Chapter 10 crisis

Bradley vs State 1824

it was the right of the man to chastise his wife for misbehavior without being prosecuted for doing so

exchange theory

its a variant of the learning theory approach. It proposes that batters hit people because they can

single, seperated, and divorced women are actually at greater risk for battering than are:

married women

traumatic bonding

may explain why some women stay with or return to their abusive partners.

The attitude towards woman scale

measures the traditionality of a women's attitude about her role as well as her perception of her significant others view of women

violence and love cannot coexist

members of violent families may still love one another. Children in such families grow up believing you hit the people you love

in many cities and states, a police call to a domestic dispute in which battering is involved:

now results in a mandatory arrest, and if convicted, the batteres is mandated by the court to either participate in counseling and a batterer intervention program, or go to jail

intraindividual theory

personality disorders, attention deficit disorders, psychosis, internal head trauma, and substance abuse hav ebeen identified as possible contributing factors that lead to aggression and rage reactions

domestic violence units have been formed in :

police departments, probation and parole officers, state attorney offices, and domestics violence courts, which all coordinate efforts to reduce domestic violence

system theory

posits that battering is not an attribute to the standard victim-abuser dichotomy rather conjugal violence and battering relationships are more appropriate terms to depict battering as part of a violence prone system. This violence is maladaptive but efficient way to keep the system in homeostatic -Through learning history and rigidly polozied for both parties, the systemT is able to maintain itself

Sociobiology

proposes that evolutionary adaptation requires aggression for survival

psychological entrapment

proposes that the woman does not leave she feels she has too much time, energy, and emotions invested in it.

Violence Against Women Act (1994)

provided 1.2 billion for the improvement of services and community support for domestic violence victims. As well as the criminal justice system, response to violent crime against women, safety for women in public transient and public parks, assistance to victims of sexual assault, and support for a variety of educational, health, and database services.

fowler and westerns typology of batterers:

psychopathic, hostile/controlling, and borderline/dependent

Typical brainwashing and terrorist tools:

social and physical isolation, torture, sleep deprivation, malnourishment, dictating the use of victims time, bondage, false confessions, adn denouncing and belettingling the victim to significant others are all standard operating procedures of abusers to enhance the victims dependency on them

Threat to Masculinity

some men who perceive themselves as less masculine see their use of battering as affirming their masculinity in comparison to males who have good self concepts who do not batter

domestic violence

subsumes any act of assault of by a social partner or relative, regardless of marital status

judges can now tailor orders of protection:

suited to individual cases

Phase 2

tension starts to build

the batterer tends to do poorly on his own and would often rather kill or die:

than be separated from the woman, because he is more terrified of abonnement than violence or punishment

rejection

the batters perception or rejection is an antecedent to the abuse. Men with a family of origin where rejection occurred become extremely sensitive to any behavior construed as rejection

north carolina vs oliver 1874

the court voted that if no permanent injury had been inflicted, it is better to draw the curtains, shout out the public eye, and leave the parties to forgive and forget

using open ended question, restatements, and reflection:

the crisis worker relentlessly hammers at the victims faulty and illogical perception of the abusive situation

to generate movement in the victim:

the criss worker strongly reinforces the victims attempt at rational decision making, self control, and statements of personal power

one of the major reasons much domestic violences is not reported is that:

the medical staff fails to do so

Stockholm Syndrome

the women is completely isolated and subjugated by her abuser, and her survival is entirely dependent on his whims, desires, or purposes. because she is shown occasional kindness and is completely isolated from other supports systems, she develops a strong emotional bond with the abuser

although crisis workers are not contacted as often by abused women as other professionals are:

they were reported to be the most helpful

Men whose parents were unreliable, abusive, needy or otherwise unequal to the task of child rearing may be very sensitive

to fears of abandonment and enmeshment. -Partner may have her own fears of abandonment. -Each partner creates ways to control the other to void being abandoned, including violence.

coercive control (morgan 1982)

used the term conjugal or intimate terrorism to describe a tactic akin to brainwashing and political terrorism, wherby violence or the threat of violence is used to break the victims resistance and bend her to the will of the terrorist

battered women's scale

used to measure traits that arise as a result of experiences in battering relationships

feminist theory

views social phenomena as determined by the sexist, patriarchal structure of our society and battering as merely an outcome that allows tha allows rape, incest, prostitutions, foot binding, and a host of other sexist restrictions to keep women in servile positions

the single most common cause of female injury brought to medical attention:

was abuse

Erin pizzeys book scream quietly or the neighbors will hear you (1974):

was responsible for the start of the first women's shelter in England

family dysfunction

a variety of problems causes dysfunction in the family. Some of the problems are related to age and number of children, presence of step children, loyalty conflicts, death, desrtion, and career change

Battered women are:

-5 times more likely to attempt suicide -15 times more likely to abuse alcohol -9 times more likely to abuse drugs -6 times more likely to report child abuse -3 times more likely to be diagnosed as psychotic or depressed

Phase 3

a violent episode occurs. Could be harsh words to a beating. Communication has broken down, and the siutation is out of control

The failure of health care providers to adequately detect partner violence stems from:

-A fear of offending patients, lack of training and knowledge, inability to care for the problem, lack of time, and lack of insurance coverage -this failure should be surprising because the little emphasis on domestic violence has been given in medical schools or nursing training -compounding are the problem state reporting laws that are not nearly as stringent as child abuse in requiring health care professionals to report injuries from suspected partner violence

Attachment/Traumatic Bonding Theory

-Disruptions of attachments in early life lead to anxiety, anger, grief, sorrow and difficulty forming relationships as an adult.

cultural reinforcements

-Societal attitudes about the legitimate use of violence to achieve personal ends have their roots in a tradition of perceived national interest. As a nation, we promote and glorify the controlled use of aggression for protection, law and order, self defense, and national interest -force is major source in maintaining the existing social structure and projecting national presence -This notion has been extended to the family by at least implicit permission of the state. For the state,the family is the baic disciplinary agent-family, individual, male over female, adult over child -control is direct, continuous, personalized, and efficient way of keeping intact the past social order of the state

abuse

-a more general term that indicates that physical violence is only one weapon in an armor of coercive weapons -abuse denotes the unequal power relationship within which the assault occurs and further suggests that a presumption of trust has been broken

walker proposes that instead of speaking about the cycle of violence:

-that the worker lay out the escalating behavior in a graphical form -having the woman draw a graph of the ever-escalating violence and the shorter period of tranquility can be an eye-opening event that allows her to decide to get out

Once a battered women has been indentified:

1. assign a primary nurse 2. notify appropriate services within the hospital 3.Give a complete physical exam, along with a neurological exam and x rays 4. document statements about who caused the injuries 5. make a body map of old and new injuries 6. Depending on the jurisdiction, make a call to the police, identify the assailant, and have him arrested if possible 7. take photographs of the victims injuries 8. inform the patient of her right to access her medical files and how to do it 9.Discuss with the woman a posthospital plan that will include shelter or other referral, safety plans if she is not leaving the abusive situation, and community and support services

recommendations for crisis workers

1. be real 2. set limits 3. give the victim time and space to freak out 4. allow the victim to go through the pain, but stay with her 5. maintain eye and ear contact 6. be respectful and non judgemental 7. restate and reflect the victims thoughts and feelings 8. set priorities together 9. look at options 10. stay away from whys 11. give the victim time to experience catharsis, but do let her get stuck in self pity 12. get back to the victim (ger her phone number and call a few days later to ake she seh is getting along ok) 13. peer supervision and feedback are essential for domestic abuse workers

men in a battering relationship may:

1. demonstrate excessive dependency and possessiveness toward their women-although they deny it 2. be unable to express any emotion expect anger and generally have poor communication skills where emotional issues are concerned 3. have unrealistic expectations of their spouses and idealize marriage or the relationship for beyond what realistically might be expected 4. have a lack of self control and paradoixically, set up rigid family boundaries for everyone else 5. deny and minimize their problems, particularly battering, that they generate in families 6. feel a lack of comparative power to the woman in economic status, decision making, and communication skills

women in battering relationships may:

1. experience a lack of control and little confidence in their ability to take any meaningful steps to improve their marriage 2. become so ashamed that they hide their physical and emotional wounds and become emotionally and socially isolated 3.be extremely dependent and willing to suffer grievous insults and injuries to have their needs met

These factors may be introduced by the battere to control the situation, may occur as a product of the relationship itself, of may be environmentally introduced from outside the relationship:

1. geographic isolation 2. social isolation 3. economic stress 4. medical problems 5. inadequate paretnig skills 6. pregnancy 7. family dysfunction 8. alcohol and drug abuse 9. educational and or vocational disparity 10. age 11. disenfranchisement 12. rejection 13. threat to masculintiy

crisis workers typically encounter battering victims in 4 settings:

1. telephone crisis line 2.police follow up operations on domestics violence calls 3 at a crisis center 4.and at shelters

cycle of violence

1. tension building 2. battering and abuse 3. contrition and loving respite

Four layers of variables operate within the ecosystem

1. the core of individual experience composed of intrapersonal psychological facts such as shame, denial, and hostilty 2. family system layer-abandonment, neglect, as abused 3. community peer layer-fundamental religious training, alcohol and drug use, and rigid gender role socialization 4. societal context- socio-political gender inquites, media portrayal of subjugation and and violence against, and racial/ ethnic prejudices

Reasons women may stay:

1.Early affection and prior love in the realtionship persists and by staying, the woman hope to salvage them 2. If financially well off, the woman ins unable to forgo a reduction in her financial freedom 3. In the cyclic nature of abuse, her mate may not be terrible 24/7. The victim may tend to forget the battering and remember only the good times 4. she may be so badly injured that she is unable physically to leave 5. she may believe the mans promise to reform 6. Concerned for children who are still at home 7. Due to language barriers or immigration status, she may not be able to communicate her abuse, or she may be afraid to seek help 8. because of previous negative experiences with the authorities she may believe she has no options

most women leave a battering relationship an average of:

3 tto 6 times, but do so with varying degree of permananancy

Stage 4: the relationship takes on crisis proportions

A. The abuse becomes remorseful and asks for for forgiveness. Sooner or later the victim forgives the abuser and calm is restored B. The abuser is not remorseful and feels his control over the situation has been established. The victim gives in and relinquishes control, and calm is restored C. The victim takes new action. Within this option are two possibilities: The abuser negotiates the situation and given the negotiation is agreeable to the victim, calm is restored. Or the the abuser rejects the new action and a crisis states continues

assaultive behavior

Can include not only harmful acts against a person but also both verbal and behavioral threats to significant others, pets, or property.

dysphoric/ borderline

has a history of parental rejection and child abuse, delinquent acts, poor communication and social skills, violence as a solution to ideation, extreme fears of abandonment, and low remorse

T/F not all battering relationships fit the cycle of violence:

True

T/F there is no one theory of the abusive/ assaultive personality that leads to partner violence:

True

the generally violent/ antisocial batterer:

has all the foregoing characteristics, but to a much more more profound degree and probably falls into what saniski and williams calls the terroristic batterer. View violence as appropriate to any provocation inside or outside the home

low level antisocial

has antisocial behavior and moderate levels of domestic and general violence

pro filing the batterer

Family one, dysphoric (anxious), borderline, generally violent/ antisocial, and low level antisocial

battering

Indicates any form of physical violence perpetrated by one person on another and typically includes a life-threatening history of injuries and psychosocial problems that entrap a person in a relationship

The crisis worker immediately reflects that she understands the difficulty and urgency of the situation by:

Positively reinforcing the battered women for calling and taking a first tip toward resolving her problem

phase 1 tranquility prevails

Relationship may have been characterized as calm to this point, with no previous violent incidences, or a period of calm may follow from a previous violent episode

may clerics who deal with family violence:

have a great deal of difficulty with the issue, and a number were fond to place the blame on the woman

Walker found taht as the battering continued:

The loving contrition pause diminished, and battering becomes more prevalent

wishing and hoping syndrome

The victim wishes the situation would change, that her spouse would treat her the way he used to, and hopes the crisis worker can effect a change in her husband.

Walker proposes the battered women syndrome as a subcategory of PTSD. Therefore if PTSD symptoms are present:

Then partner violence should always be suspected

Operational Strategy

ask if they've been battered even if the the presenting problem appears to have to little do with battering

what learned helplessness means is that:

battered women choose behavioral responses that have the highest predictability of causing the least harm in the known situation

Nested Ecological Theory

because no single factor theory efficeticley explained the battering phenomenon , an integrated, multifactor approach may be the best way to understand the complexities of battering

social isolation

because of extreme emotional dependence, the woman expects all needs to be met by her partner and has no significant others to turn to when she is assaulted

elder abuse between intimates is neither prevelant nor dangerous

because of the the debilitating factors that come with aging, the potential for physical abuse becomes greater and more lethal as partners become more frustrated, angry, and depressed over the declining physical and mental capabilities of both themselves and their partners

social locations that lead to physical violence between intimates

being pregnant, homeless, HIV positive, a sex worker

family only batterer

high dependency, impulsivity, poor communication skills, and family of origin violence

Sociological Theory

cover a wide gaumate of specific theories that are psychosocially and culturally bound

the latests figures probably underestimate the magnitude of the problem for several reasons:

cultural norms tolerate and in some instances condone family violence, confidentiality keeps violence of a family secret, poor and non english speaking women are underreported, women who are institutionalized or hospitalized are often not included - elderly, gay, and lesbian incidents are often not reported, and -gender roles based on power differentials that are still sactioned keep a number of domestic violence cases out of the legal system

The Duluth model has become internationally known because of ists massive and sustained effort to:

get every agency that comes into contact with a battering incident from 911 dispatch that receives the first call to the last judge, probation officer or therapist who signs on the batterer as finished with intervention involved in systematic and integrated manner so that no battered person or batterer falls through the cracks

educational and or vocational disparity

when a female in a relationship has higher educational attainment or higher attainment than the male, this may raise questions of adequacy and responsibility for both parties. Furthermore, if the man is unemployed and the woman is employed, the man has a great deal of time to brood on his inability to function as the head of the household, which males already sufferings from feeling of inadequacy may find extremely demeaning

Factors in childhood that are building blocks of learned helplessness

witnessing or experiencing battering, sexual abuse or molestation, health problems or chronic illness, stereotypical sex roles, and rigid traditions

those most likely to suffer IPV are:

women in their 20's and early 30's

Myths about battering

•Battered women overstate the case •Battered women provoke the beating •Battered women are masochists •Battering is a private, family matter •Alcohol abuse is the prime reason for spousal abuse •Battering occurs only in problem families •Only low-income and working-class families experience violence •The battering cannot be that bad or the victim would leave •A husband has patriarchal rights •The beaten spouse exaggerates the problem to exact revenge •Women are too sensitive, especially when they are pregnant •Battering is rare •Battering is confined to mentally ill people •Violence and love cannot coexist •Elder abuse between partners is neither prevalent nor dangerous