Chapter 10: Racial and Ethnic Inequality
In the United States, a prominent instance of segregation is that of
African Americans in the South prior to the 1960s.
Between 2010 and 2015, which group grew by roughly 70% in the United States?
Asian Pacific Americans
Which of the following is one of the fastest-growing segments of the U.S. population?
Asian Pacific Americans
The ideology that rejected assimilation into White middle-class society and supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions was known as
Black power.
Which group of Asian Americans migrated to the United States in the thousands from 1850 to 1880 in search of gold-mining work?
Chinese Americans
Which of the following is the largest Asian sub-group in the United States?
Chinese Americans
Chinese immigration to the Unitder States was halted when Congress enacted the ________ _______ Act in 1882.
Chinese Exclusion
______ is the belief that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
Ethnocentrism
True or false: Genetics determines the racial differences that affect people's social behavior.
False
Which of the following sociological perspectives theorizes that racist views provide the dominant group with a moral justification for maintaining an unequal society?
Functionalist
Which of the following is a dysfunction that Arnold Rose identified as a byproduct of racism?
It restricts available talent and leadership opportunities to the dominant group.
In the United States, which of the following are considered ethnic groups?
Italian Americans Jewish Americans Polish Americans
Which of the following is considered an ethnic group in the United States?
Latinos
Which of the following are the largest ethnic groups in the United States?
Latinos Jews White ethnics
In the 1960s, ______ was a notable leader of the Black power movement.
Malcolm X
In the 1950s and 1960s, the civil rights leader who believed that nonviolent civil disobedience was the best course to use in opposing segregation in the U.S. was
Martin Luther King Jr.
The election of which South African politician signaled the end of the country's harsh segregation policies?
Nelson Mandela
Which of the following are examples of the dysfunctions associated with racism?
Racism and discrimination undercut goodwill and diplomatic relations between nations. Racism and discrimination aggravate social problems such as poverty and crime. Racism and discrimination lead to the failure to use the resources of all individuals.
When Black residents of Black neighborhoods have to pay more for things such as insurance, what is this phenomenon called?
Redlining
________ exists when a dominant group physically separates a minority group by imposing distinct housing, social activities, and schools for that group.
Segregation
Which of the following groups has the highest rate of welfare dependency of any racial or ethnic group in the United States?
Southeast Asians
True or false: In a pluralistic society, various groups participate in the larger society without prejudice.
True
Peggy McInotsh found that White privilege meant what?
White people's achievements are seen as personal achievements, not the achievements of an entire race.
What is the term for rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit simply because they are white?
White privilege
A White college student goes door to door in a predominantly White neighborhood gathering signatures for a ballot initiative without incident. The next day, an African-American city councilwoman canvasses for votes in the same neighborhood, and three residents call the police to report having seen a suspicious-looking woman. In this example, the college student is benefiting from
White privilege.
Some people contend that White people have advantages that they take for granted, and which are not extended to minority groups. This is known as
White privilege.
Which of the following groups of people are categorized as racial groups in the United States?
Whites Asian Pacific Americans African Americans
While groups of people, such as redheads or actors, make up a small fraction of the total population, they are not considered minorities in the sociological sense because
a minority group is defined by its members' lack of control or power over their own lives.
What do sociologists call a group that is set apart from others because of physical characteristics that have taken on social significance?
a racial group
An inaccurate or unreliable image that is generalized to all members of a group, without recognizing individual differences within the group, is called
a stereotype.
Assimilation can take many forms, including
adopting a new name. no longer speaking a native language. joining a different religion.
Programs designed to increase educational and employment opportunities for previously disadvantaged groups are known as____
affirmative
Programs designed to increase educational and employment opportunities for previously disadvantaged groups are known as__________action programs
affirmative
Resentment of ______ stems from the belief that promoting the interests of one group over another simply displaces discrimination rather than helping to overcome it.
affirmative action
Since 1964, many attempts have been made to eradicate discrimination in the United States, including
affirmative action programs. the Civil Rights Act.
Intermarriage over several generations that results in various groups combining to form new groups would be called
amalgamation.
When a majority group and a minority group merge to form a new group, it is called
amalgamation.
The segregation system that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1990, which forced Blacks and other non-Whites to live in separate homelands, was called
apartheid
People belong to a minority group by virtue of their birth, not their will; thus, race and ethnicity are considered ______ statuses.
ascribed
The process by which individuals forsake their own cultural traditions to conform to another culture's traditions is called
assimilation
Sociologists would identify which of the following as typical patterns of intergroup relations on the Spectrum of Intergroup Relations?
assimilation pluralism segregation
A large part of our nation's Native American population was wiped out through ______ during the 19th century.
bloody wars
Which of the following are examples of advantages Peggy McIntosh found to be associated with White privilege?
browsing freely in stores cashing checks without suspicion being around people of the same race
According to interactionist theorists, prejudice and discrimination
can be overcome with the establishment of interracial coalitions. can be overcome with increasing contact between individuals from dominant and subordinate groups.
Using the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo is known as ______ racism.
color-blind
The ______ perspective focuses on the idea that racial prejudice and discrimination are perpetuated through economic exploitation.
conflict
Which sociological perspective asserts that White dominance over Blacks in the first half of the 20th century was achieved through both Jim Crow laws and violence perpetrated by ordinary citizens?
conflict perspective
The ______ hypothesis suggests that in cooperative circumstances interracial interaction between individuals of equal status may lead to a decrease in prejudice and abandonment of certain stereotypes.
contact
Color-blind racism is also referred to as
covert racism.
An ethnic group is set apart because of national origin or distinctive
cultural patterns.
According to the functionalist perspective of race and ethnicity, the dominant group that practices discrimination
discourages the subordinate minority from attempting to question its lowly status.
Denying people opportunities and equal rights due to prejudice or other arbitrary factors is known as
discrimination
To deny someone opportunities and rights for arbitrary reasons is to practice
discrimination
In a racist society, members of subordinate groups tend to experience which of the following?
discrimination prejudice exploitation
A small business owner with an egalitarian view of race who nonetheless refuses to hire Latinos out of deference to her customers is practicing
discrimination without prejudice.
ethnicity-> ethnicity-> race-> rave->
distinctive cultural patterns shared national language distinct physical characteristics with social each society constructs which physical differences are important
Which of the following characterize the population of the United States today?
diverse multiracial multiethnic
When sociologists define a minority group, they are primarily concerned with the level of ______ a group has in society.
economic and political power
The passing of the Jim Crow laws in the Southern states was designed to
enforce official segregation.
A group that is distinguished from others on the basis of cultural characteristics or national origin is referred to as a(n) ______ group.
ethnic
The term ______ group describes a group of people set apart by their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.
ethnic
Which of the following groups is distinguished from others primarily on the basis of particular cultural patterns?
ethnic group
Which of the following are extreme patterns of intergroup relations?
expulsion genocide
According to the ______ perspective, racial discrimination serves positive functions for those who practice discrimination.
functionalist
The killing of an entire people or nation in a deliberate fashion is called
genocide
Individuals described as being ethnocentric have a tendency to
have a negative attitude toward other cultures they view as inferior. judge other cultures by their own group norms and practices.
Which of the following are typical properties of a minority group?
in-group marriage strong group solidarity ascribed status
The form of discrimination that denies opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups as a result of the daily operations of a society is known as
institutional discrimination.
The term racial group can best be defined as a group that
is set apart by obvious physical differences.
Which of the following are considered Asian-Pacific-American groups?
korean vietnamese japanese
In addition to the conflict, interactionist, and functionalist perspectives, a fourth sociological perspective on racial and ethnic prejudice is known as
labeling theory.
What defines a minority group?
less economic and political power than majority groups
Which of the following are racial minority groups in the United States?
mexican asian native
Which of the following are considered to be ethnic groups?
native and jews
A(n) ______ minority can include any kind of people as long as they make up less than half of some larger population.
numerical
Which of the following is an example of racial formation in which mixed-race individuals were categorized as Black, even if they appeared to be White?
one-drop rule
Being suspicious of or hostile to an entire category of people constitutes
prejudice
A white hiring manager who is prejudiced against African Americans but does not make hiring decisions based on racial factors is demonstrating which of the following?
prejudice without discrimination
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often racial or ethnic groups, is called
prejudice.
In the United States, African Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Pacific Americans are considered the largest ______ minority groups.
racial
The term used to refer to a group of people set apart from others by obvious physical differences is a ________ group.
racial
What kind of groups does institutional discrimination affect?
racial ethnic
A sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, given meaning, or destroyed is called
racial formation.
What is the term for any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than a person's behavior?
racial profiling
When police pull over more young Black men than White men, they could be enacting what practice?
racial profiling
The belief that one race is superior and all others are inferior is called
racism.
Within the Native American population, cultural diversity is distinguished by which of the following features?
religion language livelihood
Examples of institutional discrimination include
requiring only English be spoken at a job when language is not needed to perform the job. restrictive employment-leave policies. college admission preferences for children of alumni.
According to Marx, racism by the dominant group keeps minorities in low-paying jobs in order to
restrict the wages of all members of the working class by replacing workers who demand higher wages with minorities who have no alternatives. supply the capitalist ruling class with cheap labor.
Researchers have found that African Americans are less likely than Whites to obtain Airbnb rentals and more likely than Whites to have Uber and Lyft rides canceled. This demonstrates the perpetuation of traditional discrimination in the new ______ economy.
sharing
Immigration, colonialism, and in the case of Blacks,___________ determined the racial and ethnic makeup of present-day society in the United States
slavery
Racial and ethnic ______ are created by dominant groups through the process of racial formation.
stereotypes
The word genocide can be used to describe
the United States' policies toward Native Americans in the 19th century. Nazi Germany's attempt to exterminate Jews during World War II.
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified employee because of gender, race, or ethnicity is called
the glass ceiling.
Which of the following are reasons why racial categorization is problematic for multiracial people in the United States?
the social pressure to choose a single racial identity government forms that include only broad racial categories
Which of the following best defines the process known as the social construction of race?
the way individuals come to define a group based on physical characteristics and historical, cultural, and economic factors
True or False: Some new Chinese immigrants work for minimal pay in sweatshops in New York City's Chinatown upon arrival in the United States.
true
About half the people in the United States who classify themselves as multiracial are
under the age of eighteen.
Sociologists define pluralism as
various groups in a society having mutual respect for one another's cultures.
