Chapter 1: The Life-Span Perspective
Freud's Psychosexual Stages: (Hint - there's 5)
1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage 4. Latency Stage 5. Genital Stage
The "NATURE" part of the nature vs. nurture controversy is best described as
A biological perspective
Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of:
A cross-sectional study
Relying on a single theory to explain adolescent development would probably be:
A mistake
Which of the following best describes Erikson's theory of development?
A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.
Which of the following statements is true with regard to conducting ethical research with human subjects at a college or university?
A research ethics committee must approve a study prior to its implementation.
The developmental periods are approximate _____ ranges, and there are also variations in individuals' capabilities.
Age
The "NURTURE" part of the nature vs. nurture controversy is best described as:
An environmental perspective on how people develop.
Life-span development is defined as the pattern of change that begins _____ and continues _____
At conception; through the human life span
_____ processes produce changes in an individual's physical nature.
Biological
Ethological theory stresses _____ factors, and ecological theory emphasizes _____ factors.
Biological ; Enviormental
Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?
Brain development, weight gain, Genes inherited from parents, Cardiovascular decline, Hormonal changes of puberty
Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?
Bronfenbrenner
Which theoretical view holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development?
Bundura's social cognitive theory
Define the 'Anal Stage' of Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Child pleasure centers on the anus
Define the 'Phallic Stage' of Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Child pleasure focuses on the genitals
Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
Chronosystem, Microsystem, Macrosystem, Mesosystem, and Exosystem
Which of the following is NOT a type of bias that is of special concern in studies of life-span development?
Correlational bias
A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the _____ approach.
Cross-Sectional
Dr. Xiong is comparing aspects of the populations of Uganda and Denmark. Her research is best described as _____.
Cross-cultural
As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on _____ as determinants of an individual's development.
Cultural experiences
_____ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed from generation to generation.
Culture
Observation, surveys, interviews, standardized testing, physiological measures, and case studies are all methods of _____ collection.
Data
Which of the following types of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?
Descriptive
Which type of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?
Descriptive
_____ research may use various data-collection methods to observe and record behavior
Descriptive
The study of _____ includes the journey from conception to death
Development
The _____ period refers to a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features
Developmental
The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as a(n) _____ theoretical orientation.
Eclectic
Joey is 21 years old. He is looking at his career options and who and what he wants to be. These choices are typical of an individual in the stage of _____ adulthood.
Emerging
The transition from adolescence to adulthood, lasting from about age 18 to 25 and characterized by exploration and experimentation, is referred to as _____ adulthood.
Emerging
Which three of the following are key factors in social cognitive theory?
Environment, behavior, and cognition
Which psychoanalytic theorist proposed the eight-stage psychosocial theory of development?
Erikson
The term _____ comes from the Greek word for "nation."
Ethnicity
_____ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
Ethological
According to _____, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.
Ethologists
True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors.
False, The life-span perspective does NOT include biological factors.
True or False: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors
False, the life-span perspective does NOT include biological facotrs
True or false: The use of deception in research is strictly prohibited by the American Psychological Association's (APA) ethical guidelines.
False; Deception can be used in research, but researchers must ensure that the deception will not harm the participants and that the participants will be debriefed as soon as the study is over
Jean Piaget's theory states that children go through _____ stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world.
Four
A researcher draws conclusions about females' attitudes and behaviors from research conducted with males as the only participants. This is an example of _____ bias.
Gender
_____ refers to the nonbiological characteristics that lead people to identify as males or females.
Gender
In general, research on happiness has found that older people in the United States are:
Happier than younger people
A recent study revealed that happiness among individuals aged 18 to 88:
Increases with age
Define the 'Oral Stage' of Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Infant pleasure centers on the mouth
Which of the following is an example of a normative history-graded influence?
Integration of the Internet into everyday life
Which of the following are some of the methods of data collection used by developmental researchers?
Interviews, standardized testing, and observations
Which of the following aspects is related to the life-span perspective of development?
It is lifelong, it is multidimensional, it is multidirectional.
Which of the following statements about ethnicity is FALSE?
Level of education is an aspect of ethnicity.
Developmental science is _____ because researchers from different disciplines are interested in studying development across the life span.
Multidisciplinary
A_____ life event is an unusual occurrence that has a major influence on a person's life and may not occur for other people at the same time.
Nonnormative
A _____ age-graded influence is one that is similar for people of a particular age group
Normative
Most children in the United States start school when they are 5 or 6 years of age. This occurrence would best be described as a _____.
Normative age-graded influence
Adele and Bettina shared the experience of the Cuban missile crisis during their senior year in high school. This is an example of a _____.
Normative history-graded influence
Patrick's mother died when he was 7 years old. This major impact on his life is best described as a _____.
Normative life event
What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Organization and Adaptation
Marian Wright Edelman, a children's rights activist, believes that _____ is our society's most important function and needs to be taken more seriously than we have in the past.
Parenting and nurturing the next generation of children
Infant mortality rate and the percentage of children living in _____ provide information for evaluating how well children are doing in a particular society.
Poverty
Which type of theory emphasizes work in the areas of unconscious thoughts and past experiences?
Psychoanalytic
According to Erikson, humans develop in _____ stages.
Psychosocial stages
Freud believed that the primary motivation for human behavior is _____ in nature, whereas Erikson believed that is was _____.
Sexual ; Social
According to today's psychoanalytic theories, Freud's theory overemphasized:
Sexual Instincts
Define the 'Latency Stage' of Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Sexual Interest is repressed
Define the 'Genital Stage' of Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Sexual interest is reawakened
The father of psychoanalytic theory is:
Sigmund Freud
Define: Life-Span Development
The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the life span.
What approach is the best guide for testing and refining theories of life-span development?
The scientific method
A(n) _____ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions.
Theory
Jessica has formed an interrelated set of ideas to explain the phenomenon of social anxiety. Jessica has formed a(n):
Theory
Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting research in life-span development?
To determine whether development is important
Which of the following refers to an individual who adopts a gender that differs from the one assigned to them at birth?
Transgender
True or false: Developmental science is multidisciplinary because researchers from different disciplines are interested in studying development across the life span.
True, Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers are all interested in studying development across the life span.
Which of the following is included in studying life-span development where we will learn information about ourselves? (Select all that apply)
Who we are, how we came to be this way, how we will age.
A sexual reawakening characterizes Freud's _____ psychosexual stage of development.
genital
