chapter 11-15

______ styles include autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire, while ______ identify/identifies the ideal leadership style as incorporating a high concern for both production and people. a. Basic leadership; the leadership grid b. Contingency leadership; situational leadership c. Leadership grid; basic leadership d. Ohio state leadership studies; the Michigan state leadership studies

a. Basic leadership; the leadership grid

An atmosphere that that encourages criticism to improve everyone's performance is known as ______. a. trust and credibility b. filtering c. a frame of reference d. a "culture of candor"

a "culture of candor"

A floral department is the lowest-performing department, and the employees have a low level of morale. According to the Leadership Grid®, the leadership style of the manager who runs this department would be considered ______. a. impoverished b. middle-of-the-road c. authority-compliance d. country club

impoverished

Jordan, Starland, Shayne, and Arpine have the same job title and work in the same department. They are chatting over lunch. What kind of communication is this? a. organizational b. interpersonal c. formal d. vertical

interpersonal

Paul typically needs a minimal amount of help for the tasks that he is performing. He is working on a report that he has never done before, and he's worried he won't be able to handle it, although his manager is certain that he will do a fine job. According to the situational leadership model, which leadership style should the manager use to make sure the job gets done? a. delegating b. selling c. participating d. telling

participating

People with a high need for ______ seek leadership positions. a. being managers b. acceptance c. giving back to the community d. power

power

The type of control that is designed to anticipate and prevent possible problems is known as ______ control. a. concurrent b. preliminary c. rework d. damage

preliminary

Marco works in an office where there is a lot of information flowing through the grapevine. He feels that the gossip and the rumors are reducing productivity. Sometimes he can't focus because of the loud talking and laughing. He mentioned the issue to his boss, and his boss said, "What exactly are they gossiping about? Is it about you? I am just trying to understand why you are upset." Identify the response style of the manager. a. probing b. advising c. reflecting d. reassuring

probing

Jack is an employee with the College of Business. He has a lot of potential and he is a great fit for the job. However, he dislikes his work and does the minimum amount of work that it takes to not get him fired. The factor contributing to low performance is ______. a.motivation b.reinforcement c.resources d.ability

motivation

What is it called when you repeat a received message using your own words for the purpose of checking understanding? a. paraphrasing b. affirming c. questioning d. reflective listening

paraphrasing

Having a meeting every Wednesday at 2 p.m. to check progress is an example of ______ control. a. constant b. periodic c. occasional d. budget

periodic

Singleterry Unlimited offers average but acceptable salaries and benefits. Their goal is to attract employees who are motivated by the work itself and not necessarily by the salary and benefits. The theory behind Singleterry Unlimited on how to motivate employees is ______ theory. a. reinforcement b. acquired needs c. hierarchy of needs d. two-factor

two-factor

The key to achieving organizational objectives is to ______ what others need and meet their needs. a. understand b. anticipate c. achieve d. focus on

understand

Activities, events, times, and the critical path are all part of ______. a. planning sheets b. PERT c. routing d. the Gantt chart

PERT

Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of active listeners? a. They ask relatively few questions, and when they do, they ask closed-ended questions. b. They look at the person and make eye contact. c. They look for signs that the other person wants to talk. d. They lean forward and nod their head.

a. They ask relatively few questions, and when they do, they ask closed-ended questions.

A politician has a high need for power. The theory that best describes the politician's motivation is ______ theory a. acquired needs b. hierarchy of needs c. reinforcement d. two-factor

a. acquired needs

Situational leadership theories ______. a. argue that ideal leadership styles differ based on the circumstances b. explain how leaders inspire and support their followers in four types of situations c. list situations where emergent leadership has been found d. list distinctive characteristics of effective leaders

a. argue that ideal leadership styles differ based on the circumstances

Which of the following statements best reflects the trait theory? a. attempts to determine a list of distinctive characteristics that account for leadership effectiveness b. attempts to determine the appropriate leadership styles for particular situations using models c. attempts to determine how effective leaders interact with, inspire, and support followers d. attempts to determine distinctive styles used by effective leaders

a. attempts to determine a list of distinctive characteristics that account for leadership effectiveness

Visionary leaders have been found to ______. a. believe they are capable of creating a significant part of the future and controlling its effects on them b. inspire followers to perform beyond expectations c. bring about continuous learning, innovation, and change d. be the best type of leaders

a. believe they are capable of creating a significant part of the future and controlling its effects on them

In the R&D team, everyone works hard with very few breaks. They never miss a deadline and their performance is high. This is an example of ______. a. clan control b. occasional control c. the exception principle d. standing plans

a. clan control

Alderfer's growth need category corresponds to Maslow's ______ needs. a. esteem and self-actualization b. esteem and safety c. physiological and safety d. physiological and self-actualization

a. esteem and self-actualization

According to expectancy theory, motivation is the result of ______. a. expectancy × instrumentality × valence b. value × achievement × instrumentality c. instrumentality × valence x reward d. expectancy × perception × valence

a. expectancy × instrumentality × valence

Which of the following is the highest in richness channel of communication? a. face-to-face meetings b. email c. telephone d. text message

a. face-to-face meetings

This concept recognizes that some group members get better assignments, receive higher performance ratings, have greater job satisfaction, and often have higher-level performance. a. in-group and out-group dynamics b. leadership substitutes c. self-leadership d. dyadic relationships

a. in-group and out-group dynamics

Service operations use inputs to provide ______. a. intangible (nonphysical) product services b. tangible (physical) product services c. intangible (nonphysical) product services and tangible (physical) product services d. intangible (physical) product services

a. intangible (nonphysical) product services

The manager has the responsibility to coach, counsel, and discipline employees in order to ______. a. maintain and increase their performance and help them achieve objectives b. secure his role as a leader c. be considered a strategic leader d. make sure he is respected by his employees

a. maintain and increase their performance and help them achieve objectives

Companies are developing ethical cultures is part of something called ______. a. moralized leadership b. situational approached to leadership c. leadership development d. situational favorableness

a. moralized leadership

The manager having clear expectations, discussing them with employees, checking in with employees to reinforce and redirect as needed, and conducting formal evaluations are all part of ______. a. performance success cycle b. management counseling c. progressive discipline d. coaching

a. performance success cycle

Setting standards too high and with strong incentives to get the reward and avoid the punishment can lead to ______, gaming the system, and outright counterproductive work behavior. a. resistance to control b. continuous improvement c. damage control d. reworking contro

a. resistance to control

The highest level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy is ______. a. self-actualization b. esteem c. social d. safety

a. self-actualization

Which theory recognizes that while managers are expected to treat followers uniformly and consistently, they need to consider individual needs and sometimes make exceptions, thus necessitating that leaders need to use situational control? a. situational theories b. transactional leadership theory c. path-goal model d. situational favorableness

a. situational theories

Selena called her boss and said, "Hi, Maya. I finished that Excel spreadsheet you asked for. I color-coded it, so I think you'll find the information a lot easier to read now." This is most likely an example of ______ communication. a. upward vertical b. horizontal c. downward vertical d. grapevine

a. upward vertical

Decision support systems ______. a. use managers' insights in an interactive computer-based process to assist in making non-routine decisions b. are used to handle routine and recurring business matters c. transform data into the information employees need to do their work d. are the same as management information systems

a. use managers' insights in an interactive computer-based process to assist in making non-routine decisions

The ______ model is used to determine if leadership style is task or relationship oriented and if the situation matches the style, whereas the ______ model is used to determine which of seven styles of leadership, on a continuum from autocratic (boss-centered) to participative (employee-centered), is best for a given situation. a. normative leadership; leadership-continuum b. contingency leadership; leadership continuum c. basic leadership; two-dimensional d. path-goal; normative leadership

b. contingency leadership; leadership continuum

Ana works in an office where there is a lot of information flowing through the grapevine. She feels that the gossip and the rumors are reducing productivity. Sometimes she can't focus because of the loud talking and laughing. She mentioned the issue to her boss and his response was, "You don't have to listen to what they are saying. You know it's just gossip. You can ignore it." Identify the response style of the manager. a. reassuring b. advising c. probing d. reflecting

advising

A customer service employee with a desire to interact with others has a high need for what, according to acquired needs theory? a. power b. achievement c. security d. affiliation

affiliation

Babies Shoes makes 400 shoes each 8-hour shift. If the production is increased to 600 shoes each shift, then productivity will have increased by ______. a. 75% b. 50% c. 100% d. 25%

b. 50%

When ______ is holding back performance, training is needed. a. attitude b. ability c. motivation d. resources

b. ability

For maximum performance, three factors must be high: ______. a. capability, compensation, and resources b. ability, motivation, and resources c. ability, motivation, and compensation d. capability, motivation, and resources

b. ability, motivation, and resources

Although technology is supposed to increase productivity, many employees ______. a. don't receive training on how to use technology b. are doing personal work on the job, such as using the company information technology to contact friends and family c. don't know how to use technology d. don't use the technology

b. are doing personal work on the job , such as using the company information technology to contact friends and family

"What you see is what you get." This consistently honest leadership style, when accompanied by empathy and self-disclosure, is usually called ______. a. loyalty b. authentic leadership c. poor leadership d. narcissism

b. authentic leadership

How is productivity calculated? a. by subtracting the outputs from the inputs b. by dividing the outputs by the inputs c. by adding the outputs to inputs d. by dividing the inputs by the outputs

b. by dividing the outputs by the inputs

Lucinda notices that Jorge has been working more slowly this week and spending time on Facebook. She recalls that last week he worked very hard, but it was Tina who won the weekly badge for highest sales. Thinking that he may be discouraged, Lucinda tells him, "Jorge, I saw in the report this morning that you brought in a lot of business last week. Terrific work. Your dedication goes a long way in our success. It's hugely helpful for our team. Keep up the good work!" What behavior is Lucinda engaging in? a. disciplining b. coaching c. training d. mentoring

b. coaching

TEY Inc. has a large number of quality inspectors who check the quality of the parts used to assemble the company's products. They prefer to pay quality inspectors to do ______ control rather than wait for the faulty product to reach the customer and do ______ control. a. damage; concurrent b. concurrent; damage c. preliminary; rework d. rework; damage

b. concurrent; damage

The notion that employees' perception of being treated fairly affects their attitude and performance is part of what theory? a. goal-setting theory b. equity theory c. expectancy theory d. reinforcement theory

b. equity theory

For an automobile manufacturer, vehicles not yet purchased or shipped to dealers are considered ______. a. raw materials b. finished goods c. in-transit goods d. work in process

b. finished goods

Supervisory ability refers to ______. a. being able to perform the leading function b. getting the job done through others, being able to perform the four functions of management c. being able to exercise your position power without thinking of consequences d. being able to perform the planning, organizing, controlling functions of management

b. getting the job done through others, being able to perform the four functions of management

Muhammad manages 12 employees. He needs to get a quick update on the status of their projects and see if anyone has questions he can address to ensure that the projects keep moving forward. The best way to do this is to ______. a. text everyone b. have a meeting c. send a memo d. email all of them

b. have a meeting

According to Fiedler's contingency theory, how effective a leader is depends on ______. a. whether the leader is task-oriented or employee-oriented b. how well the situation matches their leadership style c. position power d. task structure

b. how well the situation matches their leadership style

We are not the best-performing department in the company, but we are not the worst. We are average in productivity and average in morale. According to the Leadership Grid®, our manager is considered ______. a. country club b. middle-of-the-road c. impoverished d. authority-compliance

b. middle-of-the-road

When ______ is lacking, giving praise may help. a. resources b. motivation c. ability d. attitude

b. motivation

What you like to do is known as ______, while what you are good at doing is known as ______. a. ability; motivation b. motivation; ability c. motivation; performance d. ability; performance

b. motivation; ability

Changing behavior, informing employees about consequences for unmet expectations, and maintaining authority are all ______. a. steps in the discipline model b. objectives of discipline c. part of management counseling d. progressive disciplinary steps

b. objectives of discipline

The past few months, Mayan has delivered work of the highest quality. Her reports demonstrate attention to detail and are more thorough than the reports other staff members have submitted. In order to encourage Mayan to keep up this good work, her manager offers a salary increase and additional paid time off. What is Mayan's manager practicing? a. avoidance b. positive reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction

b. positive reinforcement

Product diversity has to do with ______. a. capacity planning b. product mix c. tangibility of products d. inventory control

b. product mix

An automobile manufacturer just received some unworked sheet metal from the supplier. This should be accounted on the inventory as ______. a. work in process b. raw materials c. finished goods d. in-transit goods

b. raw materials

Inventory control is the process of managing ______. a. finished goods and in-transit goods b. raw materials, work in process, finished goods, and in-transit goods c. raw materials d. work in process

b. raw materials, work in process, finished goods, and in-transit goods

Supervisory ability, occupational achievement, intelligence, decisiveness, self-assurance, and initiative are all important to which of the following? a. leadership grid b. the Ghiselli study c. leadership trait theorists d. path-goal model

b. the Ghiselli study

In order for information to be "useful," it must be ______. a. accurate, empathic, and creative b. timely, relevant, and understandable c. credible, filtered, and communicated d. probing, reassuring, and reflecting

b. timely, relevant, and understandable

For an automobile manufacturer, vehicles halfway through the assembly line process are considered ______. a. raw materials b. work in process c. finished goods d. in-transit goods

b. work in process

Desiree wants to communicate with Leticia. Which of the following describes encoding in their communication process? a. Leticia wonders why Desiree didn't just call her. b. Desiree sends a text message to Leticia. c. Desiree types a text message to Leticia. d. Leticia interprets Desiree's message and decides to respond.

c. Desiree types a text message to Leticia.

______ inventory is a method by which necessary parts and raw materials are delivered shortly before they are needed. a. Just-as-needed b. Just-as-arrived c. Just-in-time d. Just-in-training

c. Just-in-time

______ measures financial, customer service, and internal business performance, as well as learning and growth performance. a. Third-party logistics provider b. Quality control c. The balanced scorecard d. Total quality management

c. The balanced scorecard

In the kids department, everyone is scared of Tim, the manager. He is very results-oriented and makes sure everyone does their job. He is so concerned with having the highest sales in the company that he pays no attention to the happiness of his employees. According to the Leadership Grid®, Tim's leadership style is considered ______. a. country club b. middle-of-the-road c. authority-compliance d. impoverished

c. authority-compliance

An employee's perception of the relationship between performance and the outcomes and rewards is known as ______. a. motivation b. valence c. expectancy d. instrumentality

d. instrumentality

Jane is a bank teller. In the last month, her manager has twice observed that she allowed customers to withdraw money from accounts without asking for proper ID, which goes against the bank's policy. Her defense is that she knows the customers' first names but not their last names. While disciplining her, the manager has to make sure he does all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. ask why the undesired behavior was used b. get a commitment to change and develop a plan c. avoid documenting the discipline to protect the employee's right to privacy d. refer to past feedback

c. avoid documenting the discipline to protect the employee's right to privacy

To make communication effective, make sure your ______, ______, and ______ project a calm professional demeanor. a. expressions; gestures; posture b. verbal communication; nonverbal communication; written communication c. body language; tone of voice; word choice d. perceptions; emotions; language

c. body language; tone of voice; word choice

Transformational leaders ______. a. are autocratic in nature b. create an image of the organization in the future that provides direction for setting goals and developing strategic plans c. bring about continuous learning, innovation, and change d. inspire and stimulate followers to high performance levels

c. bring about continuous learning, innovation, and change

Everyone in the office leaves their phones in their cubicles when they attend meetings in the conference room, although no one asked for this behavior. What type of control is this? a. occasional control b. budget control c. constant control d. periodic control

c. constant control

In the shoe department, everyone loves Drake, the manager. They all get along with him and he seems to care about his employees a great deal. He is so concerned with the happiness of his employees that he pays no attention to the performance of the department. As a result, the shoe department is one of the lowest in performance. According to the Leadership Grid®, Drake's leadership style is considered ______. a. authority-compliance b. impoverished c. country club d. middle-of-the-road

c. country club

Huifen, the department manager, tells Stephanie, the team manager, that they need the project sooner than they had initially planned. Stephanie informs her team of the revised schedule. What type of communication is this? a. grapevine communication b. horizontal communication c. downward vertical communication d. upward vertical communication

c. downward vertical communication

Self-awareness, self-management, self-motivation, empathy, and social skills are the five dimensions of ______. a. retentive listening b. "culture of candor" c. emotional intelligence d. empathic communication

c. emotional intelligence

Carter is part of an innovation team that meets once a week and talks about progress. What type of communication is Carter using with his teammates? a. upward vertical communication b. vertical team communication c. horizontal communication d. downward vertical communication

c. horizontal communication

The major advantage of written communication is that ______. a. it doesn't provide a record of what was communicated b. it encourages feedback c. it provides a record of what was communicated d. it's easier and faster than other types of communication

c. it provides a record of what was communicated

You buy a refrigerator from Fridges Inc. You also buy the extra service that Fridges Inc. provides: They will come to your house and do preventive care on your refrigerator every year for 5 years. This is an example of a(n) ______ product. a. assemble-to-stock b. intangible c. mixed d. make-to-order

c. mixed

This is the first time in years that the production department is behind on their goals. John, the manager, stops by to chat with the employees and see why they are behind. This is an example of ______ control. a. constant b. budget c. occasional d. periodic

c. occasional

When you buy a phone with a service plan, you buy a(n) ______. a. intangible product b. physical product c. physical product and a service d. service

c. physical product and a service

What theories focus on understanding how employees choose behaviors to fulfill their needs? a. continuous reinforcement theories b. avoidance motivation theories c. process motivation theories d. content motivation theories

c. process motivation theories

Rex runs a printing company. Due to a manufacturing error, some of the marketing postcards he was printing for a client were cut to the wrong size. Rex needs to reprint these before delivering the order to the customer. This is an example of what kind of control? a. damage control b. concurrent control c. rework control d. preliminary control

c. rework control

Allen was recently hired as a manager for ABC Company, which had been losing millions of dollars in sales over the last few years. Allen was able to implement various changes in culture and the company's system processes. He was good at overcoming employees' resistance to change and helped them to perform beyond expectations. Most likely, Allen is a ______ leader. a. visionary b. transactional c. transformational d. charismatic

c. transformational

Steve Jobs's success has been largely attributed to his personality, which often enabled him to inspire tremendous loyalty, enthusiasm, and high levels of performance. Based on this description, Steve Jobs was a(n) ______ leader. a. charismatic b. authentic c. transactional d. transformational

charismatic

The tangibility of products, the level of customer involvement, the flexibility of operations, and the resources and technology management are all ways operations systems can be ______. a. designed b. classified c. managed d. managed

classified

______ leaders focus on helping others by placing their needs ahead of self-interest, while ______ leaders develop open, honest, trusting relationships. a. Servant; visionary b. Transformational; authentic c. Charismatic; visionary d. Servant; authentic

d. Servant; authentic

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, people who have a desire to always do something better and are always looking for challenging tasks have a high need for ______. a. power b. affiliation c. safety d. achievement

d. achievement

If a company sells ______, it must pay back the holders plus the rate of interest specified, while if the company sells ______, it never has to pay back the holders because they become part owners of the company. a. shares; bonds b. shares; stocks c. stocks; bonds d. bonds; stocks

d. bonds; stocks

The ______ presents the cash receipts and payments for the stated period. a. revenue statement b. income statement c. expense budget d. cash flow statement

d. cash flow statement

Evelyn is a skilled programmer, and she has all the resources she needs to perform her job. However, her performance is low. Her manager should ______. a. fire her b. offer her a salary increase c. refer to an assistance program d. coach her using motivational techniques such as giving praise

d. coach her using motivational techniques such as giving praise

The best way to increase long-term profits is to ______. a. increase expenses and decrease revenue b. decrease expenses c. increase revenue d. decrease expenses and increase revenue

d. decrease expenses and increase revenue or c. increase revenue

A(n) ______ is a forecast of total operating spending for the year, while a(n) ______ is a forecast of total income for the year. a. revenue budget; income budget b. revenue budget; expense budget c. income statement; revenue statement d. expense budget; revenue budget

d. expense budget; revenue budget

The hierarchy of needs and ERG theories use ______ to meet the lower-level needs a. nonfinancial rewards b. giving praise c. extinction d. financial rewards

d. financial rewards

Ingratiation and altercasting are part of which motivational technique? a. continuous reinforcement b. intermittent reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. giving praise

d. giving praise

Adding more seats to an aircraft is an example of trying to ______ productivity. a. eliminate b. stabilize c. decrease d. increase

d. increase

The use of automated machines (such as automated teller machines, robots, software, etc.) is an attempt to ______ productivity. a. decrease b. eliminate c. stabilize d. increase

d. increase

John was upset because of a fight he had at work with one of his coworkers. When he got home, his kids were running around and being noisy. He started screaming at them. John showed ______. a. low compassion b. high emotional intelligence c. high compassion d. low emotional intelligence

d. low emotional intelligence

Katie is thinking about who on her team will develop each product needed for the product launch, which is 8 months away. She constructs a timeline based on when and where the prototypes will be needed and how many of each product will ultimately need to be produced for the launch event. What is Katie working on? a. routing b. budgeting c. inventory d. scheduling

d. scheduling

Quantity, quality, time, cost, and behavior are all used to ______. a. set objectives b. measure performance c. correct/reinforce d. set standards

d. set standards

Focusing on delivering customer value, continually improving systems and processes, focusing on managing processes rather than people, and using teams to continually improve are major principles of ______. a. the Pareto principle b. quality assurance c. customer quality service control d. total quality management

d. total quality management

Scanners at the store checkout line are an example of what type of information systems? a. decision support systems b. accounting processing systems c. marketing information systems d. transaction processing systems

d. transaction processing systems

When checking understanding, as you talk you should ______. a. watch the other person's nonverbal communication, and if the person does not seem to understand, ask them if they have questions b. keep asking, "Do you understand?" c. keep asking, "Do you have questions?" d. watch the other person's nonverbal communication, and if the person does not seem to understand what you are talking about, clarify the message before finishing the conversation

d. watch the other person's nonverbal communication, and if the person does not seem to understand what you are talking about, clarify the message before finishing the conversation

Jim has just purchased a new smartphone, but it seems to be unresponsive when touching the screen. The type of control that needs to be done for the smartphone is ______ control. a. preliminary b. rework c. damage d. concurrent

damage

You just bought a new television and the next day it stopped working. The store where you bought it offered to replace your television with a brand-new one. This is an example of ______ control. a. preliminary b. damage c. rework d. concurrent

damage

Fowzia works in an office where there is a lot of information flowing through the grapevine. She feels that the gossip and the rumors are reducing productivity. Sometimes she can't focus because of the loud talking and laughing. She mentioned the issue to her boss and his response was, "How are your kids doing? What are they into these days?" Identify the response style of the manager. a. diverting b. reassuring c. reflecting d. probing

diverting

Our ______ affect(s) our attitudes, behavior, relationships, and performance. a. emotions b. perception c. feedback d. understanding

emotions

Which of the following is NOT a category of control frequency? a. occasional b. periodic c. constant d. episodic

episodic

According to the hierarchy of needs theory, focusing on acquiring status, self-respect, recognition for accomplishments, and a feeling of self-confidence and prestige is part of ______ needs. a. self-actualization b. social c. esteem d. physiological

esteem

A person's perception of his or her ability and probability of achieving an objective is known as ______. a. valence b. expectancy c. motivation d. instrumentality

expectancy

President Kaplan is always talking to his employees so that he knows what is important to them in order to offer rewards that will motivate them when they perform a task well. He is using ______ theory. a. reinforcement b. equity c. goal-setting d. expectancy

expectancy

There is a lot of conflict in the finance department. However, the manager decides to ignore the conflict in hopes it will go away. The manager is trying to correct the behavior through ______. a. punishment b. positive reinforcement c. extinction d. avoidance

extinction

Restaurants and hotels frequently give surveys to customers. This is an example of ______. a. transformation process b. inputs c. systems process d. feedback

feedback

Juan is behind on his project. However, he thinks he can catch up so he tells his boss he is right on track. This is an example of ______. a. information overload b. filtering c. trust and credibility d. perception

filtering

Rumors and gossip in an organization are known as ______ communication. a. upward vertical b. grapevine c. horizontal d. vertical team

grapevine

The University of New Haven offers top-notch salaries and benefits. They even offer free lunches three days a week. They attract a high number of qualified employees and maintain a culture where individuals have a sense of job security and feel comfortable sharing new ideas. At annual parties, they celebrate achievements, so employees feel important and feel a sense of belonging. What theory is University of New Haven using to motivate employees? a. acquired needs theory b.hierarchy of needs theory c.two-factor theory d.reinforcement theory

hierarchy of needs theory

The University of Michigan's Survey Research Center identified the same two dimensions, or styles, of leadership behavior as the Ohio research identified, though the researchers used different terms to describe these styles. The style the Michigan researchers called job-centered was analogous to the style called ______ by the Ohio researchers. a. impoverished b. consideration c. employee-centered d. structuring

structuring

Everyone loves Amelia, the new manager in maternity clothing. She is results driven. Since she joined, the sales have doubled and the department is number one in the company. She definitely cares about her employees. According to the Leadership Grid®, Amelia's leadership style is considered ______. a. authority-compliance b. country club c. team d. impoverished

team

The development of leadership theory began with ______ theory. a. behavioral b. contingency c. trait d. situational

trait

The importance and value placed on an outcome in expectancy theory is known as ______. a. valence b. expectancy c. instrumentality d. motivation

valence