Chapter 10 Quality
Explain the 80-20 rule
80% of the problems come from 20% of the causes
Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE)
A concept that assesses availability (time), performance (speed), and quality (yield) to evaluate manufacturing productivity
Pareto principle
A quality principle, also called the 80-20 rule, that states 80% of problems come from 20% of the causes
Variables
Also called continuous data; pieces of information that can be measured and plotted on a constant scale (such as flow through a pipeline or liquid in a tank)
Attributes
Also called discrete data; data that can be counted and plotted as distinct or unconnected events (such as percentage of late shipments or number of mistakes made during a process)
Six sigma
An advanced quality management method that increases output by minimizing variability and defects in manufacturing processes
Histograms
Bar graphs of a frequency distribution in which the widths of the bars are proportional to the classes into which the variable has been divided, and the heights of the bars are proportional to the class frequencies
Fishbone diagrams
Cause and effect diagrams (sometimes called Ishikawa diagrams, after Karou Ishikawa); used to help identify possible causes of an event or incident
Which of the following tools are used for statistical process control?
Control charts, cause and effect diagrams, and histograms
Which of the following is one of the four major components of TQM?
Customer focus
The ____ cycle states that every task or every job is part of a process
Deming
Control charts
Documents that establish operating limits for the amount of variation in a process
Flowcharts
Documents that represent a sequence of operations schematically (or visually)
Cause and effect diagrams
Graphics that show the relationship between an event or incident (effect) and the potential causes that creates it; sometimes called a fishbone diagram
Scatter plots
Graphs drawn using dots or a similar symbol to represent data
Who discovered and determined the concept of zero defects?
Philip B. Crosby
PPM
Predictive / preventive maintenance, a program to identify potential issues with equipment and use preventive maintenance before the equipment fails
PPM involves
Preventing potential equipment failures
What is the purpose of ISO 9000 certification?
Provides global standards of product and service quality
List five ways that quality affects process industries.
Satisfying and retaining customers, maintaining a competitive advantage and responding to rapidly changing markets, capturing a leading position in the global marketplace, improving profitability, managing change
Assignable Variation
Statement that, when a product's variation goes beyond the limits of natural variation, it is the result of a worker-related cause
SPC
Statistical process control; uses mathematical laws dealing with probability to data to make the processes behave the way they should
ISO
Taken from the Greek word isos, which means equal, ISO is the international standardization organization, which consists of a network of national standards institutes from more than 140 countries
Zero defects
The goal of quality practice with the objective of reducing defects, thus increasing profits
Which of the following is an aim of total productive maintenance (TPM)?
To maximize equipment effectiveness
TPM
Total productive maintenance; an equipment maintenance program that emphasizes a company-wide effort to involve all levels of staff in various aspects of equipment maintenance
What do the initials TQM stand for?
Total quality management
TQM
Total quality management; a collection of philosophies, concepts, methods, and tools used to manage quality; TQM consists of four parts: customer focus, continuous improvement, managing by data and facts, and employee empowerment
Define statistical process control
Uses mathematical laws dealing with probability
