the deception will not harm the participants and that the participants will be debriefed as soon as the study is over

Jean Piaget's theory states that children go through _____ stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world.

Four

A researcher draws conclusions about females' attitudes and behaviors from research conducted with males as the only participants. This is an example of _____ bias.

Gender

_____ refers to the nonbiological characteristics that lead people to identify as males or females.

Gender

In general, research on happiness has found that older people in the United States are:

Happier than younger people

A recent study revealed that happiness among individuals aged 18 to 88:

Increases with age

Define the 'Oral Stage' of Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Infant pleasure centers on the mouth

Which of the following is an example of a normative history-graded influence?

Integration of the Internet into everyday life

Which of the following are some of the methods of data collection used by developmental researchers?

Interviews, standardized testing, and observations

Which of the following aspects is related to the life-span perspective of development?

It is lifelong, it is multidimensional, it is multidirectional.

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is FALSE?

Level of education is an aspect of ethnicity.

Developmental science is _____ because researchers from different disciplines are interested in studying development across the life span.

Multidisciplinary

A_____ life event is an unusual occurrence that has a major influence on a person's life and may not occur for other people at the same time.

Nonnormative

A _____ age-graded influence is one that is similar for people of a particular age group

Normative

Most children in the United States start school when they are 5 or 6 years of age. This occurrence would best be described as a _____.

Normative age-graded influence

Adele and Bettina shared the experience of the Cuban missile crisis during their senior year in high school. This is an example of a _____.

Normative history-graded influence

Patrick's mother died when he was 7 years old. This major impact on his life is best described as a _____.

Normative life event

What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Organization and Adaptation

Marian Wright Edelman, a children's rights activist, believes that _____ is our society's most important function and needs to be taken more seriously than we have in the past.

Parenting and nurturing the next generation of children

Infant mortality rate and the percentage of children living in _____ provide information for evaluating how well children are doing in a particular society.

Poverty

Which type of theory emphasizes work in the areas of unconscious thoughts and past experiences?

Psychoanalytic

According to Erikson, humans develop in _____ stages.

Psychosocial stages

Freud believed that the primary motivation for human behavior is _____ in nature, whereas Erikson believed that is was _____.

Sexual ; Social

According to today's psychoanalytic theories, Freud's theory overemphasized:

Sexual Instincts

Define the 'Latency Stage' of Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Sexual Interest is repressed

Define the 'Genital Stage' of Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Sexual interest is reawakened

The father of psychoanalytic theory is:

Sigmund Freud

Define: Life-Span Development

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the life span.

What approach is the best guide for testing and refining theories of life-span development?

The scientific method

A(n) _____ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions.

Theory

Jessica has formed an interrelated set of ideas to explain the phenomenon of social anxiety. Jessica has formed a(n):

Theory

Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting research in life-span development?

To determine whether development is important

Which of the following refers to an individual who adopts a gender that differs from the one assigned to them at birth?

Transgender

True or false: Developmental science is multidisciplinary because researchers from different disciplines are interested in studying development across the life span.

True, Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers are all interested in studying development across the life span.

Which of the following is included in studying life-span development where we will learn information about ourselves? (Select all that apply)

Who we are, how we came to be this way, how we will age.

A sexual reawakening characterizes Freud's _____ psychosexual stage of development.

genital