Chapter 10 Quality

Explain the 80-20 rule

80% of the problems come from 20% of the causes

Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE)

A concept that assesses availability (time), performance (speed), and quality (yield) to evaluate manufacturing productivity

Pareto principle

A quality principle, also called the 80-20 rule, that states 80% of problems come from 20% of the causes

Variables

Also called continuous data; pieces of information that can be measured and plotted on a constant scale (such as flow through a pipeline or liquid in a tank)

Attributes

Also called discrete data; data that can be counted and plotted as distinct or unconnected events (such as percentage of late shipments or number of mistakes made during a process)

Six sigma

An advanced quality management method that increases output by minimizing variability and defects in manufacturing processes

Histograms

Bar graphs of a frequency distribution in which the widths of the bars are proportional to the classes into which the variable has been divided, and the heights of the bars are proportional to the class frequencies

Fishbone diagrams

Cause and effect diagrams (sometimes called Ishikawa diagrams, after Karou Ishikawa); used to help identify possible causes of an event or incident

Which of the following tools are used for statistical process control?

Control charts, cause and effect diagrams, and histograms

Which of the following is one of the four major components of TQM?

Customer focus

The ____ cycle states that every task or every job is part of a process

Deming

Control charts

Documents that establish operating limits for the amount of variation in a process

Flowcharts

Documents that represent a sequence of operations schematically (or visually)

Cause and effect diagrams

Graphics that show the relationship between an event or incident (effect) and the potential causes that creates it; sometimes called a fishbone diagram

Scatter plots

Graphs drawn using dots or a similar symbol to represent data

Who discovered and determined the concept of zero defects?

Philip B. Crosby

PPM

Predictive / preventive maintenance, a program to identify potential issues with equipment and use preventive maintenance before the equipment fails

PPM involves

Preventing potential equipment failures

What is the purpose of ISO 9000 certification?

Provides global standards of product and service quality

List five ways that quality affects process industries.

Satisfying and retaining customers, maintaining a competitive advantage and responding to rapidly changing markets, capturing a leading position in the global marketplace, improving profitability, managing change

Assignable Variation

Statement that, when a product's variation goes beyond the limits of natural variation, it is the result of a worker-related cause

SPC

Statistical process control; uses mathematical laws dealing with probability to data to make the processes behave the way they should

ISO

Taken from the Greek word isos, which means equal, ISO is the international standardization organization, which consists of a network of national standards institutes from more than 140 countries

Zero defects

The goal of quality practice with the objective of reducing defects, thus increasing profits

Which of the following is an aim of total productive maintenance (TPM)?

To maximize equipment effectiveness

TPM

Total productive maintenance; an equipment maintenance program that emphasizes a company-wide effort to involve all levels of staff in various aspects of equipment maintenance

What do the initials TQM stand for?

Total quality management

TQM

Total quality management; a collection of philosophies, concepts, methods, and tools used to manage quality; TQM consists of four parts: customer focus, continuous improvement, managing by data and facts, and employee empowerment

Define statistical process control

Uses mathematical laws dealing with probability