chapter 10

What is a lek? How is it beneficial?

"A lek is the place where an aggregation of animals put on displays to attract mates. Leks are beneficial because they increase the likelihood of males and females finding a mate"

you discover a small reef fish species in the Great Barrier Reef off the Australian coast. You study its ecology and discover that many midsized and large predatory fish consume the new species. Further, you find that this species consumes the same prey as many other species of similar-sized fish. However, many of those other small species tend to live in large schools, whereas individuals of this newly discovered species live alone. Propose a general ultimate hypothesis to explain what ecological conditions could cause a small species to live alone rather than in a large school.

- less competition - alone = less likely to be seen by predators - mutualistic relationship with reef? idk think about this more

in Hymenoptera, there is a strong asymmetry in the genetic relatedness of siblings. What is the coefficient of relatedness between female workers?

0.75

which equation calculates the indirect fitness benefit of altruistic behavior and kin selection ?

B x r

In most caribou (Rangifer tarandus), both males and females have antlers. What might you hypothesize about antlers in caribou?

Both males and females may be involved in dominance hierarchies.

Altruism is more likely to evolve when __________

C/B < r

Chronic wasting disease (a disease of white-tailed deer) is of particular concern on deer farms where it can spread much faster than among wild deer. Why might that be the case?

Deer on farms are in large numbers and in close proximity and thus disease can spread more rapidly.

Why would evolution favor a social structure that relies on dominance hierarchies rather than individual territories?

Dominance hierarchies form when there are too many conspecifics to defend a territory from, when resources are available for only short periods, or when benefits of living in groups outweigh the benefits of defending territories

what evidence do we have that eusociality appeared to evolve independently, many times?

Eusocial behavior could evolve if the cost of leaving a colony is high due to a low likelihood of surviving which would reduce the cost of foregoing reproduction, increasing the benefit of use sociology. Also, it is likely that eusociality evolved independently many times because it is seen in multiple species with varying genomes, including haploid diploid hymenopterans, Haploid termites, and diploid mole rats

The two social interactions called altruism and selfishness both have one individual in the interaction obtaining a positive fitness effect and one individual in the interaction obtaining a negative fitness effect. However, these two interactions are not the same. How are these two interactions different?

In altruism the donor obtains the negative fitness effect and the recipient obtains the positive fitness effect. In selfishness the donor obtains the positive fitness effect and the recipient obtained the negative fitness effect.

You are studying flocks of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). You notice that flock size varies quite a bit from just a few individuals to hundreds within the same flock. What might you expect when observing starling feeding behavior in open fields and lawns between individuals in the small flocks and those in the large flocks?

Individuals in small flocks spend more time looking for predators.

Which is NOT true about the social interaction termed cooperation? A) It is more common than spitefulness in wild animal populations. B) It is less common than spitefulness in wild animal populations. C) Donor and recipients do not necessarily receive the same level of benefit. D) It may occur between unrelated individuals of the same species.

It is less common than spitefulness

how do termites prevent individuals other than the king and the queen from reproducing?

Offspring remain sexually immature unless the King or queen dies

the term henpecked in chickens refers to chickens pecking at the injured spots on other chickens, exacerbating the original injury. How did researchers overcome the problem of henpecked chickens?

Researchers only allowed the best performing social groups to remain. These groups exhibit less fighting and so they selected for chickens that behave better in groups and that have a greater lifetime egg production

why would an individual in a social group of a diploid species help to rear the young of its siblings rather than reproducing itself? Describe the expected relative importance of direct and indirect fitness benefits and explain your answer?

Siblings of a diploid species have indirect fitness benefits when their siblings offspring survive because of the degree of relatedness and share genes between siblings. The individual may be in a situation where the indirect fitness benefits of helping to rear the young of its siblings outweigh the direct fitness benefits of reproducing on its own. An example could be that an individual itself is not reproductively fit so instead of passing down 50% of its genes to a few offspring, it could assist in ensuring the reproductive success of its siblings many offspring at 25% relatedness to the individual. This could result in the indirect fitness benefits outweigh the direct fitness benefits to the individual.

If individuals in groups must compete with other group members for food, why would an individual be found in a group?

The costs of competition are less than the benefits of group living

Pack animals such as wolves establish an order that dictates social behavior. This is an example of

a dominance hierarchy

Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) perform mating displays at leks alone or in coalitions of related males. In the coalitions, only dominant males copulate with females. Why do nondominant males join coalitions?

a nondominant male obtains greater inclusive fitness by helping a brother mate than by mating on his own

territoriality develops when

a resource can be defended. the benefits of defending a resource outweigh the costs. fitness is increased by having the territory.

which of the following is NOT a benefit of a dominance hierarchy? - organization of conspecifics to reduce intraspecific competition - quick resolution of conflicts - group defense of ephemeral resources - aggregation of individuals to increase probability of mating

aggregation (clustering tg) of individuals to increase probability of mating

the equation C < B x r describes conditions under which a(n) _______ behavior will ________ in the population

altruistic; increase

In the example of the ruff (Philomachus pugnax), researchers found that males in leks had more success in

attracting females and copulating with females

which of the following is NOT a tactic that animals living in groups use to reduce the overall probability of predation? A) group defense used to protect from predators B) many individuals looking out for predators at any given time C) sheer numbers of individuals in the group D) avoidance of predation by scattering

avoidance by predation by scattering

social behavior in animals is

based on genetics/ inherited

if the direct fitness cost to a donor is 6 and the indirect fitness benefit to the recipient is 30, is altruistic behavior likely to evolve between cousins? is the altruistic behavior likely to evolve between full siblings?

c= 6 b= 30 30/6 > 1/8 (cousins) = unlikely to evolve altruism 30/6 < 1/2 (siblings) = likely to evolve between full siblings

Large groups are particularly vulnerable to epidemics because they

can rapidly become infected by a single individual

when leaf-cutter ants age and become less efficient at their tasks, they

change tasks

For calculations of the indirect fitness benefit of altruistic behavior and kin selection, r is the

coefficient of relatedness between the donor and recipient

a social interaction in which both the donor's fitness and the recipient's fitness are increased is called

cooperation

which group does not contain a eusocial species ? - corals - termites - ants - mammals

corals

in the social interaction of altruism, the donor receives a(n) _________ in fitness and the recipient receives a(n) __________ in fitness

decrease; increase

which of the following is NOT a cost of living in groups? A) decreased likelihood of mating B) increased transmission of pathogens C) increased predation D) increased competition

decreased likelihood of mating

Group living _____ individual risk of predation and _____ the predation risk of the group.?

decreases; increases

in haplodiploid mating systems, non queen females are

diploid and infertile

Fitness that an individual gains by passing on copies of its genes to its offspring is favored by _____ selection.

direct

C/B describes the ratio of

donor costs to recipient benefits

researchers found that as the flock size of European goldfinch (Carduelis cardeulis) increased, the time needed to find new food patches also increased because large populations ...

face increases competition for food - depleted the food source in the original patch more quickly

Researchers have found that on coral reefs where fishing occurs, the fish have fewer parasites than the fish on coral reefs where fishing is excluded. What explains this observation?

fish from nourished reefs (reefs that excluded fishing) had larger populations that made them subject to more transmission of parasites

Based on the coefficient of relatedness, to which of the following relatives would a donor be most likely to provide altruism?

full sibling

which of the following comes closest to constituting a true social group?

goldfinches flocking to feed on seed heads of plants growing in open fields

the sex determination system in hymenopterans such as ants, bees, and wasps is

haplodiploid

in haplodiploid mating systems, males are

haploid and fertile.

what prevents non dominant mole rates from reproducing?

harassment by the dominant members prevents non dominant mole rats from breeding

As a result of group living, an individual living in a group might

have a higher rate of consumption.

In haplodiploid societies, which would be expected to show most cooperation?

helens says all-female group - quizlet says mixed male and female group idk man figure it out I think its all female because of the strong relatedness of sisters

which of the following is NOT an ecosystem process associated with eusocial insects ? - pollination - consuming detritus - herbivory - decomposition

helens says decomposition - quizlet says nutrient cycling .... kinda the same thing? Confirm this!

the evolution of altruistic behavior is most likely to be between

identical twins

One of the benefits of group living is increased vigilance. Vigilance in this sense refers to

identifying predator locations.

increased competition for food among individuals living in groups may lead to increases in

increased: movement between habitats in search of food, time dedicated to locating food by individuals, and aggression between group members

what is another term for kin selection?

indirect selection

Why is altruistic behavior an evolutionary problem?

it does not lead to an increase in direct fitness

indirect fitness is favored by ______ selection

kin

In some eusocial, haplodiploid species, the coefficient of relatedness is said to display strong asymmetries. What does this mean?

lawd knows

eusociality exists in

many species

a lek is the location of an aggregation of animals for ?

mating displays

which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eusocial species? - reproductive dominance by many individuals - cooperation in nest building and brood care - several adults living together in a groups - sterile individuals

reproductive dominance by many individuals

The worker caste in bees consists entirely of

reproductive females in an arrested stage of development

In the wattled jacana (Jacana jacana), a species of tropical wading bird, all brood care is performed by males. Females protect nests and defend territory. Females sometimes attack and kill chicks cared for by a male. The male then fertilizes the female attacker and cares for the resulting young. This type of social interaction is an example of

selfishness

which social interaction is best described as the opposite of altruism in terms of its effect on donor and recipient fitness?

selfishness

which of the following is NOT a strategy that leaf-cutter ants use to avoid parasitoid flies specialized to hunt large ants? A) Small ants forage during the day, when the flies are active. B) Large ants forage at night, when the flies are inactive. C) Small ants guard larger ants during the day, when the flies are active. D) Small ants perform all foraging tasks for the ant colony.

small ants perform all foraging tasks for the ant colony

In termite colonies, which of the following does NOT reproduce? - drone - soldier - king - queen

soldier

Based on fitness effects on donors and recipients, which type of social interaction is expected to occur LEAST often or not at all? - altruism - cooperation - selfishness - spitefulness

spitefulness

which does NOT have a haplodiploid mating system? - ants - bees - termites - wasps

termites

a hummingbird guarding a hummingbird feeder is an example of ?

territoriality

which is not true about territoriality? A) when a resource can be defended. B) when the benefits of defending a resource outweigh the costs. C) when fitness is increased by having the territory. D) during the non-breeding season only.

territoriality develops during the non breeding season only

an area defended by one or more individuals against intrusion by others is a

territory

Animals that live in groups have a reduced individual probability of predation. This is known as

the dilution effect

which statement about social interactions is true? - the recipient is the individual who directs behavior toward another individual, the donor - donors and recipients direct behaviors toward one another - the donor is the individual who directs behavior toward another donor - the donor is the individual who directs behavior towards another individual, the recipient

the donor is the individual who directs behavior towards another individual, the recipient

the coefficient of relatedness measures ?

the probability of an individual and its relatives carrying copies of the same genes from a recent common ancestor.

how many castes do bees have?

three

increased competition for food among individuals living in groups may lead to increases in all the following except: A) movement between habitats in search of food. B) time dedicated to locating food by individuals. C) aggression between group members. D) time spent in parental care of offspring

time spent in parental care of offspring

in general terms, what type of habitat would one likely see territoriality and in what type of habitat would one not expect to see territoriality?

who tf knows Mary