Chapter 10 Food and Agriculture

How diet is affected by the physical conditions of a place

-Climate greatly influences what can and can't be grown in developing countries -In developed countries climate matters but they don't have to worry about transporting food long distances

Two-field crop rotation system

-Developed in Northern Europe in the 5th century

Three-field crop rotation system

-Developed in the 8th century in Northern Europe

Strategies to increase world's food supply

-increasing exports from countries with surpluses -Expanding the land area used for agriculture -expanding fishing -increasing the productivity of land now used for agriculture

Four-field crop rotation system

-introduced in Europe during the 18th century

Future of shifting cultivation

-land used for shifting cultivation is declining in the tropics about 75,000 sq kilometers (30,000 sq miles) or .2% a year -this is caused by the deforestation of tropical regions -shifting cultivation is being replaced by logging, cattle ranching, and the cultivation of cash crops. Selling timber to builders and beef for fast food restaurants are more effective today -developing countries don't think it's a good way to feed a lot of people

Maize consumption

-leading crop in the world -not only used as food for humans, but also for animal feed -leading crop in some countries of sub-Saharan Africa

Consuming protein in developed countries

-leading source of protein is meat products like beef, pork and poultry -account for 1/3 of protein intake in developed countries

Wheat production increase in developing countries

1/4 of wheat production in 1960 1/2 of production by 2010

How much of the world's land is used for shifting cultivation

1/4 or 25%, but less than 5% of the world's people engage in this practice

Average size of farm in developed country (US)

161 hectares (418 acres)

Average kcal consumption worldwide

2,800 kcal

Largest producer of wheat

China, India, then the U.S.

Ester Boserup

Says that population growth influences the distribution of types of subsistence farming, it compels farmers to consider new approaches that produce enough food to take care of more people

How were plantations run before the civil war

Slaves brought from Africa performed most of the labor until the South was defeated in the civil war. After plantations were sold to either individual farms or worked by tenant farmers

First area that joined the cultivation of crops with the domestication of animals

Southwest Asia -Animals were used to prepare the land for the crops and in turn were fed part of the harvested crop -Animal products such as milk, meat and skin were believed to have been cultivated at a later date

New Zealand dairy farmers

Do not sell much liquid milk even though they devote about 5% of production to liquid milk

Von Thünen Model

First ring: dairy Second ring: wood lots, timber Third ring: various crops, pasture Fourth ring: animal grazing

Derwent Whittlesey

Identified 11 main agricultural regions, plus an area where agriculture was nonexistent. 5 are important in developing countries and 6 are in developed countries.

Workers on plantations

import workers are provided with food, housing, and social services in exchange for working on the plantation. Managers try to spread work evenly during year to make the most use of labor force

Unit of measurement for dietary energy

kilcalorie (kcal), or calorie in the U.S. One gram of each food sources delivers a kilocalories level that nutritionists can measure

Ownership of land in shifting cultivation

land was owned by the village as a whole rather than separately by each resident. The chief of the land assigns different patches to each family. Individuals may also have the right to own or protect specific trees surrounding the village

Gov buys surplus production and sells or donates it to foreign governments

low income Americans also receive food stamps from the additional food

McCormick reaper

machine that cuts grain standing in the field, invented in the 1830s first permitted large scale wheat production

South American crops used in shifting cultivation

maize (corn) and manioc (cassava)

African crops used in shifting cultivation

millet and sorghum

Cereal grain, or cereal

a grass that yields grain for food

Winnowed

allowing the lighter chaff of the rice to be blown away by the wind

Crop

any plant cultivated by people

Threshed

beating the rice on the ground or treading on them barefoot

Another way to plant rice...

broadcasting dry seeds by scattering them through the field, a method used in South Asia

How diet is affected by different cultural preferences

certain cultures and religions have different food preferences, thus affecting what some people can grow and eat

Johann Heinrich von Thünen

estate owner in northern Germany, first proposed model in 1826 to show the different types of farming that take place at different distances from a city

Health problems from GMOs

consuming lots of GMOs may reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics and could destroy long standing ecological balances in agriculture

Most important crops grown on plantations

cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, and tobacco. Also produced in large amounts are cocoa, jute, bananas, tea, coconuts, and palm oil *tobacco, cotton and sugarcane can be planted once a year and are less likely to be grown on a plantation today

Plantations after the civil war

cotton, tobacco and sugarcane became less important to grow on a plantation in the southern U.S.

Aquaculture or Aquafarming

cultivation of sea food under controlled conditions

Transplanting wet rice

customary to grow seedlings on dry land and transplant the seedlings to a flooded field. 1/10 of a sawah is for the seedlings. After a month they're transplanted to the rest of the field. Rice grows submerged in water for 3/4 of the growing period

Challenges for dairy farmers

declining revenues and rising costs -extremely labor intensive (cows milked twice a day everyday) -feeding cows in the winter is hard, farmers generally have to purchase hay or grain during the winter

Industrial Revolution in England affecting demand

demand for cotton rose after textiles factories started in the late 18th century. Was stimulated more after the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793

Choosing animals for pastoral nomadism

depends on physical conditions, cultural norms, the prestige of the animal, it's ability to adapt to a particular climate and vegetation.

Subsistence agriculture and international trade

developing countries must produce something they can sell in developed countries, consumers in developed countries are willing to pay high prices for fruits and vegetables that would otherwise be out of season for crops like coffee and tea

Undernourishment

dietary energy consumption that is ocntinuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity

Preparing the field for wet rice

farmer prepares field for planting, usually using a plow drawn by a water buffalo or oxen.

Slash and burn agriculture

farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris which helps nourish the soil, endless cycle

Planting and fallowing

farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years, until soil nutrients are depletes, and then leave it fallow (with nothing planted) for many years so the soil can recover

Multi-cropping

field are used several times a year and never left fallow

Short fallow

fields are cleared and used for 2 years and left to fallow for up to 2 years

Bush fallow

fields are cleared and used for 8 years and left to fallow for up to 10 years

Forest fallow

fields are cleared and used for up to 2 years and left to fallow for more than 20 years

Annual cropping

fields are used every year and rotates between legumes and roots

Harvesting wet rice

harvest by hand, usually with knives. To separate the husks, known as chaff, from the seeds, the heads are threshed by beating them on the ground or trading on them barefoot. The rice is placed in a tray and the lighter chaff is winnowed. If the rice is to be directly consumed the hull is removed used a mortar and pestle. Rice sold commercially is whitened and polished which removes some nutrients

Chaff

husks of the rice

Farmers are encouraged to avoid producing crops that are in excess supply

encourages planting clover in fallows to restore nutrients, these crops can be used for hay or forage for pigs, or to produce seeds for sale

Hull

outer covering of the rice

Increased dependence on the US

people think that biotechs will put a gene in food that will not allow it to be replanted again, causing the world to rely more on the US and be forced to buy from them

Combine machine

performs in one operation the reaping, threshing and cleaning of wheat

Specialty truck farming

spread to New England -farmers are growing crops that have limited but increasing demand such as asparagus, peppers, mushrooms, strawberries and nursery plants -represents alternative for farmers at a time when dairy farming is declining because of relatively high operating costs and low milk prices

Dietary energy consumption

the amount of food that an individual consumes

How climate affects agricultural regions

the climate in an area largely affects what type of agriculture can be practiced there. For example, pastoral nomadism is prevalent in Southwest Asia and North Africa because of the dry climate.

Ranching

the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. practiced in areas where vegetation is too sparse and the soil is too poor to support crops

Agriculture

the deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain

Green revolution

the invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s

Where is intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant prevalent

the large population concentrations of East Asia and South Asia

Where is intensive subsistence, crops other than rice dominant prevalent

the large population concentrations of East Asia and South Asia where growing rice is difficult

Flooding the field for wet rice

the plowed land is flooded with water that is collected from rainfall, river overflow and irrigation. Too much/little water can damage the crop, a common problem for South Asia who depend on monsoons.

Agricultural Revolution

the time when human beings first domesticated plans and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Where are plantations prevalent

the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia

Southeast Asian crops used in shifting cultivation

upland rice

Palouse region of Washington State

wheat comprises a smaller percentage of agricultural output than the other two regions, 80% of U.S. lentils are grown in the region

After 1500 ______ were introduced to the western hemisphere and ________ to the eastern hemisphere

wheat, oats and barley; maize

Leading cereal grains

wheat, rice, and maize account for about 90% of all grain production and more than 40% of all dietary energy consumed worldwide

Desertification

when human actions caused land to deteriorate to a desert like condition

Dairy farmers usually sell to...

wholesalers, who distribute in turn to retailers, don't sell directly to consumers, retailers then sell milk and other dairy products to consumers

Winter wheat belt through Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma

winter wheat crop is planted in the autumn and develops a strong root system before growth stops for winter. Wheat survives winter and is ripe by the beginning of snow

Paddy

word for wet rice in Malay, what Europeans and North Americans frequently but incorrectly call wet rice

Other crops used in shifting cultivation

yams, sugarcane, plantains, and vegetables

What percentage of the world's rice is produced in China and India

50% in China and India, 90% in East, South and Southeast Asia

When did the agricultural revolution occur?

8000 BC

How many people are undernourished

870 million people worldwide, 99% of them are located in developing countries

Where are most of the farmers in the world located?

97% of farmers are in developing countries 2% in the US

Most important Mediterranean crops

Olives and grapes, 2/3 of the world's wine is produced in places like France, Italy and Spain, also very large supply of olives

New farming methods adopted

Plows replace axes and sticks, more irrigation ditches are dug, more terraces are carved out of hillsides. All of this allows more harvest but also demands more labor

Milkshed

-ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling -typical radius is 300 miles today

Price for agricultural land increase

$2,500 per acre in 2000 to $5,000 in 2010

Consuming protein in developing countries

-1/10 of protein source is from meat -cereal grains provide the largest share of protein

Domestication of the horse

-Believed to have been domesticated in Central Asia -Thought the domestication of horse diffused with the diffusion of the Indo-European language

Movements of pastoral nomads

-Every group controls a territory and will invade other group's territory in an emergency of if war is declared -the amount of land a group controls depends on its wealth and power -Groups usually divide into 5 or 6 families and choose routes based on the most likely water sources during different seasons

Future of pastoral nomadism

-Experts used to regard pastoral nomadism as a stage that is more advanced than hunters and gatherers but less advanced than settled farmers -today it is a declining form of agriculture due to modern tech, they used to carry goods and information but modern transportation systems phased them out -Governments have been trying to resettle nomads in China, Kazakhstan, countries in southwest Asia including Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Syria but have experienced difficulty in succeeding

How do developing countries farm?

-Farmers do much of the work with hand tools and animal powers

Commercial ranching not in the U.S.

-Interior of Australia was used since the 19th century for grazing -Rare in Europe except for Spain and Portugal -In South America, Argentina southern Brazil and Uruguay are devoted to grazing cattle and sheep

Hunters and Gatherers

-Lived in small groups of less than 50 people -Men hunted game, fish, etc. -Women gathered berries, nuts, and roots -Moved around frequently based off of season and good locations for food and game

Consuming other crops for energy

-Other countries, like the ones in sub-Saharan Africa, rely on cassava, sorghum, millet, plantains, sweet potatoes, and yams for energy sources -Sugar is the leading source of dietary energy in Venezuela

Cultural factors believed to start agriculture revolution

-People may have wanted to settle permanently in a place rather than constantly move about as nomads -While gathering vegetation, they dropped seeds and other fruits and overtime realized that the discarded food produced new plants -After this main event over time people poured water over the sight and introduced manure to improve growing conditions

East Asia Crop Hearth

-Rice was domesticated along the Yangtze River about 10,000 years ago -Millet was also cultivated early on along the Yellow River

Africa's food supply struggle

-Since 1961 food production has increased in sub-Saharan Africa, but so has population. -Threat of famine is severe in horn of Africa and the Sahel -With growing population, farmers overplanted and herd size increased beyond the capacity of the land to support the animals

Sub-Saharan Africa Crop Hearth

-Sorghum was domesticated about 8,000 years ago -Yams may have been domesticated earlier -Millet and rice may have also been domesticated in Africa -Domestication diffused further south in Africa

Examples of current hunters and gatherers

-Spinifex aka Pila Nguru: live in Australia's Great Victorian Dessert -Sentinelese people: live in India's Andaman Islands -Bushmen: live in Botswana and Namibia

Current number of farmers in the US

-Stable number of 2 million farmers since 1980

How and why did the number of farmers decline after the 20th century?

-US had about 60% fewer farms and 85% fewer farmers in 200 than in 1900 -People were pushed away from farms by lack of opportunity to earn a decent income -Offered higher paying jobs in urban areas

How to developed countries farm?

-Use machinery -Less people need to work because lots of machinery do the jobs necessary rather than other people or animals

Agriculture origination

-When humans domesticated plans and animals for their use -Can't be documented certainly because it began before recorded history

What is pastoral nomadism

-a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals. -Depend primarily on animals for their milk, skins and hair used for clothing and tents. -Usually don't slaughter animals but eat animals that die naturally -Pastoral nomads primarily eat grain. Modern day nomads will raise crops -size of their heard measures prestige and power -women and children of a nomadic group may plant crops in a fixed location while everyone else wanders with the herd -some groups remain in one place when the climate is good for growing crops and will move when the climate is not sufficient

Plantation

-a large commercial farm in a developing country that specializes in one or two crops, usually situated in tropical Latin America, etc. but are often owned and operate by the U.S. or Europe -goods are usually processed at plantation before being sent to U.S. or Europe because they're less bulky and easier to transport

Swidden

-aka lading, milpa, chena, and kaingin -the area of land that is cleared when practicing shifting cultivation -prepared by hand or with a hoe

Average kcal consumption in developing countries

-average consumption is 2,600 kcal -average in sub-Saharan Africa is 2,400 kcal

Mediterranean Agriculture location and climate

-borders a sea, most are on west coats of continents -sea winds provide moisture and moderate the winter temperatures, summers are hot and dry but the sea breezes provide relief -land is very hilly and mountains plunge into the sea

Evolution of Transportation

-building of railroads in the 19th and the use of highways and trucks in the 20th century made transporting livestock and crops easier

US's use of corn on mixed crop and livestock farms

-corn generates high yields -some of the corn is consumed by people as oil, margarine, etc. but most is fed to pigs and cattle -most important farm extends from Ohio to the Dakotas and is called the corn belt because 1/2 the land is used for corn

Grain farming

-crops on a grain farm are grown primarily for consumption by humans rather than livestock. Commercial grain farms sell their output to manufacturers of breakfast cereals and breads -located in regions that are too dry for mixed crop and livestock agriculture

Cocaine from crop

-derived from coca leaf -grown in Columbia, Peru, and Bolivia -most buyers are in developed countries, especially North America

Heroin from crop

-derived from raw opium gum, which is produced by the opium poppy plant -Afghanistan is the source of 90% of the world's opium, the rest is grown in Myanmar (Burma) and Laos -Traffic routes go through Iran, Turkey and the Balkans to Western Europe where the largest number of the world's users live

Southwest Asia Crop Hearth

-earliest crops believed to be domesticated in SW Asia were barley and wheat about 10,000 years ago. -Lentil and olive were also domesticated early there. -Cultivation diffused to Europe and central Asia

Intensive subsistence agriculture with wet rice dominant

-farmers must work intensively to subsist on a parcel of land.

Environmental factors believed to start agriculture revolution

-first domestication of crops and animals started due to climate change around 10,000 years ago -marked the end of the ice age, which resulted in a large redistribution of humans, plants, and animals

Mixed crop and livestock farming

-most common form of commercial agriculture in the U.S. west of the Appalachians -most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans, in turn the livestock supply manure to improve soil fertility -typical farm devoted nearly all land to crops but gets more than 3/4 of it's income from animal products like beef, eggs and milk -Uses crop rotation

Characteristics of intensive subsistence agriculture with wet rice

-much smaller than other farms -farmers own several plots that will be handed down to several children over several centuries -agricultural density (ratio of farmers to arable land) is so high that people have to feed their families from a very small piece of land -most of the work is done by hand or with animals -waste no land, paths and roads are kept narrow to leave land open for farming, livestock are rarely permitted to graze on land that could be arable

Goats

-need more water than camels -tough and agile and can survive on really any vegetation

Double cropping

-obtaining two harvests per year from one field. common in places that have warm winters such as Southern China and Taiwan Example: usually grow wet rice in summer and then grow wheat, barley or another dry crop in the drier winter season

Evolution of machinery

-originally the farm or local craftspeople made equipment from wood -first iron plow was made in the 1770s -by the late 18th century factories produced machinery -by the 19th and 20th century tractors, combines, corn pickers, planters and other machines replaced manual labor

Record high food prices are caused by

-poor weather in major crop growing regions like South Pacific and North America -Higher demand in China and India -Smaller growth in productivity especially without any major breakthroughs -Use of crops as biofuel instead of good, especially in Latin America

Shifting Cultivation

-practiced in much of the world's tropical climate regions (high temps and rainfall) -250 mil people practice it across 36 mil sq kilometers (14 mil sq miles) -Two types of shifting cultivation techniques -People that practice this usually live in small villages

Commercial gardening and fruit farming

-predominant type of agriculture in the southeastern US -long growing season and humid climate -Accessible to large eastern US urban area -truck farming is practiced frequently

Rice consumption

-principal cereal grain consumed in the developing regions of east, south, and southeast Asia -most suitable crop for production in tropical areas

Wheat consumption

-principal cereal grain in developed parts of Europe and North America -Consumed as pasta, bread, cake, etc. -Also most consumed grain in developing regions of central and southwest Asia where the drier climate allow wheat to grow easier

Agriculture in China after communist revolution in 1949

-private individuals have owned little agricultural land, instead the gov organized agricultural producer communes, which typically consisted of several villages of several hundred people each -hoped to promote agricultural efficiency by sharing equipment and animals and also dealing with flood control, water storage and terracing as a whole -production did not increase as much because people work more efficiently when working for themselves -China dismantled this system but reorganization has been hard because irrigation systems, equipment and other structures were developed for more people than small individually owned people. Production has increased greatly since

Marijuana form crop

-produced from Cannabis sativa plant -cultivated widely around the world but the majority of marijuana that reaches the U.S. is grown in Mexico.

Sheep

-relatively slow moving and affected by climatic changes -require more water than camels and goats -more selective about what plants they will eat

How commercial farmers use technology to increase crop production

-researchers generate new fertilizers, herbicides, hybrid plants and farming practices which increases production -farmers also use GPS to know where to spread fertilizer and how much to use. Large ranches use it to locate their cattle -also use to count how much is being harvested

Wet rice

-rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth. -occupies small part of Asia's agricultural land but is the area's most important source of food -easiest to grow on flat land

Increasing demand for milk

-share of the world's dairy farming conducted in developing countries has risen from 26% in 1980 to 53% in 2010 -in the 21st century, India is the world's largest milk producer, ahead of the US with China in third and Pakistan in fourth

Overproduction in commercial farming

-suffer from low incomes due to overproduction. -surplus of food is easy to come by due to efficient and advanced agriculture systems -U.S. gov has three policies to help issue

Percentage of farms that produce the most in the US

-the largest 5% of farms in the US produce 75% of the country's total agriculture -farms in developed countries are usually family owned

Domestication of the dog

-thought to be dated around 12,000 years ago in Southwest Asia, East Asia, and/or Europe

Southwest Asia Animal Hearth

-thought to be hearth for cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep about 8-9,000 years ago

Truck farming

-truck farms grown many of the fruits and vegetables that consumers in developed countries demand, such as apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, and tomatoes. Some are sold fresh, others are canned or frozen -labor costs are kept low by hiring migrant farm workers, some undocumented

Use of the soybean

-used in the US to feed to the animals -Tofu (made from soybean milk) is a major food source for people in China and Japan -Soybean oil is used in U.S. foods

Camel

-well suited to arid climates because they can go long period without water, carry heavy baggage, and move rapidly. -easily bothered by flies, sleeping sickness and have a long gestation period: 12 months from conception to birth

Most important grain crop

-wheat, used for bread flour -sold at higher price than rye, oats, barley, and it has more uses for human food -it's stored and transported easily

How many people today survive by hunting and gathering?

.005 % of the world's population, or 250,000 people

Average size of farm in developing country (China)

1 hectare (2.5 acres)

Average individual kcal intake

1,800 kcal

Biggest meat producers

1. China 2. U.S. 3. Brazil developing countries were responsible for 1/3 of meat production in 2010

Places with the most undernourished people

1. India with 225 million people 2. China with 130 million people -1/4 of the population in sub-Saharan Africa, 1/5 of South Asia, and 1/6 in all developing countries

How many people are farmers in developing countries?

1/2 of the population farms

Typical nomadic family needs (these animals)

25 to 60 goats or sheep, or 10 to 25 camels

How long can the cleared land from slashing and burning last?

3 years or less, most productive harvest comes in the second year after burning, the growth of weeds and lost of nutrients forces it to only last 3 years

Latin America Crop Hearth

4-5,000 years ago -Mexico was a hearth for beans and cotton -Peru was a hearth for potato -Corn may have been domesticated by both areas independently at the same time -Squash may have originated in the southeast part of the US -From these hearths cultivation of maize and crops diffused to North America and tropical South America

Most desired animal in North Africa and Southwest Asia

Camels, goats, and sheep

Most desired animal in central Asia

Horse

Kayapo people

Live in Brazil's Amazon -don't arrange crops in rectangular fields and rows, they plant in concentric rings -may plant sweet potatoes and yams in the inner area, with corn and rice, manioc, and more yams in outer rings. eventually the potatoes and yams can replace the rice and corn -outermost ring contains plants that require nutrients such as papaya, banana, pineapple, mango, cotton, and beans. the rotting of these leaves provide nutrients for the circle

6 agricultural regions in developed countries

Mixed crop and livestock, dairying, grain, ranching, Mediterranean, and commercial gardening

5 agricultural regions in developing countries

Pastoral nomadism, shifting cultivation, intensive subsistence (wet rice dominant), intensive subsistence (crops other than rice), and plantation

How diet is affected by the level of development of a place

People in developed countries consume more food and from multiple sources than people in developing countries

Average kcal consumption in developed countries

People in developed countries intake twice as many kcal, or about 3,600 kcal with Austria and the US with the highest at 3,800 kcal

The gov pays farmers when certain commodity prices are low

The gov sets a target rpice for a commodity and pats farmers the difference between the price they receive in the market and the target price set by the gov

What happens after a swidden is no longer fertile

They leave the old site empty for many years and begin clearing a new site. Villagers may return to the site 6-20 years later to use again

Decrease of farm land in the US

US has been losing 1.2 million hectares (3 mil acres) per year of its 400 million hectares (1 billion acres) due to the expansion of urban areas

Spring wheat belt through Dakotas, Montana and southern Saskatchewan in Canada

Winters are usually too severe for winter wheat so spring wheat is planted in the spring and harvested in late summer

Potash

aka potassium -Only fertilizer available, forms when you burn the debris in the empty field

Process of shifting cultivation

clear vegetation with axes, machetes, the debris is then burned on a windless day, the rain washes the fresh ashes into the soil, providing nutrients

Intensive subsistence with wet rice not dominant

climate prevents rice from being grown in parts of Asia, wehat and barley are the other most important crops in China, along with millet, oats, corn, sorghum, and soybeans. Same characteristics as intensive subsistence with wet rice but with different plants

Where is pastoral nomadism prevalent

dry Southwest Asia, North Africa, Central Asia and East Asia

Expanding fishing

food acquired includes shrimp, crab, clams, oysters, watercress; can expand by fishing

GMOs

genetically modifying an organism or plants so it has more nutrients, can with-stain insect damage, etc.

Pasture

grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing. Sheep or other animals may pasture in alpine meadows in the summer and go back down to the valley for winter pasture

Horticulture

growing fruits, vegetables, and flowers and tree crops

Dairy farming

most important commercial agriculture near large urban areas of the northeast US, southeastern Canada, and northwestern Europe, also has become important in South and East Asia

Latin American Plantations

most likely to grow coffee, sugarcane, and bananas

Asian Plantations

most likely to provide rubber and palm oil

Prime agricultural land

most productive farmland, the U.S. has lost 200,000 hectares (500,000 acres)

Sawah

name for the flooded field in the Austronesian language widely spoken in Indonesia, including Java

Dangers of overfishing

population of some fish species decline because of the excessive fishing. Population of large predatory fish like tuna and swordfish decreased by 90% in the past 50 years

Crop rotation

practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhaustion of soil

Subsistence agriculture

practiced in developing countries, the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family

Commercial agriculture

practiced in developing countries, the production of food primarily for sale off the farm

Where are mixed crops and livestock prevalent

primarily in the U.S. Midwest and central Europe from France to Russia

Where are Mediterranean regions prevalent

primarily lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, the western United States, the southern tip of Africa and Chile

Where is dairying prevalent

primarily near population clusters in the northeastern United States, southeastern Canada, and northwestern Europe

Where is ranching prevalent

primarily the drylands of western North America, southeastern Latin America, Central Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and the South Pacific

Where are grain regions prevalent

primarily the north-central United States, south-central Canada, and Eastern Europe

Where is commercial gardening prevalent

primarily the southeastern United States and southeastern Australia

Export problems with GMOs

products must be labeled with GMO, some countries don't want this food because it's not as nutritious

California Mediterranean farming

provide lots of citrus fruits, tree nuts and deciduous fruits, may face future problems due to lack of rainfall and water

Transhumance

seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas, sometimes practiced by pastoral nomads

North America prairies are called

the "breadbasket" because of the large production of wheat

Grain (definition)

the seed from a ceral grass

Agribusiness

the system of commercial farming found in developed countries

Cultivate

to care for

Where is shifting cultivation prevalent

tropical regions of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia