Chapter 11
Pope Julius II
"Warrior Pope;" reclaim Papal States; St.Peter's Basilica reconstructed.
John Tetzel
(1465-1519) Church official who advertised and sold Papal indulgences ("As soon as a coin in the coffer rings / the soul from purgatory springs.")
Ulrich Zwingli
(1484-1531) Swiss humanist, priest and disciple of Erasmus. Founded the reform church in Switzerland. Shared Luther's beliefs, but differed over nature of Communion.
Henry VIII
(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547. His desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.
Act of Supremacy
1534 Declared the king to be head of the English church rather than the Pope (created by Henry VIII).
Martin Luther
16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; he began by criticizing Church practices and ultimately broke with the Catholic Church to form his own new religious faith.
Bartolome de Las Casas
16th century Spanish historian, social reformer, and Dominican friar; first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and "Protector of the Indians".
Indulgence
A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins.
Spiritualists
A radical movement made up of isolated individuals distinguished by their disdain of all traditions and institutions.
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
Council of Trent
An ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation.
Diet of Worms
Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused and Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.
Pope Leo X
Began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church.
Diet of Ausburg
Charles V demanded that Lutherans return to the Catholic church by April 15, 1531.
Calvin's Geneva
Church is organized with four groups of leaders: pastors, elders, teachers, and deacons; church is plain and music is simple; various immoralities are banned; city becomes a magnet for refugees and immigrants; created by John Calvin.
Conrad Grebel
Co-founder of the Swiss Brethren movement and is often called the "Father of Anabaptists".
Tetrapolitan Confession
Confession of faith prepared by Martin Bucer and Caspar Hedio for presentation to the Diet of Ausburg, as an alternative to Lutheran Ausburg Confession.
Act of Uniformity
Edward VI had Thomas Cramer's Book of Common Prayer required in all churches.
The Interim
Effort made by Charles V to make a compromise agreement between Protestants and Catholics.
Jubilee indulgence
Forgiveness of sins not repented upon completion of certain acts-issued by Pope Julius II then revived by Pope Leo X.
Schmalkaldic League
Formed by newly Protestant/Lutheran princes to defend themselves against Holy Roman Empire's Charles V's efforts to make Germany Catholic again.
John Calvin
French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism.
Antitrinitarians
Group of radical protestants that embraced commonsense, rational and ethical religion.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1558) and King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He opposed Luther's beliefs about the church.
Archbishop Albrecht
Joined with Pope Leo X to raise money to build St. Peter's basilica; commissioned John Tetzel to sell indulgences.
Act of Succession
Made the children of Anne Boleyn legitimate heirs to the throne of England. Stated stated that the Pope had no authority to allowed Henry VIII to marry Catherine of Aragon.
95 Theses
Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenberg, which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This acted as the catalyst for the Reformation. October 31, 1517.
Ursulines
Order for women that established convents in Italy and France for the religious education of girls for all social classes that became very influential.
Peasant Revolt
Peasants believed that Luther was their ally and would help them end the unequality of the social classes, so they revolted. Luther was horrified, condemned them, and believed they were "un-Christian".
Penitents
People who admit their sins and express sorrow for them.
Modern Devotion
The Brothers of the Common Life. They fostered religious life outside formal offices and apart from formal religious vows. The source of humanist, Protestant, and Catholic reform movements.
Marburg Colloquy
The conference in 1529 that failed to produce an agreement between the followers of Zwingli and Luther.
Peace of Ausburg
The religious settlement signed in 1555 stating that German Princes could chose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as their religion.
Six Articles of 1539
These laws reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied Eucharistic cup to laity, reinforced celibacy vows, provided for private masses,and ordered the continuation of oral confessions.
Laypeople
Those who are not clergy and are considered "ordinary people".
Philip of Hesse
Tried in vain to unite Swiss and German Protestants at the Marburg Colloquy.
Swiss Reformation
Ulrich Zwingli lead this reformation that started in Zurich in the 1520s. Civil Wars erupted in Switzerland in the late 1520's due to Protestant/Catholic division among the states.
Benefice System
Used by medieval church to permit important church posts to be sold to the highest bidders and left residency requirements in parishes unenforced.