Chapter 4 Carbohydrates
In metabolic syndrome, what may be elevated?
Fasting glucose, triglycerides, and blood pressure
What dietary components help to moderate swings in blood glucose
Fat, protein, fiber
A diet excessive in ________ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc
Fiber
The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in _______ cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract
Fiber
Most dietary _________ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest
Fibers
What has contributed to fewer dental caries in North American children over the last 20 years?
Fluoridated water and fluoride toothpaste
Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?
Fructose
Nutitionally similar to table sugar, honey contains?
Fructose and glucose
What is the difference between functional fiber and dietary fiber?
Functional fiber has been added for its beneficial health effects. Dietary fibers is naturally present in foods
Which of the following are examples of simple sugar?
Galactose, amylose, glucose, fructose
Fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine leads to the production of?
Glasses and acids
Dextrose or blood sugar is also known as
Glucose
Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many ______ units bonded together
Glucose
Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many ________ units bonded together
Glucose
Most of the fructose consume in the diet is converted to ________ (another monosaccharide) in the liver
Glucose
Most of the fructose consumed in the diet is converted to _______ (another monosaccharide) in the liver
Glucose
The form of carbohydrate circulating in the blood that is used for immediate energy is called
Glucose
What is the major monosaccharide in the body
Glucose
Two monosaccharides that are components of milk sugar
Glucose and Galactose
Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides
Glucose and fructose
Glucose can be stored for later use in the liver or muscle for later use in the form of
Glycogen
If not carbs are consumes, the liver's supply of ______ will be depleted within 19 hours
Glycogen
What are examples of polysaccharides?
Glycogen, amylopectin, cellulose, amylose
What areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes
Heart, eyes, nerves, kidneys
What conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?
High fasting glucose, large waist circumference, and high blood triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension
Treating cornstarch with acid and enzymes results in the production of
High-fructose corn syrup
What is the technical term for high blood sugar?
Hyperglycemia
Most cases of type one diabetes begin with an ______ system disorder
Immune
Glucagon
Increase the blood glucose
Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called?
Insolvable fiber
Individuals with type one diabetes have to be treated with what approach?
Insulin
Which causes destruction of the _____-producing cells in the pancreas
Insulin
The key element that underlies all the conditions of the metabolic syndrome
Insulting resistance
Symptoms of hypoglucemia
Irritability and shakiness
Acesulfame-K is an useful alternative sweetener because
It does not cause dental caries and it is heat-stable and can be used in baking
A high fiber diet is helpful for weight management because
It provides few calories and its bulk contributes to satiety
A high fiber diet is helpful for weight management because
It provides fewer calories and its bulk contributes to satiety
Long term low carbohydrate intake is not recommended because it will lead to
Ketosis
What foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels
Kidney Beans, apples, and oatmeal
Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of ______ ( a disaccharide)?
Lactose
The major storage sites of glycogen
Liver and muscle
Many patients with type 2 diabetes can improve blood glucose control by
Losing a moderate amount of weight
Hypoglycemia is a _________ blood glucose level
Low
What is true about cellulose
Made of glucose molecules, insoluble fibers, and straight-chain polysaccharide
A disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages?
Maltose
Malt sugar has two glucose molecules bonded together. Also known as
Maltose
What are some natural food sources of sucrose
Maple Sugar and sugar beats
Patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating
Meals on a regular schedule and meals with a mixture of macronutrients
What is an example of a simple sugar
Monosaccharide
Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohdyrates begin?
Mouth
Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is stored in the
Muscle and liver
What artificial sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the US
Neotame, aspartame, and acesulfame-K
What artificial sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the US
Neotame, aspartame, and acesulfame_K
What is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria called?
Nonfermentable fiber
(Glycemic Index x Grams of ________)/ 100= Glycemic Load
Carbohydrate
Providing energy is the primary function of
Carbohydrate
Which macronutrient provide 4 kilocalories per gram?
Carbohydrate
Tooth decay is the only health problem clearly associated to eatiing
Carbohydrates
What are foods that are rich in starch?
Brown rice, and whole grain bread
How is insoluble fiber throught to promote health?
By adding bulk to the feces
What processed foods or beverages are high in added sugars?
Cakes, ice cream, and soda
Soft drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of ________ in the American diet
Calories
Order of steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrate
1. Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach 2. Enzymes break down starch in to maltose in the small intestine. 3. Viscous fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine. 4. Non fermentable fiber escapes digestion and its excreted in feces
A serving from the dairy group of MyPlate provides _______ grams of carbohydrates?
12 grams
Which is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic
126 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood
What is the RDA for carbohydrates for adults
130 grams per day
A serving from the grains category of MyPlate provides _______ grams of carbohydrates
15 grams
A serving from MyPlate fruit group provides ______ grams of carbohydrates
18 grams
A medium banana provides approx. what percentage of the RDA for carbohydrates?
25 %
What is the adequate intake level for fiber in an adult woman?
25 grams
What percentage of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?
45%-65%
A serving from the MyPlate vegetable group provides _______ grams of carbohydrates
5 grams
Approx. ______ of the world's population are lactose maldigestors
75%
Sugar alcohols are used in?
Candy, breath mints, and gum
What artificial sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the US
Ace sum fame-K, neotame, aspartame
Monosaccharides generally follow a _____ absorption process
Active
Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two ______ (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol
Amino acids
Highly branched type of starch that comprises about 80% of digestible starch in the diet
Amylopectin
Which polysaccharide is digested most rapidly?
Amylopectin
Vegetables, beans, breads, pastas and rice are common food sources of ?
Amylose
The two forms of starch digestible by humans are called?
Amylose and amylopectin
Name the long, straight chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch
Amytose
Amylase is
An enzyme
People with phenylketonuria should avoid the artificial sweetener ________ because of its high phenylalanine content
Aspartame
Which alternative sweetener is 200 times sweeter than sucrose and does not cause tooth decay?
Aspartame
Which artificial sweetener is known by its trade names "NutraSweet" and "Equal"?
Aspartame
At what age can type 1 diabetes occur?
At any age
Ranking of foods based on carbohydrate content (highest to lowest)
Baked Potato Banana Fat-Free Milk Egg
When a person consumes fiber, inadequate fluid intake can lead to what?
Blockages in the intestine
People with diabetes nearly always develop
Cardiovascular disease
What are good sources of viscous fiber?
Carrots, kidney beans, and apples
What type of dietary fiber is nonfermentable (insoluble)
Cellulose
What type of fiber is an undigestible, nonfermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules?
Cellulose
What is not a good source of viscous fiber?
Cheese. Good sources are oats, bananas, and oranges
What actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates?
Chewing and cooking
What are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AIs?
Choose whole grains, vegetables, fiber rich fruits
Lactose intolerance
Chronically decreased production of lactase resulting in severe abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of even small amounts of lactose
Primary lactose maldigestion
Chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause. May cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose
What foods are rich sources of simple carbohydrates
Coca-Cola, plums, and candy
When cells are deprive of glucose, they metabolize lipids for energy, a process that results in formation of ketones, HIgh level of ketones in the blood lead to
Coma, ion imbalances, dehydration
Fiber
Complex carbohydrate found in plants that adds bulk to feces
The combination of a very high fiber intake (>60 grams per day) and low fluid intake?
Constipation
The Dietary Guidelines urge Americans to
Consume 3 or more ounces per day of whole grains and limit intake of added sugars
What is the artificial sweetener is banned in the US
Cyclamate
Which artificial sweetener is banned in the US
Cyclamate
What is an outcome associated with elevated hemoglobin A1 c levels
Damage to the kidneys, hearth, and eyes
Insulin
Decreases the blood glucose
What is a risk of consuming sugars in the diet?
Dental caries
Stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the pas 3 months, he has also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends for tests to see if he has
Diabetes
Patients with metabolic syndrome may need to increase which type of fat?
Omega-3 fat
What are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide?
Protein, vitamins, and calcium
An alternate sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but is now considered safe when consumed in typical amounts
Saccharin
What are symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Shakiness and irritability
Lactase is produced by the cells of the
Small intestine
Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?
Small intestine, mouth
_________ fiber is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine
Soluble
Which type of fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine
Soluble fiber
A high fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because
Soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tack, causing it to be excreted. Reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver
Complex carbohydrates are also known as
Starch
What type of food promote dental caries?
Sticky and starchy
The problem with an excess amount of ____ in the diet is that it provides empty calories and promotes dental carries
Sugar
What is sorbitol?
Sugar alcohol
What sugars that may be found in foods
Sugar, honey, and molasses
Alternative (or artificial sweeteners
Sweeten foods while providing few or no calories and include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose
Holding a starchy substance in the mouth for a few minutes will break down starch into smaller units making the food taste
Sweeter
What is an hemorrhoid?
Swelling of a large vein in the anal region
What contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates
Table sugar, fruit, and jam
Which alternative sweetener may have prebiotic effect because of fermentation in the large intestine?
Tagatose
Secondary Lactose maldigestion
Temporarily decrease production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus. May cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose
In which part of the GI tract does digestion of carbohydrates begin?
The mouth
What is true of polysaccharides?
They are sometimes called starches. They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain. They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates. They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits
The primary function of carbohydrates in the body
To provide energy for the body
In metabolic syndrome, what may be elevated?
Triglycerides, fasting glucose, and blood pressure
______ diabetes is strongly associated with genetics, physical activity, poor diet, and obesity
Type 2
The treatment for metabolic syndrome is essentially the same as the treatment of what other disease?
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin is among the therapies for?
Type 2 diabetes and type 1 diabetes
What patients may or may not require the use of insulin?
Type 2 diabetics patients
Which MyPlate food groups contain many high-fiber foods
Vegetables and grains
What are common food sources of amylose?
Vegetables, breads, and beans
Carbohydrate intake should be primarily based on what?
Whole grains, fruits, and vegetables
What are sources of starch in the diet?
Whole wheat bread, pasta, and potatoes
The artificial sweetener ________ is considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat?
acesulfame-K
Salivary amylase is inactivated in the
stomach
