Chapter 10 Biodiversity

According to the fossil record, the first modern humans appeared approximately:

100,000 years ago.

Which of the following is true about evolutionary success?

A successful organism can find food, escape predators, and reproduce.

Which of the following species living today is the most evolutionarily successful?

All species that are not extinct are equally successful

If a local climate grows wetter and a river splits the habitat into two, one population of an organism can be split into two separate populations. These populations will have different evolutionary paths over time, to the point where they may no longer be able to interbreed. What is this an example of?

Allopatric speciation

Which of the following traits is unique to arthropods?

An exoskeleton

Which of the following domains share the most recent common ancestor?

Archaea and eukarya

Which of the following insect orders has the most species currently named by scientists?

Beetles

Which of the following characteristics could NOT be used to differentiate between the three worm phyla, Annelida, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda?

Bilateral symmetry

Birds have scaly feet and lay amniotic eggs. This supports the idea that:

Birds evolved from reptiles

The human evolution fossil record shows three episodes of significant branching that produced several species clusters. Which of the following correctly names the three major evolutionary "inventions" that accompanied these three episodes in human evolution?

Changes in jaws and teeth, increased brain size, increased body size

Why is it important to compare DNA sequences in the construction of an evolutionary tree?

Convergent evolution can cause distantly related organisms to appear closely related. DNA sequence analysis can show that they are actually distantly related.

Which of the following is a shortcoming of the biological species concept?

Difficult to classify asexual species, Difficult to determine when one species has changed into another, Classifying ring species and Classifying hybridizing species.

Which of the following is the correct organization of life?

Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genera → Species

Sessile organisms are not animals. True or false?

False. Sessile organisms may not move as adults, but they may exhibit movement as larvae.

The taxonomic rank that includes genera but not orders is:

Family

Which of the following best explains why fins and jaws evolved in a parallel manner?

Fins and jaws work together: Fins get you to the organism you are going to eat, and jaws capture and kill it.

Which of the following are chordates?

Frogs and fish

Sponges are:

Hermaphrodites, asexual, sessile and members of phylum Porifera.

Why is the amniotic egg considered a key evolutionary innovation?

It greatly increases the survival rate of an egg laid in a terrestrial environment.

Which of the following lists of groupings or taxons is in descending order, from most inclusive to least inclusive? Some lists may be missing some of the intermediate taxons.

Kingdom, class, family, genus, species

Which of the following pairs of organisms is probably monophyletic?

Large cactus finch, vampire finch

An air environment, gravity, and desiccation are three challenges that were addressed in the evolution of reptiles. What three evolutionary innovations addressed these challenges?

Lungs, better limb support, and the amniotic egg

Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes between microevolution and macroevolution?

Macroevolution includes speciation, while microevolution does not.

Which substances are part of the mixture used in the Urey-Miller experiments?

Methane, Ammonia, Hydrogen gas and Water

In the plant kingdom, all of the species are descended from a single common ancestor. In terms of phylogeny, what type of tree of life is this?

Monophyletic

Which of the following is an advantage of radial symmetry?

Movement with equal ease in any direction, Sense organs distributed around their circumference and Even distribution of appendages

Which of the following is a cause of background extinction?

Natural selection, Competition, Changing environmental conditions and Bad luck

Marsupials are thought to be most closely related to:

Placental mammals

Which of the following is not a crustacean?

Portuguese Man-O'-War

Which of the following correctly pairs a stage of arthropod metamorphosis with its most significant change at that stage?

Pupa: Body structures of the larva are broken down and reassembled.

RNA is a multifaceted molecule and key component to the success of life. Which of the following statements about RNA is most accurate?

RNA is an enzyme.

Which of the following is TRUE of reptiles but not amphibians?

Reptiles have amniotic eggs, while amphibians do not.

Which one of the common names is matched correctly with its phyla?

Roundworms: Phylum Nematoda

Which of these animals is a tetrapod that does NOT produce amniotic eggs?

Salamander

Which of the following is an animal with rigid bones, jaws, and a swim bladder?

Salmon

Which of the following is an example of an echinoderm?

Sand Dollar

Which of the following organisms does NOT contain chitin?

Snails

The most primitive group of animals, lacking tissues and organs, are the:

Sponges

Which of the following events is likely to precede adaptive radiation?

The ability to lay water-retaining eggs on land evolves.

Which of the following scenarios fits the definition of macroevolution?

The divergence of the eastern and western meadowlark birds into two different species

Which of the following accurately states the goal of biological classification?

The grouping of organisms into categories that reflects their evolutionary history

Which of the following is unique about vertebrates in terms of the phylum Chordata?

The notochord is not present throughout life; rather, it is only found in early embryos and is replaced by the vertebral column (backbone).

In terms of evolutionary trees, what exactly is a node?

The point at which two groups diverge on an evolutionary tree

What is the key difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

The protostome gut develops from front to back, so the first opening is the mouth. The deuterostome gut develops back to front and the second opening becomes the mouth.

The lineage that first separated from the common ancestor of all animals, and retains many of the same primitive features to this day, includes which of the following modern organisms?

The sponge

The naming of a species is a complex process. Which statement regarding the system is TRUE?

There is an actual way in which the species word must be written; the genus is capitalized and both genus and species italicized.

Which of the following is true of ALL animals?

They are capable of movement at some stage of their life cycle.

Urey and Miller's experimental setup was able to produce all twenty of the amino acids found in proteins. Some amino acids contain the element oxygen. What starting material in the Urey-Miller experiment was source of this element?

Water

A speciation event is:

a point in evolutionary history where a population splits into independent evolutionary lineages.

Punctuated equilibrium is:

a theory about the pace of evolutionary change in which rapid periods of evolutionary change are punctuated by longer periods with little change and a way of explaining the idea of "evolution by jerks."

he most primitive group of animals that had lungs were the:

amphibians.

Polyploidy:

is an increased number of sets of chromosomes.

Which of the following is NOT an important feature in distinguishing animals from each other?

method of locomotion (movement)

The molluscan mantle is used primarily for:

producing the shell.

According to the biological species concept, species are natural populations of organisms that have the potential to interbreed and that are ____________ isolated from other such populations.

reproductively

The difference between macroevolution and microevolution is that:

they take place on different time scales.