Chapter 4 Carbohydrates

In metabolic syndrome, what may be elevated?

Fasting glucose, triglycerides, and blood pressure

What dietary components help to moderate swings in blood glucose

Fat, protein, fiber

A diet excessive in ________ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc

Fiber

The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in _______ cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract

Fiber

Most dietary _________ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest

Fibers

What has contributed to fewer dental caries in North American children over the last 20 years?

Fluoridated water and fluoride toothpaste

Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?

Fructose

Nutitionally similar to table sugar, honey contains?

Fructose and glucose

What is the difference between functional fiber and dietary fiber?

Functional fiber has been added for its beneficial health effects. Dietary fibers is naturally present in foods

Which of the following are examples of simple sugar?

Galactose, amylose, glucose, fructose

Fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine leads to the production of?

Glasses and acids

Dextrose or blood sugar is also known as

Glucose

Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many ______ units bonded together

Glucose

Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many ________ units bonded together

Glucose

Most of the fructose consume in the diet is converted to ________ (another monosaccharide) in the liver

Glucose

Most of the fructose consumed in the diet is converted to _______ (another monosaccharide) in the liver

Glucose

The form of carbohydrate circulating in the blood that is used for immediate energy is called

Glucose

What is the major monosaccharide in the body

Glucose

Two monosaccharides that are components of milk sugar

Glucose and Galactose

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides

Glucose and fructose

Glucose can be stored for later use in the liver or muscle for later use in the form of

Glycogen

If not carbs are consumes, the liver's supply of ______ will be depleted within 19 hours

Glycogen

What are examples of polysaccharides?

Glycogen, amylopectin, cellulose, amylose

What areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes

Heart, eyes, nerves, kidneys

What conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?

High fasting glucose, large waist circumference, and high blood triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension

Treating cornstarch with acid and enzymes results in the production of

High-fructose corn syrup

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

Hyperglycemia

Most cases of type one diabetes begin with an ______ system disorder

Immune

Glucagon

Increase the blood glucose

Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called?

Insolvable fiber

Individuals with type one diabetes have to be treated with what approach?

Insulin

Which causes destruction of the _____-producing cells in the pancreas

Insulin

The key element that underlies all the conditions of the metabolic syndrome

Insulting resistance

Symptoms of hypoglucemia

Irritability and shakiness

Acesulfame-K is an useful alternative sweetener because

It does not cause dental caries and it is heat-stable and can be used in baking

A high fiber diet is helpful for weight management because

It provides few calories and its bulk contributes to satiety

A high fiber diet is helpful for weight management because

It provides fewer calories and its bulk contributes to satiety

Long term low carbohydrate intake is not recommended because it will lead to

Ketosis

What foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels

Kidney Beans, apples, and oatmeal

Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of ______ ( a disaccharide)?

Lactose

The major storage sites of glycogen

Liver and muscle

Many patients with type 2 diabetes can improve blood glucose control by

Losing a moderate amount of weight

Hypoglycemia is a _________ blood glucose level

Low

What is true about cellulose

Made of glucose molecules, insoluble fibers, and straight-chain polysaccharide

A disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages?

Maltose

Malt sugar has two glucose molecules bonded together. Also known as

Maltose

What are some natural food sources of sucrose

Maple Sugar and sugar beats

Patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating

Meals on a regular schedule and meals with a mixture of macronutrients

What is an example of a simple sugar

Monosaccharide

Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohdyrates begin?

Mouth

Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is stored in the

Muscle and liver

What artificial sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the US

Neotame, aspartame, and acesulfame-K

What artificial sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the US

Neotame, aspartame, and acesulfame_K

What is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria called?

Nonfermentable fiber

(Glycemic Index x Grams of ________)/ 100= Glycemic Load

Carbohydrate

Providing energy is the primary function of

Carbohydrate

Which macronutrient provide 4 kilocalories per gram?

Carbohydrate

Tooth decay is the only health problem clearly associated to eatiing

Carbohydrates

What are foods that are rich in starch?

Brown rice, and whole grain bread

How is insoluble fiber throught to promote health?

By adding bulk to the feces

What processed foods or beverages are high in added sugars?

Cakes, ice cream, and soda

Soft drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of ________ in the American diet

Calories

Order of steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrate

1. Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach 2. Enzymes break down starch in to maltose in the small intestine. 3. Viscous fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine. 4. Non fermentable fiber escapes digestion and its excreted in feces

A serving from the dairy group of MyPlate provides _______ grams of carbohydrates?

12 grams

Which is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic

126 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood

What is the RDA for carbohydrates for adults

130 grams per day

A serving from the grains category of MyPlate provides _______ grams of carbohydrates

15 grams

A serving from MyPlate fruit group provides ______ grams of carbohydrates

18 grams

A medium banana provides approx. what percentage of the RDA for carbohydrates?

25 %

What is the adequate intake level for fiber in an adult woman?

25 grams

What percentage of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?

45%-65%

A serving from the MyPlate vegetable group provides _______ grams of carbohydrates

5 grams

Approx. ______ of the world's population are lactose maldigestors

75%

Sugar alcohols are used in?

Candy, breath mints, and gum

What artificial sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the US

Ace sum fame-K, neotame, aspartame

Monosaccharides generally follow a _____ absorption process

Active

Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two ______ (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol

Amino acids

Highly branched type of starch that comprises about 80% of digestible starch in the diet

Amylopectin

Which polysaccharide is digested most rapidly?

Amylopectin

Vegetables, beans, breads, pastas and rice are common food sources of ?

Amylose

The two forms of starch digestible by humans are called?

Amylose and amylopectin

Name the long, straight chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch

Amytose

Amylase is

An enzyme

People with phenylketonuria should avoid the artificial sweetener ________ because of its high phenylalanine content

Aspartame

Which alternative sweetener is 200 times sweeter than sucrose and does not cause tooth decay?

Aspartame

Which artificial sweetener is known by its trade names "NutraSweet" and "Equal"?

Aspartame

At what age can type 1 diabetes occur?

At any age

Ranking of foods based on carbohydrate content (highest to lowest)

Baked Potato Banana Fat-Free Milk Egg

When a person consumes fiber, inadequate fluid intake can lead to what?

Blockages in the intestine

People with diabetes nearly always develop

Cardiovascular disease

What are good sources of viscous fiber?

Carrots, kidney beans, and apples

What type of dietary fiber is nonfermentable (insoluble)

Cellulose

What type of fiber is an undigestible, nonfermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules?

Cellulose

What is not a good source of viscous fiber?

Cheese. Good sources are oats, bananas, and oranges

What actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates?

Chewing and cooking

What are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AIs?

Choose whole grains, vegetables, fiber rich fruits

Lactose intolerance

Chronically decreased production of lactase resulting in severe abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of even small amounts of lactose

Primary lactose maldigestion

Chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause. May cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

What foods are rich sources of simple carbohydrates

Coca-Cola, plums, and candy

When cells are deprive of glucose, they metabolize lipids for energy, a process that results in formation of ketones, HIgh level of ketones in the blood lead to

Coma, ion imbalances, dehydration

Fiber

Complex carbohydrate found in plants that adds bulk to feces

The combination of a very high fiber intake (>60 grams per day) and low fluid intake?

Constipation

The Dietary Guidelines urge Americans to

Consume 3 or more ounces per day of whole grains and limit intake of added sugars

What is the artificial sweetener is banned in the US

Cyclamate

Which artificial sweetener is banned in the US

Cyclamate

What is an outcome associated with elevated hemoglobin A1 c levels

Damage to the kidneys, hearth, and eyes

Insulin

Decreases the blood glucose

What is a risk of consuming sugars in the diet?

Dental caries

Stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the pas 3 months, he has also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends for tests to see if he has

Diabetes

Patients with metabolic syndrome may need to increase which type of fat?

Omega-3 fat

What are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide?

Protein, vitamins, and calcium

An alternate sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but is now considered safe when consumed in typical amounts

Saccharin

What are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Shakiness and irritability

Lactase is produced by the cells of the

Small intestine

Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?

Small intestine, mouth

_________ fiber is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine

Soluble

Which type of fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine

Soluble fiber

A high fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

Soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tack, causing it to be excreted. Reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver

Complex carbohydrates are also known as

Starch

What type of food promote dental caries?

Sticky and starchy

The problem with an excess amount of ____ in the diet is that it provides empty calories and promotes dental carries

Sugar

What is sorbitol?

Sugar alcohol

What sugars that may be found in foods

Sugar, honey, and molasses

Alternative (or artificial sweeteners

Sweeten foods while providing few or no calories and include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose

Holding a starchy substance in the mouth for a few minutes will break down starch into smaller units making the food taste

Sweeter

What is an hemorrhoid?

Swelling of a large vein in the anal region

What contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates

Table sugar, fruit, and jam

Which alternative sweetener may have prebiotic effect because of fermentation in the large intestine?

Tagatose

Secondary Lactose maldigestion

Temporarily decrease production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus. May cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

In which part of the GI tract does digestion of carbohydrates begin?

The mouth

What is true of polysaccharides?

They are sometimes called starches. They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain. They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates. They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits

The primary function of carbohydrates in the body

To provide energy for the body

In metabolic syndrome, what may be elevated?

Triglycerides, fasting glucose, and blood pressure

______ diabetes is strongly associated with genetics, physical activity, poor diet, and obesity

Type 2

The treatment for metabolic syndrome is essentially the same as the treatment of what other disease?

Type 2 diabetes

Insulin is among the therapies for?

Type 2 diabetes and type 1 diabetes

What patients may or may not require the use of insulin?

Type 2 diabetics patients

Which MyPlate food groups contain many high-fiber foods

Vegetables and grains

What are common food sources of amylose?

Vegetables, breads, and beans

Carbohydrate intake should be primarily based on what?

Whole grains, fruits, and vegetables

What are sources of starch in the diet?

Whole wheat bread, pasta, and potatoes

The artificial sweetener ________ is considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat?

acesulfame-K

Salivary amylase is inactivated in the

stomach