chapter 10
A diploid cell has ______ alleles for each gene, one on each homologous chromosome.
2
If a gene exists in 10 different alleles in a population, how many alleles can be expressed in one diploid cell?
2
In the monohybrid cross between yellow-seeded F1 plants (Yy x Yy) shown in the image, about what percent of the F2 generation will show the recessive phenotype of green seeds?
25
Using the knowledge of Mendel's law of segregation, construct a Punnett square for two heterozygous (Ff) parents who are healthy but are carriers of cystic fibrosis. What is the chance that a child of these parents will have cystic fibrosis (ff)?
25
What percent chance is there of producing an offspring with the yy genotype in the Punnett square shown?
25
When Mendel mated two F1 generation yellow-seeded (Yy) pea plants, what was the phenotypic ratio in the F2 offspring? (Green-seeded pea plants are genotype yy.) Multiple choice question. 1 yellow
3 yellow seeds: 1 green seed
What percent chance is there of producing an offspring with the yellow seed color phenotype in the Punnett square shown?
75
Select all of the following that are true about dominance and recessiveness.
A dominant allele may encode enough normal protein to mask the presence of the recessive allele. A dominant allele may cause a disease, such that the dominant allele is very rare. Recessive alleles typically encode nonfunctional proteins.
Which of the following is a genotype?
Aa
Match the symbols with the correct allele descriptions.
BB- dominant Ss- domand ans recessive alleles aa- recessive
The ______ is the combination of alleles an individual has for a particular gene.
GENOTYPE
The genotype of a heterozygous individual is ______, of a homozygous dominant is ______, and of a homozygous recessive individual is ______.
Gg GG gg
The symbol for a dominant allele is a(n) ______ letter, whereas the symbol for a recessive allele is a(n) ______ letter.
UPPER LOWER
If the image shows the results of a testcross between a pea plant with green seeds (genotype yy) and a pea plant with yellow seeds of unknown genotype, then what is the genotype of the yellow-seeded plant?
YY
Which of the following represents a monohybrid cross?
Yy x Yy
Different varieties of the same gene, called ______, may arise from mutations.
alleles
In the cookbook analogy of chromosomes, ______ are like the variable options for a particular recipe, which represents a gene.
alleles
In the human genome, 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are called
autosomes
Of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes, the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same in both sexes and are not sex chromosomes are called the .
autosomes
Select all of the following that are human gametes.
egg sperm
The offspring of the first set of individuals mated in a particular cross is the
f1 gerneration
The second filial generation in a genetic cross is written as the ______ generation.
f2
In a genetic cross, the offspring of the F1 generation are the
f2 gen
True or false: Mendel chose traits whose phenotype was affected by the environment and only visible when viewed with a microscope.
false
In humans, sex is determined by the sex chromosomes X and Y. If a human contains two X chromosomes, then its biological sex is _ ; but if a human contains an X chromosome and a Y chromosome, then its biological sex is _
female male
The first cell of a new organism is formed from the merging of haploid gametes during
fertilization
The union of gametes to form a zygote occurs during a process called .
fertilization
An allele is a
form of a gene
The haploid cells of humans are called
gametes
A(n) ______ is a portion of DNA that encodes a protein. Multiple choice question.
gene
If a chromosome is like a cookbook, then a recipe in the cookbook is like a ______, which contains the information to synthesize a protein.
gene
What is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that holds the instructions to make a protein?
gene
A cell with one set of chromosomes is a(n) ______ cell.
haploid
Gametes, or sex cells, are , meaning they contain only one set of chromosomes. Listen to the complete question
haploid
A(n) ______ individual has 2 different alleles for a given gene.
heterozygous
If parents contribute different versions of a gene, then the offspring are ______ for that gene.
heterozygous
In Mendel's experiments, the hybrid plants had what genotype?
heterozygous
In a test cross, a homozygous recessive pea plant with green seeds is mated with a yellow-seeded plant of unknown genotype. If all the progeny have yellow seeds, then the genotype of the yellow-seeded plant is
homo dom
Two chromosomes that look alike and have the same sequence of genes in the same positions are a(n) ______ pair.
homologous
A ______ individual has two identical alleles for a gene.
homozygous
If both parents contribute identical versions of a gene, then the offspring are ______ for that gene.
homozygous
Select all of the possible genotypes for the true-breeding plants in Mendel's experiments.
homozygous dominant homozygous recessive
Homologous chromosomes contain the same genes but may contain different alleles at a particular site, called a gene
locus
The physical location of a gene on a chromosome is called the gene's .
locus
Select all of the advantages of studying heredity with the pea plant Pisum sativum over another species.
many traits with two distinguishable forms develops quickly produces many offspring. can self-fertilize can cross-fertilize
Cell division that results in the production of gametes is called
meiosis
Who discovered how to calculate probabilities of inheritance primarily using traits of pea plants?
mendel
______ discovered the principles of genetics before DNA, genes, and chromosomes were discovered.
mendel
An example of a(n) ______ cross is the mating of two rats that both contain the alleles Ff for fur color. This cross is made to examine which of two fur colors their offspring will have.
monohybrid
a_across is a mating between two individuals that are both heterozygous for the same, single gene. Listen to the complete question
monohybrid
The variant that arises when a gene undergoes a genetic change is the ______ allele, genotype, or phenotype.
mutant
Order the generations in hypothetical crosses of rabbits from oldest at the top to youngest at the bottom. Instructions
p gen f1 gen f2 gen f3 gen
What is the first set of individuals mated in a particular cross?
p generation
In a genetic cross, what does the P generation represent?
parental genration
Select all of the following that are true about meiosis.
part of the sexual life cycle produces gametes gives rise to haploid cells from a diploid cell
What are the observable characteristics of an individual's genes?
phenotype
A ______ is a diagram that shows how the parental alleles may combine to form possible genotypes of the offspring.
punnet squarer
Which of the following is a phenotype?
purple flower
If the genotype for a trait is Tt, the t allele is called the allele, whose effect is masked by the other allele.
recessive
What type of trait in Mendel's studies could vanish in one generation and reappear in the next generation?
recessive
When they self-fertilize, true-breeding organisms always produce offspring with a form of a trait that
resembles the parent form of the trait.
Mendel deduced the law of_, which states alleles of a gene move apart from each other during gamete formation. Listen to the complete question
segregastion
Although Mendel did not know that homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis I such that the alleles of one gene are packaged into separate gametes, he developed the law of ______, which deduced this phenomenon.
segregation
When pollen from the male parts of a flower becomes applied to the female part of the same flower, the process is called
self-fertilization.
One of the reasons that Mendel was able to discover the basic principles of genetics using pea plants is because pea plants
self-fertilize and cross-fertilize.
In the human genome, the X and Y chromosomes are called the
sex chromosomes
A gene is a
stretch of DNA nucleotides that encodes a protein.
in a _cross, an individual with an unknown genotype is mated with an individual with a homozygous recessive genotype to determine the unknown genotype.
test
To determine if the genotype of a pea plant with a dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous, a ______ may be completed.
test cross
The law of segregation deduced by Mendel states that
the two alleles of each gene segregate from each other during gamete formation.
What is fertilization?
the union of gametes
A ______ organism always produces offspring that are identical to the parent when self-fertilized.
true breeder plants
In a population of fruit flies, most flies have two antennae; based on this information, the phenotype of two antennae is definitely a ______ phenotype.
wild type
The most common allele of a gene in a population of fruit flies is called the ______ allele.
wild type
True or false: A dominant allele can be rare, and a recessive allele can be common.
TRUE
Select the true statement about mutations.
They can be harmful, neutral, or beneficial.
In Mendel's experiments, a true-breeding pea plant with yellow seeds (YY) was mated with a true-breeding pea plant with green seeds (yy). What was the genotypic ratio of the F1 generation?
0% YY, 100% Yy, 0% yy
In a cross between two traits, Mendel mated a pea plant of true-breeding round, yellow seeds (RR YY) with a pea plant of true-breeding wrinkled green seeds (rr yy). What is the genotypic ratio of the F1 generation?
100% Rr Yy
Mendel mated true-breeding pea plants that had yellow seeds (YY) with true-breeding pea plants that had green seeds (yy). In the F1 generation, ______% of the plants had yellow seeds, and ______% of the plants had green seeds.
100, 0
Select all of the following that are shown by the Punnett square in the image.
Each child of this couple will have a 25% chance of being affected (ff). There is a 25% chance that the first child of this couple will be a healthy non-carrier.
The first filial generation in a genetic cross is written as the ______ generation.
F1
Match the generation with the correct description. Instructions
P generation-Grandparents of the F1 generation. F1 generation- Children of the P generation F2 generation- Result of mating two F1 individuals together
A pea plant with purple flowers of unknown genotype is test crossed with a white-flowered pea plant (ff), and half of the offspring have purple flowers and half the offspring have white flowers. What is the genotype of the purple flower?
Pp
The trait encoded by a ______ allele will only be exhibited if two copies of the allele are present in the genotype.
RECESSIVE
In plants, the production of seeds by the union of gametes from the same plant is called _-fertilization, whereas production of seeds by the union of gametes from different plants is called _-fertilization.
SELF CROSS
Select all of the following that are true about genotype or phenotype.
Some phenotypes can be affected by the environment. Phenotype may not be readily visible.
Select the hybrid plant, which produces a mixture of offspring when it self-fertilizes.
c
In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, all of the DNA is divided into multiple _ , which are continuous, long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins.
chromosomes
Long strands of DNA and their associated proteins are called
chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes are
chromosomes that look alike and have the same sequence of genes but may not carry the same alleles.
A process called ______ occurs when pollen from the male parts of a flower adhere to the female part of a flower on another plant.
cross fertilization
A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes is a cell. Listen to the complete question
diploid
A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes is a_ cell
diploid
A human ______ cell has 46 chromosomes, 23 chromosomes from each parent.
diploid
In Mendel's studies, a ______ trait is one that could mask the appearance of another trait.
dominant
When one or both copies of a gene are the ______ allele, then this allele's form of the trait will be exhibited.
dominant
an _ allele always exerts its effects when present.
dominant
What type of plant undergoes self-fertilization to produce some offspring that are identical to the parent and some that are different?
hybrid
This diagram of gamete production from meiosis and gamete fusion in fertilization supports Mendel's
law of segregation
